Regular Dispersion Research Articles

Well-Defined Homopolymer Nanoparticles with Uniaxial Molecular Orientation by Synchronized Polymerization and Self-Assembly.

Synthesizing anisotropic polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) with well-defined shapes, dimensions, and molecular orientations is a very challenging task. Herein, we report the synthesis of surprisingly highly uniform shape-anisotropic polymer NPs with uniaxial internal molecular orientation. Keys to our method are synchronized polymerization and self-assembly (SPSA), which can even be realized by regular dispersion polymerization. This is demonstrated using a monomer containing a rigid 4-nitroazobenzene (NAB) side group. The short nucleation period, the completion of microphase separation before molecular motion is frozen, and sufficient low particle/solvent interfacial tension are shown to be the origins of the highly uniform dimensions, single liquid crystal domains, and well-defined anisotropic shape of particles. The liquid crystallization ability of the polymers, control of molecular weight distribution, and the polymerization kinetics are identified as three key factors controlling the NP formation. The uniformity of these NPs facilitates their SA formation into colloidal crystals. The particles exhibit optically anisotropic properties depending on orientations and, in particular, show intriguing photoswitchable LC-glass (order-disorder) transition, which can be used for the detection of ultraviolet (UV) light and allows the fabrication of photoreversible colloidal films.

Modeling Fallout from Nuclear Weapon Detonations: Efficient Activity and Dose Calculation of Radionuclides and Their Progeny.

The purpose of this paper is to present a practical method for quick determination of potential radiological doses and contaminations by fallout from nuclear detonations, or other releases, that includes the contributions from all nuclides. We precalculate individual (total) activities of all radionuclides from any initial cocktail and all their ingrowing progeny at a set of pinpoints in time with a logarithmic time-spacing. This is combined with the set of dose conversion factors (DCC) for any exposure pathway to obtain a time-dependent cocktail for the whole release as if it is one substance. An atmospheric dispersion model then provides the thinning coefficient of the released material to give local concentrations and dose rates. Progeny ingrowth is illustrated for pure 238 U and for a nuclear reactor that has been shut down. Efficient dose assessment is demonstrated for fallout from nuclear detonations and compared with the traditional approach of preselecting nuclides for specific endpoints and periods-of-interest. The compound cocktail DCC reduces the assessment of contaminations and potential dose-effects from fallout after a nuclear detonation to (the atmospheric dispersion of) only one tracer substance, representing any cocktail of nuclides and their progeny. This removes the need to follow all separate nuclides or an endpoint-specific preselection of "most important nuclides." As the cocktail DCCs can be precalculated and the atmospheric dispersion of only one tracer substance has to be modelled, our method is fast. The model for calculating cocktail DCCs is freely available, easily coupled to any regular atmospheric dispersion model, and therefore ready for operational use by others.

Evidence that long‐distance dispersal of aquatic invertebrates by ducks increases with propagule size

AbstractMigratory ducks are key dispersal agents for aquatic organisms, yet differences in their potential for short‐ and long‐distance dispersal are still poorly understood, particularly differences among aquatic invertebrate taxa.Using seven species of aquatic invertebrates and a duck species known to feed on them in the wild (the northern shoveler) as a model system, we evaluated whether their potential for endozoochorous dispersal varies among five of the species and scales with propagule size for the seven species. We also tested the expectation of a lower dispersal potential for invertebrate propagules, as compared to plant seeds; and evaluated whether intra‐specific variation (in particular, sexual dimorphism) influences the potential of waterbirds as dispersal vectors.An experiment with five invertebrate species demonstrated that most resting eggs (68%–95%) were retrieved by 4 hr after ingestion, with maximum gut‐passage times ranging from 16 hr forDaphnia magnato 36 hr forArtemia salinaandThamnocephalus platyurus. Using models that combine migratory duck movements with gut‐passage times, we show that aquatic invertebrates may disperse frequently over distances of 15–16 km (median dispersal distance) and regularly over distances up to 110–166 km (Q99distance).Increasing propagule size resulted in increasing gut‐passage times, decreasing survival of gut passage and decreasing hatching success. While propagule size had no effects on “regular” dispersal distances (mean, median,Q95andQ99), the frequency of long‐distance dispersal increased with it.Increasing propagule size therefore had two contrasting effects on invertebrate dispersal potential, decreasing the frequency of dispersal (fewer seeds dispersed) but increasing the potential for long‐distance dispersal.Conclusions: We provide evidence that endozoochory of invertebrate propagules by waterbirds results in frequent dispersal among wetlands (tens of km) and regular dispersal at regional scale (over a hundred km).

Structure of polymeric nanoparticles encapsulating a drug – pamoic acid ion pair by scanning transmission electron microscopy

Drug-delivery systems based on polymeric nanoparticles are useful for improving drug bioavailability and/or delivery of the active ingredient for example directly to the cancerous tumour. The physical and chemical characterization of a functionalized nanoparticle system is required to measure drug loading and dispersion but also to understand and model the rate and extent of drug release to help predict performance. Many techniques can be used, however, difficulties related to structure determination and identifying the precise location of the drug fraction make mathematical prediction complex and in many published examples the final conclusions are based on assumptions regarding an expected structure. Cryogenic scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging in combination with electron energy loss spectroscopy techniques are used here to address this issue and provide a multi-modal approach to the characterisation of a self-assembled polymeric nanoparticle system based upon a polylactic acid - polyethylene glycol (PLA-PEG) block copolymer containing a hydrophobic ion-pair between pamoic acid and an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Results indicate a regular dispersion of spherical nanoparticles of 88 ± 9 nm diameter. The particles are shown to have a multi-layer structure consisting of a 25 nm radius hydrophobic core of PLA and pamoic acid-API material with additional enrichment of the pamoic acid-API material within the inner core (that can be off-centre), surrounded by a 9 nm dense PLA-PEG layer all with a low-density PEG surface coating of around 10 nm thickness. This structure suggests that release of the API can only occur by diffusion through or degradation of the dense, 9 nm thick PLA-PEG layer either of which is a process consistent with the previously reported steady release kinetics of the API and counter ion from these nanoparticle formulations. Establishing accurate measures of product structure enables a link to performance by providing appropriate physical parameters for future mathematical modelling of barriers controlling API release in these nanoparticle formulations.

Effect of Some Parameters on Optical Soliton Pulses in Photonic Crystal Fibers

Fiber optics have been greatly enhanced by photonic crystal fibers based on microstructured air-glass designs. On the one hand, such fibers enable very tight light confines in a small mode shape region, resulting in significantly improved alternative options between light and dielectric medium. Photonic crystal fibers, on the other hand, allow light to be guided via air core instead of glass. As a result, the latter form of fiber decreases optical nonlinearities in ways that classic fiber designs cannot. The chirp effect and dispersion of photonic crystal fibers with super-Gaussian pulses during various pulses durations are examined in this paper in both normal and anomalous dispersion patterns. The chirp effect and fiber dispersive nonlinear effects are investigated. For this study, a mathematical model of the solution of a nonlinear equation involved the split-step Fourier method. Peak power was reduced for broad pulses. When the magnitude of the super-Gaussian pulse increased proportionally, pulse constriction was also noticeable, Furthermore, the results reveal that an anomalous dispersion system was superior to a regular dispersion system for pulse . The experimental findings will facilitate further research into more understanding of photonic crystal fibers, and to improve data speeds in modern optical communication systems

Effect of In Ovo Trace Element Supplementation on Immune-Related Cells of the Small Intestine of Post-hatched Broiler Chicken.

Pathological conditions and harmful drugs cause many gastrointestinal diseases in broiler chicken. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of trace elements zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) supplementation on histomorphology, immunological role, and functional activity of goblet cells (GCs) of the small intestine. The Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff (AB-PAS) was performed to assess the histomorphological changes in GCs, which revealed the regular dispersion with high electron density of GCs throughout the mucosal surface in the supplemented group. However, irregular dispersion with low electron density of GCs was present in the control group. The immunological functional role of GCs within the small intestine was examined by mucicarmine staining, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. The results showed a high mucin glycol protein secretion in the supplemented group, whereas limited mucin glycol protein secretion in the control group. Furthermore, the biological significance showed a high and low immunoreactivity of Muc2 and Muc13 in the supplemented and control groups, respectively. Immunofluorescence was used to confirm the immunosignaling of Muc2. Results revealed high immunosignaling of Muc2 at the apical part of the small intestine in the supplementation group, while low immunosignaling of Muc2 in the control group. Results suggest that trace element supplementation had significant effect on morphology and immunological role of GCs, which might be essential for immune function and health status of broiler chicken.

Electrical Impedance Characteristics of Slug Flow in Small Channels and its Application to Void fraction Estimation

This work focuses on the electrical impedance characteristics of slug flow in small channels and its potential on the void fraction estimation. Experiments are carried out with a new contactless impedance detection (CID) sensor in four small channels (1.48mm, 2.02mm, 2.54mm and 2.98mm i.d.). The experimental results show that in small channels there exists scale effect. With the increase of the inner diameter, for the relationships between the imaginary/amplitude part and void fraction, there exist monotonic and regular dispersions. The slug velocity is the root of the regular dispersion and has significant influence on the relationship between the imaginary/amplitude part and void fraction. With the investigated impedance characteristics, void fraction estimation models are developed. The void fraction estimation experimental results indicate that using the imaginary part and the amplitude are effective approaches to realize void fraction estimation in small channels and satisfied estimation performance could be expected.

Theoretical Analysis of The Super-Gaussian Pulse Propagation in Solid-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber

Fiber optics have been greatly enhanced by photonic crystal fibers based on microstructure air-glass designs. On the one hand, such fibers enable highly tight light confine in a small mode shape region, resulting in significantly improved alternative options between light and dielectric medium. Photonic crystal fibers, on the other hand, allow light to be guided via air cores instead of glass. As a result, the latter form of fiber decreases of optical nonlinearities in ways that classic fiber designs cannot. The chirp effect and dispersion of photonic crystal fibers with super-Gaussian pulses during various pulses durations are examined in this paper. In both normal and anomalous dispersion patterns. As done the chirp effect and fiber dispersive nonlinear effects are investigated. For this study, the mathematical model of the solution of nonlinear equation is split-step Fourier method. The peak power reduces for broad pulses. When the magnitude of the super-Gaussian pulse increasing proportion, the pulse constriction is also noticeable, Furthermore, these results disclose important facts, such as the fact that an anomalous dispersion system is superior to a regular dispersion system for pulse. These findings are incredibly useful in learning more about photonic crystal fiber and improving data speeds in modern optical communication systems.

Effective oxygen reduction reaction and suppression of CO poisoning on Pt3Ni1/N-rGO electrocatalyst

The development of high-performance ORR catalysts that satisfy the requirements of low Pt content, high activity, and long-term durability is crucial. The adequately designed Pt3Ni1/N-rGO electrode, which was obtained by the regular dispersion and growth of uniform ≤ 5.0-nm-sized Pt3Ni1 alloy nanoparticles on an N-rGO support electrode by the solvothermal method, exhibited improved mass activity and specific surface activity (178% and 167%, respectively) compared to that of a commercial Pt/C electrode. The fabricated electrode showed almost unchanged ESCA and LSV polarization curves even after 5000 cyclic voltammetry tests. The Pt3Ni1/N-rGO electrode exhibited remarkable resistance to CO poisoning compared to that of the commercial Pt/C electrode. An electron-rich Pt–Ni–NC three-phase interface was created in the catalyst by introducing CN, which is more electron-rich than CC, to the rGO support, which increased its O2 gas-adsorption properties and provided adequate strength for OH group formation that eventually accelerated their conversion into H2O.

LIPSS and DLIP: From hierarchical to mutually interacting, homogeneous, structuring

Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP) and Laser Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) are two distinct, key technologies for texturing of surfaces with structures in the range comprised between some hundreds of nm and few µm. Based on different physical phenomena, they enable structures often showing distinct morphologies and pitches. It has been shown the possibility of superposing LIPSS over DLIP with a final multi-scale, hierarchical morphology where the two structures coexist. Here, we report an experimental study showing that it is possible to turn from a hierarchical to mutual interacting texturing where DLIP and LIPSS give rise to a novel, uniform texturing having a homogeneous morphology with highly regular periodicity and low orientation dispersion. Moreover, we show that our approach makes possible an unexpected, significant reduction of the LIPSS period from the conventional values (roughly comprised between 0.7λ – 0.9 λ) to ∼0.45λ. In addition, for all the tests an industrial set-up has been used including an IR, ps laser, an f-theta lens with relatively high NA and a galvo scanner making possible the extension of the process over large area. Results are discussed in the light of different LIPSS generation models. We believe that our results represent a significant step forward through the further miniaturisation of laser induced morphologies opening the possibility for innovative surface functionalisations (anti-reflective, wide spectrum antimicrobial activity) to be exported in an industrial environment.

Plasmonic Spherical Nanoparticles Coupled with Titania Nanotube Arrays Prepared by Anodization as Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Applications: A Review.

As surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) continues developing to be a powerful analytical tool for several probes, four important aspects to make it more accessible have to be addressed: low-cost, reproducibility, high sensibility, and recyclability. Titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2 NTs) prepared by anodization have attracted interest in this field because they can be used as safe solid supports to deposit metal nanoparticles to build SERS substrate nanoplatforms that meet these four desired aspects. TiO2 NTs can be easily prepared and, by varying different synthesis parameters, their dimensions and specific features of their morphology can be tuned allowing them to support metal nanoparticles of different sizes that can achieve a regular dispersion on their surface promoting high enhancement factors (EF) and reproducibility. Besides, the TiO2 photocatalytic properties enable the substrate’s self-cleaning property for recyclability. In this review, we discuss the different methodological strategies that have been tested to achieve a high performance of the SERS substrates based on TiO2 NTs as solid support for the three main noble metal nanoparticles mainly studied for this purpose: Ag, Au, and Pt.

Synthesis of Highly Dispersed CuPd@UiO-66-NH2 for Nonenzymatic Hydrazine Sensing

In this article, a core–shell CuPd@UiO-66-NH2 composite material was synthesized by a double-solvent reduction method, and an N2H4 electrochemical sensor based on CuPd@UiO-66-NH2 was constructed. The relationship between the morphology, type, composition, size of the sensor interface composite material and its electrocatalytic performance and sensor response performance was studied, and a new method for detecting N2H4 was established. The surface properties and composition of the materials were studied by transmission electron microscope(TEM),energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy(XRD). The results showed that the synthesized CuPd@UiO-66-NH2 has a regular 3D structure, particle dispersion, and uniform particle size, the particle size is about 90 nm. Electrochemical performance studies showed the sensor is made into detecting N2H4 in a linear range of 0.25 μM ∼ 1.39 mM, with a sensitivity of 386.7 μA·mM−1·cm−2, and a detection limit of 0.08 μM(S/N = 3). Compared with other electrochemical sensors based on metal nanoparticles to detect N2H4, the new sensor exhibited a wider linear range; and its sensitivity was 3 times of that obtained by the Cu-BTC/OMC/GCE. So, the sensor can be used as a potential sensing material to detect hydrazine.

Facile Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Coated Core/Shell SiO2@Cu Nanoparticles and Their Antifungal Activity against Phytophthora capsici.

Cu nanoparticles are a potential material for creating novel alternative antimicrobial products due to their unique antibacterial/antifungal properties, stability, dispersion, low cost and abundance as well as being economical and ecofriendly. In this work, carboxymethyl cellulose coated core/shell SiO2@Cu nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by a simple and effective chemical reduction process. The initial SiO2 NPs, which were prepared from rice husk ash, were coated by a copper ultrathin film using hydrazine and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as reducing agent and stable agent, respectively. The core/shell SiO2@Cu nanoparticles with an average size of ~19 nm were surrounded by CMC. The results indicated that the SiO2@Cu@CMC suspension was a homogenous morphology with a spherical shape, regular dispersion and good stability. Furthermore, the multicomponent SiO2@Cu@CMC NPs showed good antifungal activity against Phytophthora capsici (P. capsici). The novel Cu NPs-based multicomponent suspension is a key compound in the development of new fungicides for the control of the Phytophthora disease.

Relative Dispersion on the Inner Shelf: Evidence of a Batchelor Regime

AbstractOceanographic relative dispersion (based on drifter separations r) has been extensively studied, mostly finding either Richardson–Obukhov () or enstrophy cascade [] scaling. Relative perturbation dispersion (based on perturbation separation r − r0, where r0 is the initial separation) has a Batchelor scaling () for times less than the r0-dependent Batchelor time. Batchelor scaling has received little oceanographic attention. GPS-equipped surface drifters were repeatedly deployed on the Inner Shelf off of Pt. Sal, California, in water depths ≤ 40 m. From 12 releases of ≈18 drifters per release, perturbation and regular relative dispersion over ≈4 h are calculated for 250 ≤ r0 ≤ 1500 m for each release and the entire experiment. The perturbation dispersion is consistent with Batchelor scaling for the first 1000–3000 s with larger r0 yielding stronger dispersion and larger Batchelor times. At longer times, and scale-dependent diffusivities begin to suggest Richardson–Obukhov scaling. This applies to both experiment averaged and individual releases. For individual releases, nonlinear internal waves can modulate dispersion. Batchelor scaling is not evident in as the correlations between initial and later separations are significant at short time scaling as ~t. Thus, previous studies investigating are potentially aliased by initial separation effects not present in the perturbation dispersion . As the underlying turbulent velocity wavenumber spectra is inferred from the dispersion power law time dependence, analysis of both and is critical.

PBAT/hybrid nanofillers composites—Part 2: Morphological, thermal and rheological properties

AbstractThis work is an investigation of the effect of different nanofillers: organically modified montmorillonite (MMT), sepiolite (SEP) and nano titanium dioxide (nTiO2) and combination of them in poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) films. Thermal morphological and rheological analyses were conducted to explain the behavior of this nanoparticles on O2 and water vapor permeability coefficients, light transmission, and mechanical properties presented in previous study. Thermal stability of the nanocomposites was slightly decreased by the nanofillers presence. Differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray analyses were carried out to investigate the crystallization behavior of nanocomposites. Transmission electron microscopic analysis showed regular and homogeneous dispersion of the nanoparticles, but scanning electron microscopy showed lack of adhesion in the sepiolite‐PBAT interface. Rheological measurements showed significant increase in both complex viscosity and storage modulus due to interactions between clays and PBAT and the effect of sepiolite and nTiO2 on improving the exfoliation of montmorillonite as synergism between the nanofillers.

An introduction to Bent Jørgensen’s ideas

We briefly expose some key aspects of the theory and use of dispersion models, for which Bent Jørgensen played a crucial role as a driving force and an inspiration source. Starting with the general notion of dispersion models, built using minimalistic mathematical assumptions, we specialize in two classes of families of distributions with different statistical flavors: exponential dispersion and proper dispersion models. The construction of dispersion models involves the solution of integral equations that are, in general, untractable. These difficulties disappear when more mathematical structure is assumed: it reduces to the calculation of a moment generating function or of a Riemann–Stieltjes integral for the exponential dispersion and the proper dispersion models, respectively. A new technique for constructing dispersion models based on characteristic functions is introduced turning the integral equations above into a tractable convolution equation and yielding examples of dispersion models that are neither proper dispersion nor exponential dispersion models. A corollary is that the cardinality of regular and non-regular dispersion models are both large. Some selected applications are discussed including exponential families non-linear models (for which generalized linear models are particular cases) and several models for clustered and dependent data based on a latent Lévy process.

HA-hybrid matrix composite coating on Ti-Cp for biomedical application.

Calcium phosphate coatings have been applied to titanium metal substrates and their alloys as a synergistic alternative capable of combining the mechanical properties of metals and the excellent bioactive properties provided by ceramic materials. However, the unsatisfactory adhesion of hydroxyapatite coatings on metallic substrates, as well as their limitation when subjected to mechanical stresses have been reported as a limitation. Biofunctional coatings have been proposed as an alternative to single ceramic coatings, aiming at optimizing the long-term clinical success of biomaterials such as Ti. This work aims at evaluating the morphological properties and biological behavior of Ti-cp coated with matrix composite coating hydroxyapatite-containing hybrid. The hybrid matrix was obtained from TEOS and MTES silicon precursors, with dispersed hydroxyapatite suspended by dip coating. For the morphological characterization FTIR, SEM/FEG, AFM and contact angle measurement were used. Biological behavior was evaluated for toxicity, cell viability and the osteogenic differentiation capacity of mesenchymal stem cells. The composite coatings obtained showed regular dispersion of hydroxyapatite particles in the hybrid matrix, with uniform coating adhering to the Ti-Cp substrate. Nevertheless, although they provided similar viability behavior of mesenchymal stem cells to the Ti-Cp substrate, the evaluated coatings did not present osteoinductive properties. This result is probably due to the pronounced hydrophobic behavior caused by the incorporation of HA.

Silver nanoparticles: various methods of synthesis, size affecting factors and their potential applications–a review

Currently, synthesis of nanoparticles from several noble metals like palladium, tin, copper, silver and gold etc. has received more attention because of their unique properties as well as their application in different fields. Furthermore, silver nanoparticles play an important role in pharmaceutical industries because they function like antibacterial agents which carry less toxic effects. In case of industrial applications, silver particles (inkjet inks) having regular dispersions are helpful in making different electronic circuits. Over the period, various synthetic methods for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles were reported i.e. physical, chemical, and photochemical. However, most of the available techniques are expensive and not eco-friendly i.e. environmentally harmful. There are various factors such as the methods of synthesis, temperature, dispersing agent, surfactant etc. which greatly influence the quality and quantity of the synthesized nanoparticles and ultimately affect their properties. It is also pertinent to mention here that the main target for these silver nanoparticles was not only to synthesize in nano range, but also require easy, eco-friendly and economical synthesis of the nanoparticles. Therefore, this review mainly goes through the several methods of synthesis of nanoparticles which should be based on the green approach, and easy to be synthesized at low cost. In addition, we also discussed some approaches to fabricate silver-based nanoparticles, their enhanced properties and their different type of applications such as electrical conductivity, antibacterial, optical, photocatalytic properties.

Genetic diversity and gene flow patterns in two riverine plant species with contrasting life-history traits and distributions across a large inland floodplain

Gene flow is a key evolutionary driver of spatial genetic structure, reflecting demographic processes and dispersal mechanisms. Understanding how genetic structure is maintained across a landscape can assist in setting conservation objectives. In Australia, floodplains naturally experience highly variable flooding regimes that structure the vegetation communities. Flooding plays an important role, connecting communities on floodplains and enabling dispersal via hydrochory. Water resource development has changed the lateral-connectivity of floodplain-river systems. One possible consequence of these changes is reduced physical and subsequent genetic connections. This study aimed to identify and compare the population structure and dispersal patterns of tangled lignum (Duma florulenta) and river cooba (Acacia stenophylla) across a large inland floodplain using a landscape genetics approach. Both species are widespread throughout flood prone areas of arid and semiarid Australia. Tangled lignum occurs on floodplains while river cooba occurs along rivers. Leaves were collected from 144 tangled lignum plants across 10 sites and 84 river cooba plants across 6 sites, on the floodplain of the lower and mid Lachlan River, and the Murrumbidgee River, NSW. DNA was extracted and genotyped using DArTseq platforms (double digest RADseq). Genetic diversity was compared with floodplain-river connection frequency, and genetic distance (FST) was compared with river distance, geographic distance and floodplain-river connection frequency between sites. Genetic similarity increased with increasing floodplain-river connection frequency in tangled lignum but not in river cooba. In tangled lignum, sites that experience more frequent flooding had greater genetic diversity and were more genetically homogenous. There was also an isolation by distance effect where increasing geographic distance correlated with increasing genetic differentiation in tangled lignum, but not in river cooba. The distribution of river cooba along rivers facilitates regular dispersal of seeds via hydrochory regardless of river level, while the dispersal of seeds of tangled lignum between patches is dependent on flooding events. The genetic impact of water resource development may be greater for species which occur on floodplains compared with species along river channels.

Multi-Objective Grey Wolf Optimizer for Optimal Design of Switching Matrix for Shaded PV array Dynamic Reconfiguration

One of the worst negative phenomena faced by photovoltaic (PV) array is the operation under the shadow phenomenon, which significantly affects the generated power. Multiple local maximum power point (MPP) and unique global MPP are generated from the shaded array. Therefore, regular dispersion of the shadow falling on the PV array surface is a vital issue to extract the GMP via reconfiguration of the shaded modules in the array. This article proposes a recent approach based on Multi-objective grey wolf optimizer (MOGWO) to reconfigure the shaded PV array optimally. The main objective of the proposed MOGWO is providing the optimal structure for the switching matrix to minimize the row current difference and maximize the output power. The benefits of the proposed strategy is performing a dynamic reconfiguration process which closes to the reality. The proposed method is validated across $9 \times 9$ PV array with six shade patterns. MOGWO schemes results are compared with TCT and modified SuDoKu based on several statistical metrics. The comparison reveals the superiority of MOGWO in tackling the multi-peak issue in the P-V characteristics with harvesting the highest power levels.