Regular Breakfast Consumption Research Articles

The Association between the Planetary Health Diet with a Regular Consumption of Breakfast and a Well-Balanced Diet: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Involving Japanese Male Engineering Students at a University in Hyogo Prefecture

Few young Japanese adults regularly consume a well-balanced diet composed of staples, main courses, and sides. We hypothesised that adopting the recommended planetary health diet with regular breakfast consumption would promote well-balanced diets among young Japanese male undergraduates. This study aimed to examine the structural association between the planetary health diet with regular breakfast consumption and a well-balanced diet intake. This cross-sectional study included 142 male engineering undergraduates who completed a 2022 online questionnaire via Google Forms at a public university in Hyogo Prefecture. The planetary health diet comprises the consumption of the recommended eight items. A covariance structure analysis was performed in a hypothetical model with factors (regular breakfast consumption and eight items) potentially associated with the intake of a well-balanced diet at least twice daily. After excluding chicken dishes and nuts from the eight recommended items of the planetary health diet, goodness-of-fit became acceptable. Frequent consumption of the remaining six recommended items (fish, eggs, soybeans/soybean products, dairy foods, vegetables, and fruits) was significantly positively correlated with regular breakfast consumption and a significant positive path to a well-balanced diet. Among male university students, regular breakfast consumption and the planetary health diet may lead to a well-balanced diet.

The relationship between modifiable lifestyle behaviours and self-reported health in children and adolescents in the United Kingdom.

Obesity, along with its associated health issues, is closely tied to lifestyle habits. While certain elements affecting childhood health, such as genetics and ethnicity, are beyond individuals' control, there exists modifiable lifestyle behaviours that can facilitate healthier living. This study employed multiple regression analysis to investigate the relationship between specific modifiable lifestyle behaviours and self-reported health. The independent variables considered included days of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), fruit and vegetable consumption, breakfast frequency, school night sleep duration, and non-school night sleep duration. These variables were chosen for their practical modifiability within participants' daily lives. The analysis revealed a highly significant overall model (F(13,11363) = 191.117, p < .001), explaining 17.9% of the variance in self-reported health. Notably, higher MVPA levels were associated with improved self-reported health (B = 0.136 to 0.730, p < .001). Additionally, regular breakfast consumption and increased fruit and vegetable intake exhibited positive associations with self-reported health (B = 0.113 to 0.377, p < .001), while girls reported lower self-reported health (B = -0.079, p < .001). School night sleep duration was positively linked to self-reported health (B = 0.071, p < .001). Furthermore, a dose-response relationship between MVPA, dietary habits, and health was identified. These findings hold substantial potential for public health campaigns to promote healthy behaviours and prevent chronic diseases in young individuals. It is imperative to emphasise that all the variables considered in this study are readily modifiable aspects of individuals' lives, offering a promising avenue for personal health and well-being enhancement.

Associations between breakfast skipping and outcomes in neuropsychiatric disorders, cognitive performance, and frailty: a Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundPrior studies have identified a correlation between breakfast skipping and a heightened risk of mental health issues. This investigation aimed to employ a Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) approach to explore the potential causal links between breakfast skipping and various psychiatric, neurological disorders, cognitive performance, and frailty.MethodsUtilizing data from genome-wide association studies within European demographics, this research scrutinized the association between breakfast habits and several neuropsychiatric conditions and physical health outcomes, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Bipolar Disorder (BD), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Narcolepsy, Insomnia, cognitive performance, and frailty. In this MR analysis, the Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) method was primarily utilized for evaluation. Outcomes were reported as Odds Ratios (OR) and regression coefficients (β), and underwent validation through False Discovery Rate (FDR) corrections, thereby offering a rigorous evaluation of the effects of breakfast habits on both mental and physical health dimensions.ResultsFindings demonstrate a significant causal link between skipping breakfast and an increased risk of ADHD (OR = 2.74, 95%CI: 1.54–4.88, PFDR = 0.003) and MDD (OR = 1.7, 95%CI: 1.22–2.37, PFDR = 0.005). Conversely, no substantial causal associations were identified between breakfast skipping and AD, BD, narcolepsy, or insomnia (PFDR > 0.05). Moreover, a notable causal relationship was established between skipping breakfast and a reduction in cognitive performance (β = -0.16, 95%CI: -0.29–0.04, PFDR = 0.024) and an increase in frailty (β = 0.29, 95%CI: 0.12–0.45, PFDR = 0.003).ConclusionThe MR analysis reveals that skipping breakfast is associated with an increased risk of ADHD, MDD, decreased cognitive performance, and greater frailty, while showing no associations were found with AD, BD, narcolepsy, or insomnia. These findings warrant further investigation into the underlying mechanisms and emphasize the importance of regular breakfast consumption for mental and physical well-being.

Examining the association of breakfast skipping with sleep disturbance, mental health, and health-related quality of life: data from the 2018 Korean community health survey

ABSTRACT Objectives: This study aimed to explore the relationship between breakfast skipping and its effects on sleep disorders, mental health, and health-related quality of life among Korean adults. Methods: Utilizing data from the 2018 Korea Community Health Survey, this cross-sectional analysis included 173,272 adults aged 19 years and older. Instruments used for assessment included the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depression, the EuroQol 5-dimension (EQ-5D) for health-related quality of life, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index for sleep disorders. The complex sample logistic regression analysis was employed to adjust for potential confounders. Results: Breakfast skipping was found to be significantly associated with delayed mid-sleep time, an increased propensity for daytime sleepiness, and a notable decline in sleep quality. Additionally, it was linked to a significant increase in depression risk, compromised health-related quality of life, and elevated stress levels across both genders. All five dimensions of the EQ-5D were negatively impacted by breakfast skipping. Discussion: The findings highlight the detrimental effects of skipping breakfast on sleep patterns, mental health, and overall quality of life, stressing the importance of regular breakfast consumption for enhancing these health outcomes. The study suggests the need for further research to uncover the mechanisms behind these associations and to devise targeted interventions to mitigate the negative impacts of breakfast skipping.

Associations of regular consumption of breakfast, lunch and dinner with Body Mass Index during adolescence: longitudinal findings by weight status among the Eating and Activity over Time 2010-2018 cohort.

To examine how the associations between meal consumption and BMI over 8 years differ by weight status in a sample of adolescents. Longitudinal, population-based study. Breakfast, lunch and dinner consumption and BMI were self-reported. Linear regressions were used to examine how the associations between meal consumption and BMI differed by weight status. Adolescents in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area. Adolescents (n 1,471) were surveyed as part of the EAT 2010-2018 in 2009-2010 (Mage = 14·3 years) and 2017-2018 (Mage = 22·0 years). The prevalence of regular breakfast, lunch and dinner consumption (≥ 5 times/week) ranged from 45 to 65 %, 75 to 89 % and 76 to 94 %, respectively, depending on weight status category. Among adolescents with a sex- and age-specific BMI < 15th percentile, regular consumptions of breakfast, lunch and dinner during adolescence were positively associated with BMI in emerging adulthood compared with irregular consumption of breakfast, lunch and dinner (<5 times/week) after adjustment for socio-demographic characteristics (β = 5·43, β = 5·39 and β = 6·46, respectively; all P-values <0·01). Among adolescents in the BMI 15-85th and 85-95th percentiles, regular consumptions of breakfast, lunch and dinner were positively associated with BMI but to a lesser extent (P-values <0·01). For participants with a BMI ≥ 95th percentile, regular consumptions of breakfast, lunch and dinner were positively associated with BMI, but the associations were not statistically significant (P-values > 0·05). The relationship between meal consumption during adolescence and BMI in emerging adulthood differs by adolescent weight status. Future studies should investigate underlying factors related to meal consumption routines and BMI.

Association between Perceived Psychological Stress and Exercise Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the Survey of National Physical Fitness.

Perceived psychological stress and exercise are bidirectionally related, and the effects of exercise on stress relief are well documented. However, research on the influence of stress on exercise remains scarce. This study examined the association between perceived psychological stress and exercise participation among Korean adults and older adults as well as the relationship between exercise frequency and perceived stress. Data on 3440 participants (2813 adults aged 19-64 and 627 older adults aged 65 or more) were collected from the Survey of National Physical Fitness conducted by the Korea Institute of Sport Science and the Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism in 2015. We compared the participants' health-related behaviors, including exercise, regular breakfast consumption, and smoking, according to their perceived psychological stress levels. Those who perceived a higher level of psychological stress reported lower levels of exercise participation, regular breakfast consumption, and smoking, with the exception of older male participants. The study also found that a higher frequency of exercise participation corresponded with a lower perceived level of psychological stress (β = -0.080, p < 0.001) and that engaging in physical activity even once a week yields a substantial reduction in stress levels. In a large sample of Koreans, high levels of perceived psychological stress were significantly associated with less physical activity and infrequent weekly exercise. This study found a dose-response relationship between exercise frequency and reduced stress and suggested that psychological stress should be considered crucial in promoting physical activity.

Association between regular breakfast consumption and academic performance among 6th-grade elementary school male students in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Objectives: To determine the association between regular breakfast consumption and academic performance among 6th-grade elementary school male students in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.&#x0D; Methods: Our cross-sectional study used a questionnaire for public and private elementary school children in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Participants with known mental retardation, language barriers, and chronic diseases were excluded. The data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS V.26.&#x0D; Results: In our study, 412 students were included. Most students (74.3%) obtained a high final degree between 80 - 100%. Most students (67.2%) believed having breakfast helps in obtaining high degrees. In addition, those who never had breakfast had a lower academic degree (p-value &lt;0.001).&#x0D; Conclusion: The results of our study emphasized the significance of having breakfast on a daily basis for academic success, as students who reported consuming breakfast regularly were found to be more likely to achieve high academic scores.

Eating Behavior and Factors of Metabolic Health in Primary Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study in Greek Children.

Childhood obesity has been associated with altered blood lipids and bad eating habits. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic health markers in regard to weight status and dietary habits in schoolchildren. In 134 children (6-11 years), we conducted: (1) Anthropometry, namely z-score BMI (z-BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and body composition analysis. (2) Measurements of handgrip strength (HGS), resting metabolic rate (RMR) and VO2max. (3) Quantification of blood lipids and antioxidant vitamins A, E, C. (4) Eating breakfast assessment. About 35% of children were overweight/obese. The z-BMI positively correlated with WHtR (r = 0.637, p < 0.001), and adversely correlated with fat-free mass (r = -0.728, p < 0.001) and vitamin E (r = -0.286, p < 0.001). RMR and VO2max were greater in normal weight children compared to those with overweight/obesity (p < 0.001). HGS did not differ between these groups, but was negatively correlated with dyslipidemia as shown by TG/HDL-C ratio (r = -0.224, p = 0.037). According to regression analysis, eating breakfast routinely at home was positively associated with RMR and adversely associated with z-BMI. Hence, regular breakfast consumption at home may improve RMR in kids. Cardiorespiratory fitness and physical strength are key modulators of metabolic health in Greek children added to a social determinant of health i.e., eating breakfast at home.

A hypothetical intervention of the timing of dietary intake on weight and body composition after initial weight loss.

This study estimated the effect of hypothetical interventions of higher and lower frequency of breakfast and post-dinner snack consumption (breakfast consumption 0-4 vs. 5-7 times/week and post-dinner snack consumption 0-2 vs. 3-7 times/week) on changes in body weight and composition over 18 months after a successful 6-month standard behavioral weight-loss program. The study analyzed data from the Innovative Approaches to Diet, Exercise and Activity(IDEA) study. If all participants consumed a breakfast meal 5 to 7 times/week over 18 months, they would have regained 2.95 kg of body weight on average (95% CI: 2.01 to 3.96), which is 0.59 kg (95% CI: -0.86to -0.32) lower than if all participants consumed breakfast 0 to 4 times/week. If all participants consumed a post-dinner snack 0 to 2 times/week, they would have regained 2.86 kg of body weight on average (95% CI: 0.99 to 5.25), which is 0.83 kg (95% CI: -1.06 to -0.59) lower than if all consumed a post-dinner snack 3 to 7 times/week. Regular breakfast consumption and minimizing post-dinner snacking may modestly mitigate weight and body fat regain over 18 months after initial weight loss.

Breakfast intake and associated factors and barriers among tertiary institution students in the Western Region, Ghana

BackgroundBreakfast is considered the day’s most important meal. Skipping breakfast consumption is detrimental to health and intellectual performance. University life has tight schedules and rigorous intellectual activities often very early in the morning. This study aimed at assessing breakfast intake and its associated factors among the students of Takoradi Technical University (TTU).MethodsThis was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Data was collected from 347 students in TTU using pre-tested questionnaire. Data collected were analysed using STATA v17. It employed descriptive and inferential statistics such as logistic regression. P-value less than 0.05 was set as statistical significance at 95% confidence interval.ResultsRegular breakfast was taken by 35.7% of the students. Higher odds of regular breakfast intake were found among respondents aged 25–29 years (AOR = 3.13, 95%CI = 1.57–6.24) and those who buy their breakfast (AOR = 5.13, 95%CI = 2.16–12.19). However, lower odds of regular breakfast consumption were found among respondents who were females (AOR = 0.40, 95%CI = 0.18–0.85). Barriers to regular breakfast intake included negative mood, insufficient funds, health condition, weight management, religious reasons such as fasting, limited time/unfavourable academic schedules, daily activities/workload, and cost of food on campus.ConclusionThe study stressed on the need for external and personal factors such as sex, age, religion, limited time/unfavourable academic schedules among others that hinder habitual breakfast intake to be addressed adopting innovative approach such as peer education and campaigns. University management should implement favourable policies on academic schedules, canteens/cafeterias, less stringent regulation on cooking at halls of residence.

Meal patterns and the quality of breakfast and snacks in relation to adolescents' dental health in southeast of Iran.

Aim: The objective was to determine the frequency pattern and nutritional quality of breakfast and snacks in Iranian adolescents and to investigate these dietary habits in relation to tooth decay and tooth erosion. Methods: A multistage cluster random sampling method was adopted to recruit 600 adolescents with equal sex distribution in the city of Kerman/southeast of Iran. Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) and Tooth Wear Index (TWI) were recorded for each subject. Snacking and breakfast quality, frequency of snacking and regular/irregular use of main meals were also recorded. Poisson regression and Firth's bias-reduced penalized-likelihood logistic regression were used for data analysis. Results: DMFT score of adolescents who consumed low-quality snacks were 1.13 times more than those who consumed high-quality snacks. Regular use of all three main meals was associated with a lower DMFT score. DMFT score of adolescents who did not have regular use of breakfast was 1.19 times more than those who consumed breakfast on a regular basis. Also, regarding adolescents who had an irregular use of lunch, the DMFT score was 1.3 times more than those who had a regular lunch schedule. In addition, participants with irregular dinner consumption had 1.24 times more DMFT scores compared to those with a regular dinner schedule. Conclusions: Regular breakfast consumption, decreased snacking occasions, use of higher nutritional quality snacks, and increased nutritional education are important in order to prevent a higher chance of dental caries and promote dental health status.

Association between Breakfast Meal Categories and Timing of Physical Activity of Japanese Workers.

Background: Breakfast is the most important meal of the day and has been associated with longevity. Regular breakfast consumers often have a healthy lifestyle, including a healthy diet and regular physical activity. Methods: We examined the association between breakfast type, chronotype (morningness-eveningness), and physical activity in 3395 Japanese workers using a cross-sectional web survey. Results: Participants who ate Japanese breakfasts showed an early chronotype, while those who ate breakfast cereal exhibited a later chronotype. Physical activity was positively associated with adopting a Japanese breakfast style. Japanese breakfast eaters performed physical activities from 6:00–9:00 compared with other breakfast eaters. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that eating a Japanese breakfast is associated with an earlier chronotype (morningness) and higher physical activity.

Breakfast in the Philippines: food and diet quality as analyzed from the 2018 Expanded National Nutrition Survey

BackgroundThe quality of foods taken during breakfast could contribute in shaping diet quality. This study determined the regularity of breakfast consumption and breakfast quality based on the food, energy and nutrient intakes of Filipinos.Materials and methodsData from the 2018 Expanded National Nutrition Survey (ENNS) was extracted for analysis. There were 63,655 individuals comprising about 14,013 school-aged children (6–12 years old), 9,082 adolescents (13–18 years old), 32,255 adults (19–59 years old), and 8,305 elderly (60 years old and above). Two-day non-consecutive 24-h food recalls were used to measure food and nutrient intakes. Diet quality was measured using Nutrient-Rich Food Index (NRF) 9.3. The sample was stratified by age group and NRF9.3 tertiles.Results and findingsResults showed that 96 – 98% Filipinos across age groups were consuming breakfast. Children age 6–12 years have the highest NRF9.3 average score (417), followed by the elderly (347), adolescents (340), and adults (330). These scores were very low in comparison with the maximum possible NRF score which is 900. The essential nutrient intakes of respondents were significantly higher among those with the healthiest breakfast diet (Tertile 3) compared to those with the poorest breakfast diet (Tertile 1). However, participants in the healthiest breakfast diet did not meet 20% of the recommendations for calcium, fiber, vitamin C, and potassium.Conclusion and recommendationsThis study revealed that majority of the population are regular breakfast consumers. However, the breakfast consumed regularly by Filipinos were found to be nutritionally inadequate. And even those classified under Tertile 3 which were assumed as having a better quality of breakfast were still found to have nutrient inadequacies. Thus, the study suggests that Filipinos must consume a healthy breakfast by including nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fresh meat, and milk to provide at least 20–25% of the daily energy and nutrient intakes.

Breakfast consumption and its relationship with diet quality and adherence to Mediterranean diet in European adolescents: the HELENA study.

The aim of the current study is to analyze the associations between breakfast consumption and adherence to diet quality index (DQI) and Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) in European adolescents. A multinational cross-sectional study was carried out in 1804 adolescents aged 12.5-17.5 years. The Food Choices and Preferences questionnaire was used to ascertain breakfast consumption (consumers, occasional consumers and skippers), and two non-consecutive 24 h dietary recalls were used to estimate the total daily intake and to calculate the subsequent DQI and MDS. Mixed linear regression models were used to examine the relationship between breakfast consumption and DQI-A and MDS. Age, maternal education, BMI, country and total energy intake were included as covariates. In both sexes, significant differences were observed among the breakfast consumption categories. In both boys and girls, breakfast consumers had significantly higher DQI indices than those adolescents who skipped breakfast regularly (p < 0.001). Regarding total MDS, in both boys and girls, breakfast consumers had a higher total MDS than breakfast skippers (p < 0.001), however, no associations were shown between occasional breakfast consumers and DQI indices and MDS. Breakfast consumption has been linked with better dietary quality scores compared with those children who usually skip breakfast. Promotion of regular breakfast consumption in adolescents could be an effective strategy to improve the overall diet quality.

Predictors Of Breakfast Consumption Among Iranian Students: Applying Social Cognitive Theory

Background — Despite the known significance of regular breakfast consumption, skipping or inadequate consumption of breakfast is common among students. Social cognitive theory (SCT) is one of the most effective theories in predicting nutritional behaviors, especially breakfast-related behaviors Objective — This study aimed to determine the factors related to breakfast consumption based on SCT among students of Islamic Azad University Kermanshah Branch. Methods — In this cross-sectional study, 206 students of Islamic Azad University Kermanshah Branch were selected based on availability sampling. An online questionnaire consisting of demographic information scales, SCT variables and breakfast consumption behavior was sent to student groups. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tests, chi-square test, linear regression and correlation analysis in SPSS software version 16. Results — On average, students consume breakfast 4.39 times a week. Overall, 17.6% of students had completely ignored breakfast and 42.4% of them ate breakfast irregularly between one and six times a week. Among the components of social cognitive theory, self-efficacy and observational learning predicted 55.7% of changes in breakfast consumption among students (P&lt;0.001). Conclusions — It seems that social cognitive theory is a useful framework for predicting breakfast consumption behavior among young people, and it is possible to improve breakfast consumption behavior by designing and implementing appropriate educational interventions based on this theory.

Weekday breakfast habits and mood at the start of the school morning.

Good nutrition, regular physical activity, and adequate sleep are important for promoting health. However, it is not well characterized how these lifestyle behaviours are associated with mood at the start of school days. To identify the weekday health-related behaviours (breakfast intake, physical activity, and sleep) of Singaporean adolescents and explore their associations with mood at the beginning of the school morning. 365 adolescents (52.3% boys, 47.7% girls) aged 14-19 years (M = 16.9, SD = 1.3 years) completed a survey set on breakfast habits, physical activity participation, sleep duration, and mood. More than one-third (38.6%) of participants never (15.0%) or irregularly (23.6%) consumed breakfast on weekdays. Adolescents consuming breakfast irregularly reported significantly higher negative mood scores than regular breakfast consumers (p = .002; d = .404). Almost two-thirds (64.1%) of adolescents did <60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on weekdays and reported lower positive morning mood scores than those who ≥60 min of MVPA (p = .014; d = .284). Although most (88.3%) adolescents slept <8 h each night, sleep duration was not related to either positive mood or negative mood. The present study suggests that eating breakfast on a regular basis and completing for ≥60 min of weekday MVPA are useful behaviours to start school days in a better mood. Parents and health educators should recognise the importance of establishing these habits and support students by instigating practical approaches so they can achieve a regular breakfast intake and physical activity engagement.

Association of breakfast consumption frequency with fasting glucose and insulin sensitivity/b cells function (HOMA-IR) in adults from high-risk families for type 2 diabetes in Europe: the Feel4Diabetes Study.

This study aimed to investigate the association of breakfast consumption frequency (BCF) with glycemic control indices in a cross-sectional sample of adults from families at high risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), exploring the role of sex and socioeconomic status (SES). In 2370 adults (40.8 ± 5.6 years) from 6 European countries, sociodemographic, lifestyle, anthropometric and biochemical characteristics were assessed through standardized procedures. Multivariable regression models were used to examine the association between fasting glucose (FG), fasting insulin (FI), and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (dependent variables) with BCF (independent variable) controlling for multiple possible confounders. A linear association of BCF with FG (β = -0.557, 95% CI (-0.834, -0.280)) and a quadratic association with FI and HOMA-IR with the highest point of curve observed at BCF = 2.989 (times/week) and at BCF = 2.746, respectively, independent of the used covariates. In males and in participants of high SES, BCF was linearly and inversely associated with FG, while with FI and HOMA-IR there was an association with BCF in quadratic function. In females, BCF was linearly and inversely associated with FG and HOMA-IR, and there was a quadratic association with FI. In low SES there was only a linear association with FG, yet with no statistically significant findings for FI and HOMA-IR. Regular breakfast consumption, especially &gt;3 times/week is associated with improved indices of glycemic control. This association was diminished in low SES participants in the presence of the used covariates.

Socio-economic determinants of healthy behaviours among primary schoolchildren and adolescents in Lokossa district of southern Benin.

There is little information regarding fruit and vegetable (FV) intake and physical activity (PA) among schoolchildren in Benin. In this study we evaluated the differences in breakfast eating, FV consumption and PA according to socio-economic (SE) determinants in primary schoolchildren. A cross-sectional study using a probabilistic sample of 612 students (8-17y of age) from 26 primary schools was done between December 2018 and January 2019. The association was estimated by logistic regression analyses. Of all students, 53% were physically inactive, 60% took breakfast <5d/week, 84% irregularly ate fruits and 68% irregularly ate vegetables. Younger students (8-10y) take breakfast regularly and older ones (>15y) were physically more active. The probability of regular breakfast and fruit consumption were significantly higher in children of educated parents (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively) compared with children of non-educated parents. Medium SE status was associated with regular breakfast intake, whereas high SE status was associated with higher fruit intake and lower physical activity compared with low SE status (p<0.001). There was no association between breakfast eating, FV intake, PA and the body mass index. Findings emphasize the need for interventions to promote healthy eating behaviours in primary schoolchildren and their family environments.

Weekday sleep duration and morning tiredness are independent covariates of breakfast skipping in adolescents.

Although regular breakfast consumption is associated with various health benefits, many adolescents skip this meal, particularly those with shorter sleep durations. In order to better understand the association between sleep duration and breakfast consumption among youth, we analyzed the association between weekday morning tiredness and daily breakfast consumption in adolescents, and explored the mediating role of morning tiredness in the association between sleep duration and daily breakfast consumption on weekdays. The "Health Behaviour in School-aged Children" survey conducted in 2018 in French-speaking Belgian schools provided data (n = 8444 11-20-year-old adolescents) on bed- and wake-up times, and on the frequency of breakfast consumption and morning tiredness on weekdays. Multivariable logistic regressions and mediation analyses assessed the association, on weekdays, of morning tiredness (≥4 school mornings a week vs. less) and sleep duration (hours), with daily breakfast consumption, and the mediating role of morning tiredness. Feeling tired ≥4 school mornings a week was associated with lower odds of daily breakfast consumption on weekdays (aOR = 0.77 (95% CI 0.69-0.86)). In turn, on weekdays, sleep duration was positively associated with daily breakfast consumption (aOR = 1.29 (95% CI 1.23-1.36)), even after adjustment for morning tiredness (aOR = 1.28 (95% CI 1.21-1.35)). Morning tiredness only explained 4.9% of the association between sleep duration and daily breakfast consumption. Our findings suggest that in adolescents, sleep duration and morning tiredness are independent correlates of daily breakfast consumption on weekdays.

Guardianship dietary and other behavioural factors associated with skipping breakfast in Japanese primary school children: A child-guardian dyad study.

Regular breakfast consumption is widely considered an important component of healthy dietary habits. In this study, we assessed differences in nutrient/food intake between breakfast consumers and skippers. We also investigated behavioural factors related with breakfast skipping utilizing data collected from both children and their guardians. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 14 public primary schools in Japan. Two questionnaires were distributed: a behavioural questionnaire and a brieftype, self-administered diet history questionnaire. In total, 1816 child (10-12 y/o)-guardian dyads were included in the analysis. Intakes of nutrients and foods were compared between breakfast consumers and skippers by the ttest. The relationship between breakfast skipping and behavioural factors was investigated by logistic regression analysis by child sex. The proportion of breakfast skippers in the children was 9.8%. Daily intakes of nutrients/foods were better in the breakfast consumers. Later bedtime, lower nutrition knowledge level, and frequent incomplete consumption of home meals was significantly or marginally associated with breakfast skipping. Guardians' breakfast skipping was also associated with children's breakfast skipping. Some relationships between behavioural factors and breakfast skipping differed between boys and girls. Breakfast consumers had a more nutritious meal quality. To increase breakfast consumption, morning time schedules may need to be rearranged to avoid time pressure. Nutritional knowledge and dietary behaviour appear relevant. Guardians played a major role in coping with breakfast avoidance, in part as role models.