Regular Bottles Research Articles

Knowledge about Negative Effects of Bottle Feeding on Babies’ Dental Tissues Amongst Mothers

Background: Bottle feeding affects the hard tissues of babies in a negative manner. Overall health of infants is also affected by regular bottle feeding. It also results in development of certain harmful habits and increasing use of pacifiers when bottle feeding exceeds 0-6 months. Many detrimental changes occur in the dental tissues of infants due to bottle feeding. Infant feeding practices are an important factor influencing malocclusion in deciduous dentition, which can have long-lasting negative outcomes on oral health-related quality of life. Objective: To assess the awareness in mothers regarding bottle feeding and its adverse dental effects in babies and to find out the general feeding pattern among mothers. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Study Duration: Study was conducted on feeding mothers in Lahore during a period from November 2020 to February 2021. Methodology: In this study 350 mothers participated. The inclusion criteria consisted of women having at least 1 baby less than 2 years of age. Questionnaire was printed in English and Urdu and filled by mothers. Prior to the actual data collection process at non-sampled Kebeles, the questionnaire was pre-tested on 5% of the sample size, and adjustments were made as necessary. The short questionnaire was collected on same day. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23 (IBM SPSS Statistics, version 23, USA). Chi square test was used to compare frequencies amongst groups. A p value of <0.05 was set as the level for statistical significance. Results: The results showed that age distribution of mothers included in this study were between 20 to 50 years with 20 to 29 being highest 186 (53.3%). Two hundred and eleven (60.3%) were housewife and one hundred and thirty-nine (39.8%) were working women. Feeding pattern showed that 41% women were breastfeeding their child, 9% were bottle feeding and 50% were using both methods of feeding. Practical implication: In order to identify issues and find solutions to prevent illness and stunted growth, it is important to regularly monitor breastfeeding patterns and feeding practises in mothers. That’s why current study was planned to assess the awareness in mothers regarding bottle feeding and its adverse dental effects in babies and to find out the general feeding pattern among mothers. Conclusion: It is concluded that bottle feeding is more common among women, which is having deleterious effects on both dental and skeletal tissues of babies. Knowledge among mothers related to dental problems as an implication of bottle feeding is generally quite lacking. There needs to be more educational efforts made in order to prevent the dental problems in infants. Keywords: Infant feeding, Breast feeding, bottle feeding, dental, altered occlusion, deciduous dentition, feeding pattern, nutritional demand, tooth decay, discoloration

A Tax Coming from the IPCC Carbon Prices Cannot Change Consumption: Evidence from an Experiment

This article compares a socially-optimal tax coming from a model integrating consumers’ preferences for various milks, with a tax directly computed from carbon emissions of milks with carbon prices given by the International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC). Regarding consumers’ preferences, we conducted an experiment in France for finding consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for different bottles coming from either cow’s milk or soy milk, under a regular or an organic process of production. This experiment shows higher WTPs for organic bottles than for regular bottles, and higher WTPs for soy milk than for cow’s milk. These WTPs were introduced into a model estimating the effects of regulatory instruments. From this model using WTPs, it was shown that, for milk coming from cows and soy, a tax on regular bottles and a subsidy on organic bottles maximized the consumers’ welfare. This tax on regular bottles was stronger than the tax that was alternatively estimated with the emissions and IPCC carbon prices. Indeed, a tax based on the IPCC carbon prices seemed too weak for efficiently changing the consumption towards sustainable products.

Argon ion beam interaction on polyethylene terephthalate surface by a 4 kJ plasma focus device

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has a wide variety of applications ranging from making regular bottles to biosensors. However, for many of these applications, surface treatment is needed to improve its surface characteristics such as adhesion to other materials. In this study, we focussed on treating PET foils by dense Ar pulsed plasma produced by a 4.5 kJ Mather-type plasma focus device (20 kV, 40 µf, 115 nH) to examine its ability to make the PET surface hydrophilic. The most common method to examine this characteristic is measuring the water contact angle on a polymer surface. The results show that while the energy and density of plasma in our device are higher compared to other devices, as the exposure time is very low, the device can enhance the wettability of PET film surfaces.

Household Cleaning Product-Related Injuries Treated in US Emergency Departments in 1990–2006

The goal was to examine comprehensively the patterns and trends of household cleaning product-related injuries among children treated in US emergency departments. Through use of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database, cases of unintentional, nonfatal, household cleaning product-related injuries were selected by using product codes for drain cleaners, ammonia, metal polishes/tarnish removers, turpentine, dishwasher detergents, acids, swimming pool chemicals, oven cleaners, pine oil cleaners/disinfectants, laundry soaps/detergents, toilet bowl products, abrasive cleaners, general-purpose household cleaners, noncosmetic bleaches, windshield wiper fluids, caustic agents, lye, wallpaper cleaners, room deodorizers/fresheners, spot removers, and dishwashing liquids. Products were categorized according to major toxic ingredients, mode of action, and exposure. An estimated 267 269 children<or=5 years of age were treated in US emergency departments for household cleaning product-related injuries. The number of injuries attributable to household cleaning product exposure decreased 46.0% from 22 141 in 1990 to 11 964 in 2006. The product most-commonly associated with injury was bleach (37.1%). Children 1 to 3 years of age accounted for 72.0% of cases. The primary mechanism of injury was ingestion (62.7%). The most common source or container was spray-bottles (40.1%). Although rates of household cleaner-related injuries from regular bottles or original containers and kitchenware decreased during the study period, spray-bottle injury rates showed no decrease. Although national rates of household cleaning product-related injuries in children decreased significantly over time, the number of injuries remains high.

Multiobjective optimization of a two-piece aluminum beverage bottle considering tactile sensation of heat and embossing formability

This paper deals with a multiobjective optimization of a screw-top beverage bottle for hot vending. The bottle body has temperate touch feeling and can be embossed easily by axially imposing a cylindrical tube die with rib-shaped inner surface on the outer surface of the bottle body. Initially, a contact nonlinear analysis of fingers grasping the bottle is carried out, and the amount of heat transmitted from the hot bottle to the flesh of the finger is then calculated to evaluate the hot touch feeling. Meanwhile, the simulation of the rib-shape embossing process of the bottle body is performed to evaluate the embossing formability of different rib shape designs. Finally, using response surface approximation method and weighted sum approach, a multiobjective optimization on the shape of the rib is performed to obtain temperate touch feeling as well as better embossing formability. The amount of heat transmitted from the optimized rib-shape embossed bottle decreased at least 30% as compared with that of the regular bottle.

Recording system of infant oral response during regular feeding session

The sucking response is often used as a dependent variable in the study of infant behavior. Nevertheless, few attempts have been made to systematically investigate sucking within the context in which this response gets its original significance and adaptive function: nutrition. This might come partially from a lack of technical devices to make this kind of investigation feasible, without interfering with the bonding atmosphere that usually takes place between baby and caretaker during feeding sessions. A system has been designed to record the oral response of the infant during bottle-feeding. The system consists of a portable and otherwise convenient device mounted on a standard bottle that allows study of this type of response within the familiar environment of the bottle-fed baby, avoiding the usual laboratory constraints (Figure 1). The device is constructed as follows: Four strain gauges are connected to form a Wheatstone bridge and are glued on both sides of a rubber restraint which is tightened around the circular base of the bottle’s rubber nipple (Figure 2A). The rubber restraint is made of a normal rubber nipple that has been truncated at 10 mm from its base. The connecting order of the strain gauges is indicated in Figure 2B. Figure 2C shows the assembly of the device on a regular bottle. When no pressure is applied upon the nipple, the signal output of the resistance bridge has a null value, thus changing when a positive pressure is applied commensurate with the amount applied. The resulting signal output is amplified, and can be recorded on an FM tape recorder or can drive a graphic chart display. Two output signals can be recorded via the amplifier: (a) the AC conzponent (Figure 3A), which corresponds to the signal one can obtain by using