Regression Equations For Stature Estimation Research Articles

Stature estimation using the sacrum in a Thai population.

Stature is an essential component of biological profile analysis since it determines an individual's physical identity. Long bone dimensions are generally used to estimate the stature of skeletal remains; however, non-long bones such as the sternum, cranium, and sacrum may be necessary for some forensic situations. This study aimed to generate a regression equation for stature estimation of the skeletal remains in the Thai population. Ten measurements of the sacrum were measured from 200 dry sacra. The results revealed that the maximum anterior breadth (MAB) provided the most accurate stature prediction model among males (correlation coefficient [r]=0.53), standard error of estimation (SEE=5.94 cm), and females (r=0.48, SEE=6.34 cm). For the multiple regression model, the best multiple regression models were stature equals 41.2+0.374 (right auricular surface height [RASH])+1.072 (anterior-posterior outer diameter of S1 vertebra corpus [APOD])+0.256 (dorsal height [DH])+0.417 (transverse inner diameter of S1 vertebra corpus [TranID])+0.2 (MAB) with a SEE of 6.42 cm for combined sex. For males, stature equals 63.639+0.478 (MAB)+0.299 (DH)+0.508 (APOD) with a SEE of 5.35, and stature equals 75.181+0.362 (MAB)+0.441 (RASH)+0.132 (maximum anterior height [MAH]) with a SEE of 5.88 cm for females. This study suggests that regression equations derived from the sacrum can be used to estimate the stature of the Thai population, especially when a long bone is unavailable.

Estimation of stature from lower limb measurements by regression analysis in north-west Indian population

The aim of the study was to estimate the stature from lower limb parameters in the north-west population of India and to know whether a significant correlation exists between the stature and various lower limb dimensions and to further derive regression formulae for estimation of stature from various lower limb segments. Materials and methods: the study was conducted on medical students age ranged between 18 to 28 years, which comes chiefly from north-west part of India. Only the subjects willing to participate in the study and given their written informed consent were included in the study group. The students having any obvious physical deformity were excluded from the study. Correlations between various lower limb parameters and stature were determined by using the Pearson’s correlation test. Sex-specific linear regression equations for stature estimation were developed using the lower limb measurements. The multiple regressions equations were produced based on various combinations of the parameters by stepwise regression analysis. Results: the Pearson’s correlation in combined group showed good correlations between lower limb parameters and stature. There was no statistically significant difference between known stature and estimated stature by using paired T-test for both right and left side in a group consisting of both sexes and in males (p>0.05). Conclusion: from the parameters, lower limb length and foot length had shown strong positive correlations with stature in the north-west Indian population

Estimation of stature from length of sternum in adult females of North East Madhya Pradesh - An autopsy based study

Determination of stature is an important step to complete the biological profile of an individual to establish identity particularly in partially skeletonized, dismembered, mutilated, and highly decomposed bodies. The present descriptive observational study was conducted on 50 female cadavers of age more than 25 years brought for medicolegal autopsy in this tertiary care center located in north east Madhya Pradesh. The aim of the present study was to find out a correlation between the lengths of different parts of fresh sternums and stature and derive a simple linear regression equation for stature estimation from the length of the sternum. Simple linear regression formulae were derived by correlating stature with the length of manubrium, length of mesosternum, and the combined length of manubrium and mesosternum. We observed a moderately positive correlation between stature and length of manubrium (R=0.167) and the combined length of manubrium and mesosternum (R=0.207). Amongst all parameters taken into consideration in the present study, stature can be most reliably predicted by the regression equation which is derived from the correlation between stature and the combined length of the manubrium and mesosternum [standard error of estimate (SEE) - 5.85]. Due to lesser values of correlation coefficient and higher SEE, lengths of different parts of the sternum are less reliable in predicting stature than lengths of long bones, hand length, and foot length. The findings of the present study will be useful for rapid estimation of stature in relatively fresh but mutilated bodies or badly decomposed bodies only when long bones are not available or are partially broken and fragmented.

Stature Estimation and Formulation of Regression Equation from Ear Anthropometry in Haryanvi Population

Background: Human beings are unique in number of physical characteristics like shape and form ofan individual. These characteristics are influenced by a wide range of racial, ecological, psychological,geographical, gender and biological variations. Human external ear is often overlooked during anthropometricmeasurements. The structure of human ear is so much variable that even two ears are different in sameindividual and it also varies according to age, sex, race and ethnic group.Authentic anthropometric data ofear for a particular population is necessary for designing of ear products for occupational environments, tofind out the age, sex and stature of an individual in that population. This data on ear measurements can alsobe helpful in forensic and medico-legal cases for personal identification of an individual. The main objectiveof the study is to find any relationship between ear parameters and stature and also to formulate regressionequation for estimation of stature in Haryanvi adult Jaats.Methods: The present study was conducted on 300 healthy Haryanvi Jaats (150 females and 150 males)aged 20 to 60 years. Measurements of ear length, ear breadth and stature were taken on each subject.Conclusion: Ear length and ear breadth are not significantly correlated with stature (p>0.05) in both thesexes except ear breadth which is significantly correlated with stature in males (p<0.05).The present study concluded that stature cannot be estimated from ear length and ear breadth in Haryanvipopulation.

Stature Estimation and Formulation of Regression Equation from Ear Anthropometry in Haryanvi Population

Background: Human beings are unique in number of physical characteristics like shape and form ofan individual. These characteristics are influenced by a wide range of racial, ecological, psychological,geographical, gender and biological variations. Human external ear is often overlooked during anthropometricmeasurements. The structure of human ear is so much variable that even two ears are different in sameindividual and it also varies according to age, sex, race and ethnic group.Authentic anthropometric data ofear for a particular population is necessary for designing of ear products for occupational environments, tofind out the age, sex and stature of an individual in that population. This data on ear measurements can alsobe helpful in forensic and medico-legal cases for personal identification of an individual. The main objectiveof the study is to find any relationship between ear parameters and stature and also to formulate regressionequation for estimation of stature in Haryanvi adult Jaats.Methods: The present study was conducted on 300 healthy Haryanvi Jaats (150 females and 150 males)aged 20 to 60 years. Measurements of ear length, ear breadth and stature were taken on each subject.Conclusion: Ear length and ear breadth are not significantly correlated with stature (p>0.05) in both thesexes except ear breadth which is significantly correlated with stature in males (p<0.05).The present study concluded that stature cannot be estimated from ear length and ear breadth in Haryanvipopulation.

Stature Estimation from Anthropometry of Foot in Adults of Border Areas of Punjab

Background: Stature is one of the various parameters of identification of the individuality of a person. Estimation of stature from various measurements of the body is of value in medicolegal investigations as well as in anthropology. The foot measurements are important in forensic field as they can be used as body height predictors for an individual.The current study deals with developing a regression equation for stature estimation from foot breadth and foot length and to find out the correlation between stature, foot breadth and foot length. Methods: The data was collected from 500 asymptomatic, healthy adults (250 males & 250 females) belonging to border areas of Punjab region of age group ranged between 18-50 years.Results: The correlation between foot length and stature (r= 0.337) was more than foot breadth and stature (r= 0.046) indicating foot length to be a better predictor of stature. Linear regression equations were derived for estimation of stature from foot breadth and foot length.Conclusion: Both foot breadth and foot length showed positive correlation with stature as indicated by the regression coefficient. The results indicate that one can successfully estimate staure from different foot dimensions. The calculated regression formulae show good reliability and applicability of estimate which would be useful for Anthropologists and Forensic Medicine experts.

An Anthropometric Study of Stature Estimation from Foot Morphometry in North Indian Population

Background and Objectives: The aim of present study is to find the correlation of foot morphometry withstature and to derive the regression equation for stature estimation among two endogamous (baniya and jats)groups of North India.Material and Method: The present study was carried out at Department of Anatomy, MMIMSR Mullana–Ambala, on 400 subjects(100 males,100 females of each group) belonging to known endogamous group(baniya and jats) of Haryana, age group ranged between 21-35 years. Height and foot length,foot breadth wasmeasured. Foot index was calculated. Statistical analysis including mean, standard deviation for stature andfoot morphometry of both sides were calculated separately for both sexes. Pearson’s correlation coefficientwas calculated to find correlation between stature and different foot morphometry .To estimate stature fromfoot morphometry linear regression analysis was done.Results: The mean and standard deviation for height in males was 173.68 ± 7.336 and in females was160.73 ± 10.049 with highly significant p value. The mean foot length,foot breadth of males was higher thanfemales with statistically significant p value. In males, the foot length and foot breadth of both sides havea highly significant correlation with height. In females the correlation of height was highly significant withfoot length, foot breadth and foot index among both the groups.Conclusion: A significant correlation coefficient was observed between height and foot length in males. Infemales, a significant correlation was observed between height and foot length and foot breadth. If either ofthe measurement is known(height or foot length/foot breadth), the other can be calculated. This would beuseful for Anthropologists and Forensic medicine experts.

Forensic utility of cranial measurements in stature reconstruction in South Africans of European descent.

The height of an individual (stature) is one of the biological profiles that is estimated as part of human identification process from various components of the human skeleton. The anatomical method is often used for this purpose when a complete and intact skeleton is available for forensic analysis because it is accurate. Since complete skeletons are seldom present in most forensic cases, the mathematical method, which shows linear relationship between stature and bone measurements, becomes the method of choice. Population and sex-specific regression equations for stature estimation have been formulated using intact and fragmentary long bones amongst South African whites and blacks. Individual and combinations of measurements of other skeletal elements including bones of the feet have also been used in the formulation of regression equations. However, few studies have utilized measurements of the skull for stature reconstruction. Skeletal height, calculated from a suite of measurements, was regressed on six cranial measurements. Basibregmatic height and basion-nasion length presented with the highest correlation coefficient for an individual variable in males (0.50) and females (0.48), respectively. The range of correlation coefficient from multivariate analyses in males (0.58-0.63) is similar to that obtained in females (0.55-0.62). The standard error of estimates of the equations, a measure of the accuracy of the equations, for male sample (6.74-7.09) was slightly higher than that for females (5.47-5.89). Regression equations presented in this study should be used with caution in forensic cases when only the skull is available for human identification. Significance of main findings: 1. Skull measurements show low to moderate correlation with stature. 2. Use of skull dimensions is advised only in the absence of intact long bones and other skeletal elements in South Africa.

Estimation of Stature from Finger Length Based on the Correlation

Introduction: Estimation of stature is of paramount importance in verifying the identity of an individual from the bodily remains, often after any kind of mass disaster, explosion or intentional cuts and dismantling we encounter very few bodily parts. The objective of the present study was to estimate stature from the measurement of finger length based on the principle of correlation.
 Methods: The present study consisted of 300 individuals (150 male and 150 female) of age group 18 to 26 years during the period of August 2017 to August 2018. Stature and finger length of individuals were measured by using stadiometer and digital caliper respectively. Data were analyzed by using statistical software SPSS-22.
 Results: A positive and highly significant (p<0.01) correlation was observed in both genders. Linear regression equation for stature estimation was derived using finger length and checked for their accuracy by comparing the estimated stature to measured stature. The result shows no significant difference between estimated and measured stature.
 Conclusions: The results indicate that the finger length provides reliable means of estimating the stature of an unknown individual based on the principle of correlation. Hence it can be of significant help in establishing the identity of an individual.

Updated lower limb stature estimation equations for a South African population group

One of the main steps in the identification of an unknown person, from their skeletal remains, is the estimation of stature. Measurements of intact long bones of the upper and lower extremities are widely used for this purpose because of the high correlation that exists between these bones and stature. In 1987, Lundy and Feldesman presented regression equations for stature estimation for the black South African population group based on measurements of bones from the Raymond A. Dart Collection of Human Skeletons. Local anthropologists have questioned the validity of these equations. Living stature measurement and magnetic resonance imaging scanograms of 58 adult volunteers (28 males and 30 females) representing the modern black South African population group were obtained. Physiological length of the femur (FEPL) and physiological length of the tibia (TPL) were measured on each scanogram and substituted into appropriate equations of Lundy and Feldesman (S Afr J Sci. 1987;83:54–55) to obtain total skeletal height (TSHL&F). Measured total skeletal height (TSHMeas) for each subject from scanograms was compared with TSHL&F. Both FEPL and TPL presented with significantly high positive correlations with TSHMeas. A comparison between TSHL&F and TSHMeas using a paired t-test, showed a statistically significant difference – an indication of non-validity of Lundy and Feldesman’s equations. New regression equations for estimation of living stature were formulated separately for male and female subjects. The standard error of estimate was low, which compared well with those reported for other studies that used long limb bones.
 Significance:
 
 Statistically significant differences were observed between measured and estimated skeletal height, thus confirming non-validity of Lundy and Fieldsman’s (1987) equations for lower limb bones.
 New regression equations for living stature estimation were formulated for femur and tibia lengths, and the low standard error of estimates of equations compared well to results from other studies.

Stature estimation in forensic examinations using regression analysis: A likelihood ratio perspective

For the identification of decomposed dead bodies and skeletal remains, estimation of stature is of utmost importance. In estimating stature from the percutaneous bone lengths or skeletal remains, regression analysis has been the method of choice. Technically, as the regression line is just the best fit to the data, the estimate of stature differs from the actual stature, and this difference is reported in terms of the root mean square error (RMSE). The estimate using regression analysis is probabilistic in nature and there is a confidence interval about the prediction. This interval is mostly not reported in various studies, neither are the probable errors in estimation. In the likelihood ratio approach, absolute “matching” or “identification” is not possible and therefore, only the quantitative strength of evidence (strength of association in the present context) is given.The sample for the present study comprised of 344 young adults (172 females and 172 males) residing in the Shimla city of Himachal Pradesh State of north India. The data have been generated from anthropometric measurements of seven percutaneous bone lengths besides stature. The present study reports the regression equations for stature estimation as traditionally calculated, but additionally, it signifies the determination of the confidence intervals of the regression line as well as the confidence intervals of the prediction of stature. The study also shows that for the likelihood ratio estimation, the regression analysis needs to be flipped, i.e. instead of using regression of stature versus bone length; the regression of bone length versus stature should be used.Practical application of finding the likelihood ratio of a recovered bone to be associated with two missing persons of known stature has also been discussed in the current study. This approach is further extended to a general scenario, where the likelihood of a person of known stature is evaluated with reference to any other person chosen at random from the relevant population. The likelihood ratios arrived at, have been found to be generally low, meaning that the strength of association of stature and percutaneous bone length is not very high, and combining likelihood ratios from different methods of personal identification may be needed.

Prediction of Stature Based on Foot Length In Medical Students of Birat Medical College & Teaching Hospital, Morang, Nepal

Introduction: Stature is one of the most important anatomical parameters for personal identification. Estimation of stature by measuring different parts of the body is valuable in medico legal investigations as well as in anthropology.
 Objectives: The objective of this study was to find correlation between stature and foot length and developing a regression equation for stature estimation from foot length among medical students of Birat Medical College & Teaching Hospital, Morang, Nepal.
 Methodology: This is cross sectional study conducted at Department of Anatomy of Birat Medical College & Teaching Hospital, Morang, Nepal from 15 March 2019 to 15 June 2019. Two hundred (100 male and 100 female) medical students were enrolled in the study. Stature and foot length were measured using standard instruments. The collected data was entered into Microsoft excel and analyzed by using SPSS.
 Results: The mean stature in male was 165.4 cm with SD of 8.46 cm, in female the mean stature was 156.5 cm and with SD 6.56 cm. The mean foot length in male was 25.84 cm with SD of 1.73 cm, in female mean foot length was 23.35 cm with SD 1.30 cm. This gender wise difference in mean stature and foot length between males and females was statistically significant (p<0.001). There was significant positive correlation between stature and foot length (r = 0.534, P < 0.001) for male and (r=0.675, P < 0.001) for female. Regression equations were derived for estimation of stature from measurement of foot length in both sexes.
 Conclusion: This research found significant positive correlation between stature and foot length in both sexes. Regression equation was also derived which help to predict the stature by knowing the foot length in medico legal cases.

Estimation of stature and sex by foot length measurements using linear regression and discriminant function analysis, respectively: A study in central india population

Background and Aim In forensic investigations establishing the identity of a person is a vital step. Stature and sex are important attributes of personal identity. In cases of mass disasters, generally isolated body parts and extremities are recovered as remains and are utilized to ascertain identity of an individual with personal attributes like gender, stature. The present study was conducted to ascertain if the foot length can be reliably used in estimation of stature and gender, and to establish population-specific regression equation and discriminant function analysis in population of Central India.Methods One hundred subjects (50 males and 50 females) between the age group of 20 and 40 years, who are residents of Central India for two generations, were studied. Foot length, of both right and left sides, was recorded for each individual and stature was measured with the help of a stadiometer. Data were subjected to statistical analysis.Results Statistical analysis of the data of the study population showed statistically highly significant differences (p < 0.001) between males and females. Statistically highly significant positive correlation was observed between stature and foot length in males and females. Linear regression equations for stature estimation were derived separately for males and females. The discriminant function analysis, utilizing foot length correctly, classified 78 to 85.1% of cases for respective gender.Conclusion The statistically significant positive correlation between the foot length and stature and accuracy of sex classification by discriminant function analysis indicate the reliability of foot length in predicting stature and gender of an individual.

Stature estimation based on femoral measurements in the modern Japanese population: a cadaveric study using multidetector computed tomography

We aimed to reproduce the anthropometrical measurement of femoral dimensions using multi-planar reconstruction computed tomography (CT), assess the correlation between stature and femoral measurements obtained by this approach, and establish a regression equation for estimating stature in the modern Japanese population. We used data regarding 224 cadavers (116 males, 108 females) that were subjected to postmortem CT and subsequent forensic autopsy at our department between October 2009 and July 2016. To simulate the placement of the femur on the osteometric board using reconstructed CT images, we defined a virtual horizontal plane (VHP) based on the three most dorsal points of the femur (lateral condyle, medial condyle, and greater trochanter). Five femoral measurements including the maximum femoral length (MFL) were obtained. The correlations between stature and each femoral measurement were expressed in terms of the coefficient of determination (R2). On regression analysis, MFL provided the lowest value for the standard error of the estimation (SEE); the SEE values in all subjects, males, and females, respectively, were 3.783cm (R2 = 0.832), 3.850cm (R2 = 0.653), and 3.340cm (R2 = 0.760) for MFL on the left side and 3.747cm (R2 = 0.835), 3.847cm (R2 = 0.650), and 3.290cm (R2 = 0.687) for MFL on the right side. Multiple regression equations using MFL and femoral epicondylar breadth were slightly superior to simple regression equations in males and in all subjects (SEE = 3.44-3.55cm), whereas no effective equation could be obtained in females. To our knowledge, this is the first multiple regression equation for stature estimation using only femoral measurements.

Estimation of sex and stature using anthropometry of the upper extremity in an Australian population.

Stature and a further 8 anthropometric dimensions were recorded from the arms and hands of a sample of 96 staff and students from the Australian National University and The University of Newcastle, Australia. These dimensions were used to create simple and multiple logistic regression models for sex estimation and simple and multiple linear regression equations for stature estimation of a contemporary Australian population. Overall sex classification accuracies using the models created were comparable to similar studies. The stature estimation models achieved standard errors of estimates (SEE) which were comparable to and in many cases lower than those achieved in similar research. Generic, non sex-specific models achieved similar SEEs and R2 values to the sex-specific models indicating stature may be accurately estimated when sex is unknown.

Stature estimation from percutaneous measurement of tibia length

This study aimed to reconstruct stature among male and female Punjabi community of Malwa region using percutaneous measurement of femur length, for estimating the stature, femur length was recorded on each subject using the standard measurement techniques. The data composed of 400 Punjabi subjects within the age range of 20–25 years. Multiplication factors and linear regression equations for stature estimation were determined produced using the above mentioned variables.

Estimation of stature From skull Dimensions of southern Kerala Population−An Autopsy Study

The present study is aimed to help in identification of an individual by understanding the variations in cranial dimensions and to propose population and gender specific regression equations for stature estimation using the linear dimensions of the cranium. The study was conducted on 200 dead bodies (100 males and 100 females) belonging to southern Kerala region. skull breadth, length and skull height were utilised for estimation of stature. All the parameters showed positive correlation with stature with skull height for males having the highest correlation coefficient. Linear regression equation for males and females were derived separately.

Adult stature estimation from radiographically determined metatarsal length in Egyptian population

Abstract Background Estimation of the stature might be critical in the identification of skeletal remains. Usually, the small bones found among human remains are not only the most numerous, but also the best-preserved parts. Objective The primary aim of this work is to determine whether metatarsals can be used for the estimation of adult stature in an Egyptian population using radiologically determined metatarsal lengths and to propose regression equations and test the formulae for determining adult stature. Subjects and methods The 1st and 2nd metatarsals of the left foot of the 220 healthy adult participants were assessed by plain X-ray in a dorso-plantar position utilizing a digital radiography machine commonly used in hospitals. The measurements were obtained by default program on console of the machine that offers manipulation and measurements on the obtained images. Results The study clearly illustrated that the 1st metatarsal maximum length (M1) in males was the most noteworthy correlation with the true stature. The derived regression equation is as per the following: S = 851.52 + 12.26 M1, R = 0.8904 M1. Our findings in the current study were more accurate when comparing our study statistical findings with the results of other population groups. Conclusion the regression equations for stature estimation obtained in our study may be utilized for the identification of stature of skeletons among adult Egyptians from medicolegal point of view.

Estimation of stature from hand length and foot length in Nagpur region of Maharashtra State

Aim and Objectives: Stature (body height) is an important and useful anthropometric parameter for identification of an individual. The present study was undertaken to set up a standard formulae to estimate stature from hand length and foot length in medical students of Nagpur region of Maharashtra state. Method: Four hundred healthy and normal adult medical students comprising of 200 males and 200 females in 18-25 years age group were included in the study. The hand length and foot length were measured independently on left and right side of each individual using a Sliding caliper and spreading calipers respectively. Stature of individuals was measured with the help of a Stadiometer. Results: The paired sample t test showed that the statistical difference between males and females on both sides was highly significant for all the measurements (p < 0.0001). The correlation between stature and various parameters studied in both the sexes were found to be positive and statistically highly significant (p < 0.0001). The correlation coefficient of foot length in both males and females together depicts higher correlation with stature than hand length with highest correlation coefficient 0.87. The correlation between stature and hand length as well as stature and foot length was higher in females than males. Linear and multiple regression equations for stature estimation were calculated separately for males and females as well as for both sexes together. Conclusion: The significant positive correlations between the explanatory variables and stature indicate that these variables can be successfully used to predict stature.

Estimation of male stature by ulnar length in Madhya Pradesh region by using linear regression analysis

Introduction: Establishment of reliable formula for stature estimation from fragments of bones especially in forensic examination is important for individual identification. Sexual differences in height and of long bones exist so there is need for studies emphasizing quantitative standards of sexual dimorphism in different populations. Limited availability of gender specific studies of stature estimation by using individual bones provide data for forensic identification that led me to study ulna bone to establish a linear regression equation for stature estimation in living adult males of age group 18-26 yrs in Madhya Pradesh region. Material & Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal (M.P.) on 238 males by using anthropometer and spreading caliper and statistically analyzed. Ulna length were measured independently on right and left sides of each subject with the help of spreading caliper from the tip of olecranon process to the tip of styloid process and vertex to heel height was measured in the standing erect posture with subject looking forward straight to the horizon. Results: Value of correlation coefficient(r) of right ulna with stature was found to be 0.995 and left ulna with stature was 0.997. Regression equations and graphs interpret the height from the ulnar length in males. Conclusion: The regression formula derived will be useful for anatomists, clinician, anthropologists and forensic experts for estimation of the individual stature in Madhya Pradesh region for establishing identity.