Regional Shopping Centers Research Articles

Traffic Impact Analysis of a Regional Shopping Center Using Microsimulation with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach

Traffic Impact Analysis of a Regional Shopping Center Using Microsimulation with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach

The ‘Most dramatic evidence of progress and expansion’: building regional shopping centres in western Sydney in the 1970s

ABSTRACT This article charts the development of regional shopping centres in Sydney’s western suburbs during the 1970s. It shows how rapid population growth on the metropolitan fringe encouraged investment in large-scale retail property development that accommodated the needs of the city’s biggest department store firms. Many of these firms had been involved in the first wave of shopping centre development in middle-ring suburbs in the 1960s. In the 1970s, however, almost all design and construction of regional shopping centres was undertaken by specialist development firms that had honed their capabilities working for retailers during the 1960s. Retailers and developers conducted research to determine ideal site locations, but were guided by the prescriptive hand of metropolitan planning authorities. This meant that Sydney’s retail landscape reflected diverse influences: American style shopping centres were built in locations determined by European planning ideas and occupied by Australian retailers. Planning regimes also constrained subsequent development ensuring that the regional shopping centres built in Sydney’s western suburbs in the 1970s remain at the top of the region’s retail hierarchy today.

Childhood Asthma Awareness in Saudi Arabia: Five-Year Follow-Up Study.

BackgroundBronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease that is characterized by reversible airway obstruction due to bronchial hyperresponsiveness. It is one of the most common chronic diseases. In Saudi Arabia, asthma affects 2 million people with asthma frequency in children markedly higher than adults with regional variations ranging from 9% to 33.7%.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to measure asthma awareness and knowledge of study participants during the ongoing annual Saudi asthma awareness campaigns and compare them with previous survey data conducted in 2014.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out in the form of a survey distributed across three major cities in Saudi Arabia, Jeddah, Riyadh and Dammam, during the National Asthma Awareness Campaign in major regional shopping centers in April 2019. Asthma knowledge scores across different demographic groups were generated from surveyed data. Descriptive and correlative statistical analyses were performed to identify factors associated with changes in asthma knowledge. Scores were compared to previous survey results.ResultsThe mean score for asthma knowledge was 15.6 out of 25. Asthma knowledge significantly correlated with age (P=0.002), asthma status of the participants (P=0.001), having children with asthma (P=0.005) or knowing friends or family with asthma (P=0.029) but not with other socioeconomic factors such as gender, marital status, occupation, level of education and number of children in the family (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference in the asthma scores from 2014 (M= 63%, SD=26) to 2019 (M= 70%, SD= 26) conditions; t (24) = −2.106, p=0.046.ConclusionFurther educational campaigns are necessary to enhance and measure general public awareness of asthma, its differential diagnosis against other respiratory infections, environmental triggers, risk factors as well as treatment options.

Bringing a Taste of Abroad to Australian Readers: <em>Australian Wines & Food Quarterly</em> 1956–1960

Bringing a Taste of Abroad to Australian Readers: <em>Australian Wines & Food Quarterly</em> 1956–1960

Chain Affiliation, Store Prestige, and Shopping Center Rents

In this study, we examine whether, and to what extent, chain affiliation within regional and super-regional shopping centers affects store rent levels. The rent impact of chain affiliation is assessed in interaction with store prestige. Our database includes 1,367 retail leases in the 2000–2003 period for 11 regional and super-regional shopping centers in Montreal and Quebec City, Canada. The findings suggest that, when compared with independent and local chain-affiliated stores selling low-end goods, middle and high-end goods chain stores operating at upper levels of affiliation are charged a rent premium. Such a profit-sharing scheme between major, high-end chain stores and mall owners, it is argued, will occur under a regulatory environment that limits the local supply of top retail space.

An empirical analysis of tenant location patterns near department stores in planned regional shopping centers

The location of a store within a mall can affect the sales and profits of the store and its neighbors, and those of the mall׳s owner/developer. Because the interests of retail stores and the mall׳s owner/developer with respect to choice of location might not coincide, bargaining power might come into play. To assess empirically whether relative bargaining power as between a retail store and the mall owner/developer affects store location within a center, we focus on locations of stores near the department store tenants of malls. Department stores might have the bargaining power necessary to affect which tenants are chosen as neighbors of the department store.Using data collected from 148 regional shopping centers (malls) in 2007 in the five westernmost provinces of Canada, we examine the relationship between variables that reflect store location patterns near a department store׳s entrance, and variables associated with the bargaining power of developers. We find that the density of stores selling comparison shopping goods is larger near department stores within centers that are older or have a larger gross leasable area. In addition, such density is negatively related to the number of department stores contained in the center. Because a shopping center׳s age, gross leasable area, and the number of department stores in a center are expected to be associated with a developer׳s bargaining power, the above findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the store location patterns near department stores depend on the relative bargaining power of the developer and the department stores.

The holistic impact assessment of shopping centres: the case of Bab Ezzouar, Algeria

This paper proposes a new tool for assessing the impacts of shopping centres on the urban ecosystem. This decision-making tool is innovative because it is holistic: a holistic impact assessment (HIA). It can take into account all the impacts of shopping centres, viz. economic, social, environmental (natural and built environment) ones and their impact on urban governance. The assessment approaches adopted so far tend to focus on the socio-economic impact or on the transport infrastructure one, and to a lesser extent, the environmental impact. Yet, the whole urban ecosystem is affected at several spatial scales. The paper reports the use of the HIA tool applied to a case study, Bab Ezzouar regional shopping centre in Algiers, showing its operational ability when integrated in the urban and commercial sustainable planning process.

‘The central focus of my life’: Roselands and Youth Culture in the 1960s

This article explores aspects of the early history of Roselands, a large regional shopping centre built in the municipality of Canterbury in the early 1960s. Evidence is drawn from archival and media sources, as well as an online survey designed to capture the recollections of Sydney residents about the city’s shopping centre history. The article explores the ways in which local youth engaged with the shopping centre, what it meant to them and how they used it. The article further considers how the evidence of this usage might make us reimagine the shopping centre itself, arguing that despite their sheer facades and interiority there is a degree of porousness between local communities and major retail developments.

An empirical examination of clustering and dispersion within Canadian shopping centers

In this paper, data on the internal compositions of 90 planned regional shopping centers in the five westernmost provinces in Canada are used to examine the locational pattern of stores in shopping centers, to see whether these locations are consistent with exploiting demand externalities and the physical features of the mall. The empirical relevance of so-called “rules of thumb” for locating stores in shopping centers is also assessed. We find that there is clustering of service stores near mall entrances, and clustering of comparison shopping stores near corridor intersections and on the second floor of two-story malls. Clustering tends to occur in the ladies' wear, jewellery/fashion accessory, and unisex clothing store categories, facilitating comparison shopping. Clustering of stores in the service category facilitates multipurpose shopping. A regression analysis indicates that clustering may depend upon the size, age, and type of mall in question. Overall, results are consistent with consumer transportation/shopping costs and demand externalities driving the internal store location strategy of planned regional shopping centers.

A segmentation study of Mexican consumers based on shopping centre attractiveness

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify shopping centre attractiveness dimensions from the point of view of the Mexican shopper and then segment shoppers according to these perceptions of attractiveness.Design/methodology/approachData were collected through a survey of 1,500 regular shopping centre consumers from the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara (MAG), Mexico. This research study was carried out from January to April 2010. Five of the largest shopping centres, including a lifestyle centre, a community centre, a regional shopping centre, and a small regional shopping centre participated voluntarily in this research study.FindingsThe attractiveness attributes of six shopping centres were identified through a factorial analysis: mall essence, popularity and promotional programs, personal service, recreational options, internal atmosphere, and external atmosphere. Also, a cluster analysis of these factors revealed three types of consumers with significantly different perceptions of shopping centres: serious, enthusiast, and basic. The outcomes were validated by a multiple discriminant analysis. Multiple discriminant results suggest that the dimension of popularity and promotion programs is the first to be distinguished among segments, followed by internal and external atmosphere.Practical implicationsFrom a managerial perspective, the study provides practical advice to managers in order to support marketing and positioning strategies for their shopping centres, focusing on a particular segment of consumers.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the body of research on shopping centre attractiveness and shopper segments by providing information regarding Mexican consumer perceptions of shopping.

Suburban Office Markets and Regional Employment Growth: The San Francisco Bay Area's 680 Corridor

Author(s): Kroll, Cynthia | Abstract: One of the major changes experienced in the pattern of urban development in the 1970s was the trend toward suburbanization of office space construction. In previous decades, suburbs played a narrower role as bedroom communities. By the 1960s, with the introduction of regional shopping centers, many retail activities had followed residents from the central city to suburban settings.Office space decentralization in the 1970s is part of a third stage of suburban development-the larger trend towards the movement of jobs from central city to suburb-with manufacturing firms as well as office using firms looking for cheaper land, more space, and a nearby workforce outside of the central city. Before 1970, over four-fifths of speculative office space in the San Francisco SMSA was in San Francisco or Oakland. During the 1970s, 40% of new office space added to the SMSA went to suburbs outside of these central cities.

Designation of the Merry Hill regional shopping centre as strategic centre in Dudley, UK

本研究は，イギリス，ダドリィ市がメルーヒル広域ショッピングセンターを中心市街地とした過程を紹介するものである。1995年に，ダドリィ市はメリーヒル広域ショッピングセンター拡大の計画申請を許可した。しかし，コールインにより，中央政府は1997年にその拡大計画を却下した。ダドリィ市は2005年の開発計画においてメリーヒル広域ショッピングセンターを中心市街地とすることに失敗したが，2011年に刊行されたブラックカントリーの広域開発計画において、メリーヒルセンターを中心市街地とすることに成功したダドリィ市が計画システムの枠内でメリーヒルセンターの拡大を制御できるとはいえ，伝統的タウンセンターを維持することより，ショッピングセンターの経済的利益を尊重したとみなせる。

Shopping Towns Australia

What were the American influences upon the introduction and design of the building type of the regional shopping centre in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s? Architectural historians have tended to direct their attention to public buildings or domestic architecture rather than commercial buildings. This paper attempts to consider the American influences upon retail development and practice in post-war Australia in a brief survey that is more comprehensive than has been previously attempted in Australian architectural history. It is also a study of cultural interaction between the United States and Australia, including the dissemination of American books and journals, the fact-finding missions by Australian retailers to the United States and the engagement of American consultants and Australian architects. In particular it recognises the role of Myer Emporium in Melbourne and other developers elsewhere in Australia to introduce the new type. By 1973 Australia was to be third on the list of all nations with shopping centres, and several of these were significant regional shopping centres, based on American models of ownership and management with architectural designs reconfigured to local conditions.

Empirical Entry Games with Complementarities: An Application to the Shopping Center Industry

The author proposes a strategic model of entry that allows for positive and negative spillovers among firms. The model is applied to a novel data set containing information about the store configurations of all U.S. regional shopping centers and is used to quantify the magnitude of interstore spillovers. The author addresses the estimation difficulties that arise due to the presence of multiple equilibria by formulating the entry game as a mathematical problem with equilibrium constraints (MPEC). Although this study constitutes the first attempt to use this direct optimization approach to address a specific empirical problem, the method can be used in a wide range of structural estimation problems. The empirical results support the agglomeration and clustering theories that predict that firms may have incentives to colocate despite potential business stealing effects. The author shows that the firms' negative and positive strategic effects help predict both how many firms can operate profitably in a given market and the firm-type configurations. The relative magnitude of such effects varies substantially across store types.

Empirical Entry Games with Complementarities: An Application to the Shopping Center Industry

This paper proposes a strategic model of entry that allows for positive and negative spillovers among firms. The model is applied to a novel dataset containing information about the store configurations of all US regional shopping centers and is used to quantify the magnitude of inter-store spillovers. The author addresses the estimation difficulties that arise due to the presence of multiple equilibria by formulating the entry game as a Mathematical Problem with Equilibrium Constraints (MPEC). While this paper constitutes the first attempt to use this direct optimization approach to address a specific empirical problem, the method can be used in a wide range of structural estimation problems. The empirical results support the agglomeration and clustering theories that predict firms may have incentives to co-locate despite potential business stealing effects. It is shown that the firms’ negative and positive strategic effects help predict both how many firms can operate profitably in a given market and the firm-types configurations. The relative magnitude of such effects varies substantially across store-types.

Building retail tenant trust: neighbourhood versus regional shopping centres

PurposeTrust is the basis of business relationships. The purpose of this paper is to explore the antecedents of trust in the context of the relationship between shopping centre management and retail tenants, primarily from the retailer perspective, as a first test of trust in such business‐to‐business relationships. A contrast is made between neighbourhood and regional centres to determine if centre size affects trust development.Design/methodology/approachQuantitative research methods are used. The focus is a sample of 201 retail tenants in Australian shopping centres. Psychometric properties were assessed for all multi‐item scales used to capture variables of interest. Multiple regression analysis is used to explain trust in terms of five key influences: power of the centre manager (as a negative relationship), empowerment of the retailer, flexibility, responsiveness and the shopping centre brand.FindingsEmpowerment, restraint of power and responsiveness are the main determinants of trust. Power is especially critical in regional shopping centres. The shopping centre brand and flexibility play important support roles in neighbourhood centres.Research limitations/implicationsThe lack of comparable studies limits the generalizability of the results to other countries.Practical implicationsCentre managers, in larger planned shopping centres, who want greater retail tenant trust, should not demonstrate their power overtly in, say, rent negotiations. They could also learn from small centres about being flexible and projecting a more unified centre brand.Originality/valueThis empirical study probes the antecedents of trust in Australian shopping centres, a previously neglected area in the shopping centre literature. The paper is unique because it contrasts neighbourhood and regional shopping centres.

Consumer Response to Introduction of Paid Parking at a Regional Shopping Center

An evaluation study was conducted on the introduction of paid parking at a regional shopping center. Using an Internet-based questionnaire, residents were asked to describe their travel and shopping behavior before and after the introduction of paid parking. Results indicate that residents’ travel and shopping behavior including expenditures changed considerably, at least in the short run. The relationship between the changes in expenditures and visit duration, visit frequency, visiting day, and mode choice is investigated by means of two structural equation models, one for weekly and one for nonweekly purchases. The models also include some personal characteristics of the respondents. The change in expenditures for weekly purchases is significantly related to changes in visit frequency, visit duration, travel mode, gender, and car availability. In regard to non-weekly purchases, the change in expenditures is significantly related to changes in visit frequency, visit duration, and visiting day.

Retail Concentration and Shopping Center Rents-A Comparison of Two Cities

This study aims primarily at testing whether, and to what extent, retail concentration within regional and super-regional shopping centers affect rent levels, as well as the differential impact it may exert for various goods categories and sub-categories and in different urban contexts. In this paper, 1,499 leases distributed among eleven regional and super-regional shopping centers in Montreal and Quebec City, Canada, and negotiated over the 2000-2003 period are considered. Unit base rents (base rent per sq. ft.) are regressed on a series of descriptors that include percentage rent rate, retail unit size (GLA), lease duration, shopping center age, as well as 31 retail categories while the Herfindahl index is used as a measure of intra-category retail concentration. Findings suggest that while, overall, intracategory retail concentration affects base rent negatively, the magnitude and, eventually, direction of the impact varies depending on the nature of the activity and the market dynamics that prevail for the category considered.

Retail Concentration and Shopping Center Rents—A Comparison of Two Cities

This study aims primarily at testing whether, and to what extent,retail concentration within regional and super-regional shoppingcenters affect rent levels, as well as the differential impact it mayexert for various goods categories and sub-categories and indifferent urban contexts. In this paper, 1,499 leases distributedamong eleven regional and super-regional shopping centers inMontreal and Quebec City, Canada, and negotiated over the2000–2003 period are considered. Unit base rents (base rent persq. ft.) are regressed on a series of descriptors that includepercentage rent rate, retail unit size (GLA), lease duration,shopping center age, as well as 31 retail categories while theHerfindahl index is used as a measure of intra-category retailconcentration. Findings suggest that while, overall, intra-categoryretail concentration affects base rent negatively, themagnitude and, eventually, direction of the impact variesdepending on the nature of the activity and the market dynamicsthat prevail for the category considered.

Energy-efficent Lighting Installations in Super Regional Shopping Center，“Ario Ohtori”

Energy-efficent Lighting Installations in Super Regional Shopping Center，“Ario Ohtori”