Paranapanema Region Research Articles

Attenuation photochemical potential of Pontal of Paranapanema river waters (Brazil) from agrochemicals: geographical and temporal assessment.

Knowledge of the environmental photochemical fate of pesticides is essential to assess their potential impacts. However, there are few studies in the literature focused on the photochemical attenuation of micropollutants in Brazilian rivers. In this context, this study characterized the surface waters of the Pontal of Paranapanema region (region which concentrates more than 80% of Brazilian sugarcane cultivations), in order to determine its photochemical attenuation potential against micropollutants in different seasons. Thus, the steady-state concentrations of the photochemically produced reactive intermediates (PPRIs) (hydroxyl radical, HO•; singlet oxygen, 1O2, and triplet-excited state chromophoric dissolved organic matter, 3CDOM*), formed in the rivers, were simulated by using the APEX model (Aquatic Photochemistry of Environmentally-occurring Xenobiotics), considering the sunlight irradiance, water chemistry, and depth. Based on our simulations, these concentrations vary between 0.35 × 10-15 and 4.52 × 10-14mol L-1 for HO•, 1.3 × 10-15 and 1.2 × 10--14mol L-1 for 3CDOM*, and 2.5 × 10-15 and 2.5 × 10-14mol L-1 for 1O2. Finally, mathematical simulations were used for predicting persistence of pesticides atrazine (ATZ) and diuron (DIR) in Pontal of Paranapanema surface waters and the half-life times (t1/2) of the pollutants ranged from a few hours to one week.

DESENVOLVIMENTO E TURISMO RURAL

This research studies the rural development public policy and the rural tourism activity in Rosana and Presidente Epitácio municipalities in São Paulo State/Brazil and Santiago de Compostela and Padrón municipalities in Galicia/Spain. Thus, the general objective is to analyze the tourism territorialization process in rural areas and compare public policies for rural development based on case studies in the Pontal do Paranapanema region in the State of São Paulo and the Autonomous Community of Galicia/SP. The methodological procedures used comparative analysis, highlighting the experience of two Spanish municipalities, Santiago de Compostela and Padrón, to draw similarities and differences with the Brazilian cases. The main results obtained in Brazil derived from the actions of the National Program for the Strengthening of Family Agriculture (PRONAF). The research in Santiago de Compostela and Padrón identified the presence of rural tourism houses, which were restored through subsidies from European Union rural development policies. Keywords: Tourism in the Countryside. Local Development Public Policy.

A Machine Learning Approach for Mapping Forest Vegetation in Riparian Zones in an Atlantic Biome Environment Using Sentinel-2 Imagery

Riparian zones consist of important environmental regions, specifically to maintain the quality of water resources. Accurately mapping forest vegetation in riparian zones is an important issue, since it may provide information about numerous surface processes that occur in these areas. Recently, machine learning algorithms have gained attention as an innovative approach to extract information from remote sensing imagery, including to support the mapping task of vegetation areas. Nonetheless, studies related to machine learning application for forest vegetation mapping in the riparian zones exclusively is still limited. Therefore, this paper presents a framework for forest vegetation mapping in riparian zones based on machine learning models using orbital multispectral images. A total of 14 Sentinel-2 images registered throughout the year, covering a large riparian zone of a portion of a wide river in the Pontal do Paranapanema region, São Paulo state, Brazil, was adopted as the dataset. This area is mainly composed of the Atlantic Biome vegetation, and it is near to the last primary fragment of its biome, being an important region from the environmental planning point of view. We compared the performance of multiple machine learning algorithms like decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and normal Bayes (NB). We evaluated different dates and locations with all models. Our results demonstrated that the DT learner has, overall, the highest accuracy in this task. The DT algorithm also showed high accuracy when applied on different dates and in the riparian zone of another river. We conclude that the proposed approach is appropriated to accurately map forest vegetation in riparian zones, including temporal context.

People, primates and predators in the Pontal: from endangered species conservation to forest and landscape restoration in Brazil's Atlantic Forest.

This study describes the 35-year progression of activities in the Pontal do Paranapanema region of São Paulo State, Brazil. These activities began as a research project on the conservation ecology of the highly endangered Black Lion Tamarin and broadened into a landscape-scale restoration and conservation project involving the active participation of hundreds of landless families that colonized the region. Rather than viewing these colonists as a threat, a non-governmental organization arose to address their needs, providing training and support livelihoods. Local communities were engaged in conservation and restoration activities focused on studying the movement patterns of endangered species, environmental education programmes, planting native trees along riparian corridors, establishing coffee agroforestry plantings and initiating community-managed nurseries for the production of local native seedlings and non-native fruit trees. Farmers gained knowledge, income and food security, and developed a sense of ownership and shared responsibility for protecting wildlife, conserving forest fragments and restoring forests. Land sharing and restoring forest functions within an agricultural landscape matrix created new opportunities for people and endangered wildlife. We explore how key factors and partnerships critically influenced the landscape trajectory and conclude with lessons learned that may be relevant to sustainable landscape initiatives in other contexts.

Modelling the present and future distribution of Biomphalaria species along the watershed of the Middle Paranapanema region, São Paulo, Brazil

The Middle Paranapanema region in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, is an area with high diversity for Biomphalaria species, with municipalities historically marked by cases of schistosomiasis transmission. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the current distribuition and predict the future distribution of habitats of Biomphalaria species at a high spatial resolution along 114 freshwater sites in the Middle Paranapanema watershed. The modelling encompassed 55 municipalities of the Middle Paranapanema region, which were analyzed through the maximum entropy algorithm. All geographic coordinates of the Biomphalaria species collected from 2015-2018 and environmental data were obtained through WorldClim, HydroSHEDS, TOPODATA and Secretaria do Meio Ambiente for the 1970-2017 period. For the 2041-2060 period we used the HadGEM2-ES climate model. Due to climate change, MaxEnt showed that there was a high probability for the maintenance of B. glabrata habitats near Ourinhos and Assis, an expansion of scattered spots, and a 50% probability that the species will spread throughout new suitable areas. The results showed that the geographical range of B. straminea will most likely expand in the future along the Middle Paranapanema hydrographic basin, especially in the municipalities near Ourinhos. For B. glabrata and B. straminea, the geographic expansion was related to the predicted increase in the annual temperature range. The habitats suitable for B. tenagophila and B. peregrina seemed to slightly expand around the west border of the Middle Paranapanema region. Biomphalaria occidentalis may have a small reduction in its distribution due to climate change. The variables that contributed the most to the future modelling for these three species were precipitation and temperature. Identifying the sites with intermediate hosts for schistosomiasis may guide public health measures to avoid or reduce future transmissions in this region.

Ecological outcomes of agroforests and restoration 15 years after planting

Large‐scale forest restoration relies on approaches that are cost‐effective and economically attractive to farmers, and in this context agroforestry systems may be a valuable option. Here, we compared ecological outcomes among (1) 12–15‐year‐old coffee agroforests established with several native shade trees, (2) 12–15‐year‐old high‐diversity restoration plantations, and (3) reference old‐growth forests, within a landscape restoration project in the Pontal do Paranapanema region, in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. We compared the aboveground biomass, canopy cover, and abundance, richness, and composition of trees, and the regenerating saplings in the three forest types. In addition, we investigated the landscape drivers of natural regeneration in the restoration plantations and coffee agroforests. Reference forests had a higher abundance of trees and regenerating saplings, but had similar levels of species richness compared to coffee agroforests. High‐diversity agroforests and restoration plantations did not differ in tree abundance. However, compared to restoration plantations, agroforests showed higher abundance and species richness of regenerating saplings, a higher proportion of animal‐dispersed species, and higher canopy cover. The abundance of regenerating saplings declined with increasing density of coffee plants, thus indicating a potential trade‐off between productivity and ecological benefits. High‐diversity coffee agroforests provide a cost‐effective and ecologically viable alternative to high‐diversity native tree plantations for large‐scale forest restoration within agricultural landscapes managed by local communities, and should be included as part of the portfolio of reforestation options used to promote the global agenda on forest and landscape restoration.

Classificação morfológica na escala de detalhe no Pontal do Paranapanema, SP

O presente artigo visa apresentar a viabilidade da classificação morfológica em escala de detalhe do relevo em bacias hidrográficas, de acordo com as legendas propostas por Colangelo (1996), correspondendo às Unidades Elementares do Relevo; e do quinto táxon da taxonomia proposta por Ross (1992), referente aos tipos e formas de vertentes com o uso de técnicas de geoprocessamento. Para tanto foi tomado como estudo de caso duas sub-bacias hidrográficas do Rio Santo Anastácio, localizadas na região do Pontal do Paranapanema. Os compartimentos morfológicos foram classificados através do processamento de Modelos Digitais de Elevação - MDE e ortofotos em ambiente de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas – SIG. Estes dados foram disponibilizados pela Emplasa (2011), e são provenientes do projeto “Mapeia São Paulo”, último levantamento sistemático de dados topográficos e aerofotogramétricos realizados para todo o território do estado de São Paulo. Como resultado foram obtidas as nove classes possíveis de Unidades Elementares do Relevo e, ao menos, seis classes diferentes de tipos e formas de vertentes, confirmando, portanto, a viabilidade técnica e metodológica dos procedimentos adotados no que se refere ao tratamento dos dados utilizados para a realização da classificação morfológica na escala de detalhe em bacias hidrográficas da região do Pontal do Paranapanema.

ANÁLISE DA RENDA AGRÍCOLA DOS AGRICULTORES EM UM MUNICÍPIO NA REGIÃO DO MÉDIO PARANAPANEMA

O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a renda agrícola dos agricultores do município de Palmital (SP), localizado na região do Médio Paranapanema. Por meio de análise estatística multivariada (modelo de regressão múltiplo) identificou-se os fatores que interferem positiva ou negativamente na renda agrícola dos agricultores. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um formulário de pesquisa aplicado a uma amostra de agricultores estratificada, proporcional à condição do estabelecimento rural (familiares e patronais), dados correspondentes ao período de agosto de 2013 a julho de 2015. Destaca-se que este trabalho possui caráter interdisciplinar, abordando aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos, cuja análise estatística trabalhou com quarenta e nove variáveis destacando-se os sistemas de produção encontrados. Tal análise permitiu identificar as variáveis que mais afetam positiva ou negativamente a renda agrícola destes agricultores. Como resultado, observou-se que há indícios de que a diversidade dos sistemas de produção melhora a renda dos agricultores familiares, podendo significar que o aumento de um desses sistemas, ou seja, a atribuição do mesmo a mais áreas, poderá contribuir positivamente à renda agrícola destes agricultores. Em relação aos agricultores patronais, identificou-se que variáveis como tamanho da área e produção por hectare foram fundamentais para a renda agrícola destes agricultores no município estudado.

Phytosociology of Weeds in Off-Season Maize Crops in the Middle Paranapanema

ABSTRACT: This work is the first one after the consolidation of the introduction of the RR technology in maize and soybean crops, following weed surveys previously carried out in the region of the Middle Paranapanema, São Paulo state. The objective was to carry out a phytosociological survey of weeds in off-season maize crops no-tillage, in the same properties where the studies had been previously carried out, in the described region, taking into account the management of the weed community adopted by farmers, and the percentage of plant coveron the soil. The surveys were carried out in 19 farms conducted under no-tillage systems, with off-season maize cultivated in soybean succession, both RR crops, in nine municipalities of the São Paulo region of the Middle Paranapanema, in 2016. The main weeds were Bidens pilosa, Cenchrus Echinatus, Commelina benghalensis, Digitaria horizontalis, Gnaphalium spicatum, Leonotis nepetifolia, Raphanus sativus and Sonchus oleraceus. The predominant management of weeds was the chemical method, and in the vast majority of properties, control was based on the use of glyphosate and atrazine. The other used herbicides are nicosulfuron, chlorimuron-ethyl, clethodim, haloxyfop, tembotrione and 2,4-D, almost always associated with the EPSPs inhibitor. The soil cover with straw, found at the time of the evaluation, had no correlation with the presence or absence of the weeds.

Modelagem espacial da evapotranspiração e produtividade hídrica na porção paulista do afloramento do aquífero Guarani entre 2013 e 2015

Este artigo teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição espacial e temporal dos parâmetros da produtividade hídrica (evapotranspiração e produção de biomassa) para a porção paulista do Aquífero Guarani entre os anos de 2013 e 2015, buscando verificar o impacto da estiagem de 2014 na região. O algoritmo utilizado para calcular a evapotranspiração foi o SAFER (Simple Algorithm For Evapotranspiration Retrieving) e a equação de Monteith para estimar os parâmetros da produção de biomassa. Foram utilizados dados de estações agrometeorológicas e imagens digitais sem nuvens do satélite MODIS de dias julianos iguais entre 2013 e 2015. Em valores médios, para toda área paulista do afloramento do Aquífero Guarani, ocorreu diminuição da evapotranspiração e produção de biomassa nos anos de estiagem (2014-5). A produtividade hídrica, quando tomada em referência uma série histórica que permita a análise de tendência, é um potencial indicador de estresse hídrico de vegetação e culturas. A queda expressiva na evapotranspiração em 2014 e 2015 é uma evidência de impactos na recarga de aquífero e diminuição no nível freático. Foram encontradas evidências de que a estiagem teve maior impacto na região rural ao norte do afloramento paulista do Aquífero Guarani (região de Ribeirão Preto) em comparação à região do Paranapanema, sendo uma possível explicação para isso o fato da primeira ter predomínio de plantio de cana-de-açúcar e a segunda de Eucaliptos. Essas informações espaciais geram subsídios para tomada de decisão em gestão ambiental regional.

Weeds in Second Corn Crops in the Period of Transgenic Soybean Implantation in the Middle Paranapanema Region

ABSTRACT: The Middle Paranapanema region concentrates a large part of the second corn production in São Paulo State. Weed surveys in commercial areas are important for monitoring and directing their management. In 2006, 2007, and 2008, weed surveys were carried out on 27, 25, and 24 corn crops, respectively, in ten counties of this region. At the grain filling stage, crops were zigzag sampled with 20 points of 1 m2 per area. In addition, information on weed management, soil cover, and history of the summer crop were collected. The phytosociological parameters frequency, density, abundance, and importance value index were determined. The results evidenced Cenchrus echinathus as the most important species in 2006 and 2007, in addition to high importance values in 2008, which reflected the need to improve its management. Bidens pilosa, Digitaria horizontalis, and Euphorbia heterophylla were important species for the crop. Although under a low frequency, outbreaks of Leonurus sibiricus and Gnaphalium spicatum were observed in the areas, increasing their importance in 2007 and 2008. Atrazine was the most used herbicide over the agricultural years, with a low use of other products. Soil cover presented a high variation, but a high number of fields presented a low soil cover. Despite the increase of transgenic soybean in this region, no consistent evidence of changes in weed community resulted from this transition.

Pontal do Paranapanema: planejamento territorial e conflitos de terras (1886-2011)

O presente artigo visa investigar as possíveis relações entre planejamento territorial, ocupação territorial e conflitos de terras na região do Pontal do Paranapanema. Para isso, retoma ao ano de 1890 quando o engenheiro Theodoro Sampaio faz o que seria o primeiro plano de ocupação da área conhecido e sugere que parte destas áreas fossem “reservas para o futuro”.

ANÁLISE DOS CUSTOS DE PRODUÇÃO DOS AGENTES BIOLÓGICOS PARA CONTROLE DE DIATRAEA SACCHARALIS EM CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR: UM ESTUDO DE CASO EM LABORATÓRIO DE PRODUÇÃO MASSAL

O presente artigo apresenta uma análise dos custos de produção do parasitóide Cotesia flavipes utilizado como controle biológico da Diatraea saccharalis, conhecida como broca da cana-de-açúcar, partindo do acompanhamento da produção e analisando cada etapa do processo, ou seja, os processos subdivididos em departamentos. O estudo foi realizado em um laboratório de produção massal de Cotesia flavipes localizado na região do Vale Paranapanema, no qual se pode acompanhar e coletar todas as informações do processo para formação e análise dos custos. Para realização desta pesquisa utilizou-se o método de Custeio ABC, identificando cada etapa do processo alocando-as em departamentos, formando assim o custo de cada um. No estudo se levou em consideração apenas os custos com mão-de-obra e materiais. Após levantamento dos custos de cada departamento, constatou-se que o maior consumo é de serviços, ou seja, mão-de-obra, responsável por 67% dos custos totais e apenas 33% dos custos são de materiais. O departamento com maior consumo de materiais é o da Dieta, responsável por 86% do custo total de materiais e o departamento de Inoculação da Broca é responsável por 60% dos recursos totais com mão-de-obra. Com a apuração de todos os dados levantados, chegou-se à conclusão que cada copo dentro do processo custou para a empresa R$ 1,94, ou seja, R$ 0,06 por massa de pupa.

Relations between communication and development of family farmers

This research investigates relations between communication and the development of family farmers from the Pontal do Paranapanema region (state of São Paulo), mainly in the municipality of Teodoro Sampaio. Family agriculture in this municipality is represented basically by beneficiaries the Agrarian Reform program. The main hypothesis is that communication contributes positively to the development of those family farmers. Thus, this study aimed to understand communication practices of these farmers and relate them with the development of their families. Quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. Development proxy is understood as the combination between the family living conditions and production. Among the main results, it was found that the effect of communication for "life and production conditions" increases as farmers at superior levels of "development" are analyzed; thus the main hypothesis should not be rejected for those farmers with higher development condition. For the others, communication did not have the same effect because many settled families are not focused on agricultural activities. The main suggestion is to improve ways for producers and professionals from public services related to them to access information.

Performance of banana cultivars in Médio Paranapanema region, São Paulo state, Brazil

The banana crop is considered an economic alternative for farmers of the Medio Paranapanema region, in the Planalto Paulista, Brazil. This study aimed to identify banana plants genotypes adapted to local soil and climatic conditions. The experimental area was installed in the municipality of Palmital, SP, with plantlets of nine cultivars: Caipira, Thap Maeo, Prata Zulu, Preciosa, Maravilha, PV 4253, Nanicao IAC 2001, Nanicao Jangada and Grande Naine. Vegetative and reproductive parameters of the plants were evaluated, besides the characteristics of the fruits. The genotypes belonging to Cavendish subgroup showed better vegetative and productive results, with emphasis for ‘Nanicao Jangada’ that had the best performance for the most production characters evaluated. The cultivars Prata Zulu and Thap Maeo had results similar to Nanicao IAC 2001 cultivated in the region, and can be an alternative crop since they have resistance to yellow and black sigatokas, major diseases of the crop. The genotypes Maravilha and PV4253 showed to be promising for the region, and need to be evaluated further in subsequent cycles.

Desempenho de cultivares de bananeiras na região Médio Paranapanema, São Paulo

The banana crop is considered an economic alternative for farmers of the Médio Paranapanema region, in the Planalto Paulista, Brazil. This study aimed to identify banana plants genotypes adapted to local soil and climatic conditions. The experimental area was installed in the municipality of Palmital, SP, with plantlets of nine cultivars: Caipira, Thap Maeo, Prata Zulu, Preciosa, Maravilha, PV 4253, Nanicão IAC 2001, Nanicão Jangada and Grande Naine. Vegetative and reproductive parameters of the plants were evaluated, besides the characteristics of the fruits. The genotypes belonging to Cavendish subgroup showed better vegetative and productive results, with emphasis for ‘Nanicao Jangada’ that had the best performance for the most production characters evaluated. The cultivars Prata Zulu and Thap Maeo had results similar to Nanicão IAC 2001 cultivated in the region, and can be an alternative crop since they have resistance to yellow and black sigatokas, major diseases of the crop. The genotypes Maravilha and PV4253 showed to be promising for the region, and need to be evaluated further in subsequent cycles.

Population viability analysis: using a modeling tool to assess the viability of tapir populations in fragmented landscapes

A population viability analysis (PVA) was conducted of the lowland tapir populations in the Atlantic Forest of the Pontal do Paranapanema region, Brazil, including Morro do Diabo State Park (MDSP) and surrounding forest fragments. Results from the model projected that the population of 126 tapirs in MDSP is likely to persist over the next 100 years; however, 200 tapirs would be required to maintain a viable population. Sensitivity analysis showed that sub-adult mortality and adult mortality have the strongest influence on the dynamics of lowland tapir populations. High road-kill has a major impact on the MDSP tapir population and can lead to population extinction. Metapopulation modeling showed that dispersal of tapirs from MDSP to the surrounding fragments can be detrimental to the overall metapopulation, as fragments act as sinks. Nevertheless, the model showed that under certain conditions the maintenance of the metapopulation dynamics might be determinant for the persistence of tapirs in the region, particularly in the smaller fragments. The establishment of corridors connecting MDSP to the forest fragments models resulted in an increase in the stochastic growth rate, making tapirs more resilient to threats and catastrophes, but only if rates of mortality were not increased when using corridors. The PVA showed that the conservation of tapirs in the Pontal region depends on: the effective protection of MDSP; maintenance and, whenever possible, enhancement of the functional connectivity of the landscape, reducing mortality during dispersal and threats in the unprotected forest fragments; and neutralization of all threats affecting tapirs in the smaller forest fragments.

MODELO DE ESTIMATIVA DE TEMPERATURAS MÁXIMAS E MÍNIMAS MENSAIS PARA A REGIÃO DO MÉDIO PARANAPANEMA, SP

A temperatura do ar é um dos elementos mais importantes e deve ser levado em consideração em qualquer estudo relacionado ao ser vivo. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido para a região do Médio Paranapanema, com o objetivo de estimar as temperaturas médias do ar, devido a ausência de postos meteorológicos na região. Foram utilizados dados de nove municípios devido ao fato de apenas esses terem uma série mais longa de dados coletados. Modelos de estimativa de temperatura do ar, com base em coordenadas geográficas foram utilizadas com a finalidade de estimar as temperaturas médias mensais das máximas e das mínimas para a região. Equações de regressão múltipla em função da altitude, da latitude e da longitude, foram obtidos, os coeficientes de determinação variaram de 0,76 a 0,89 para as temperaturas máximas e de 0,39 a 0,96 para as mínimas, sendo que os menores coeficientes foram encontrados nos meses mais frios, encontrou-se alta relação entre altitude e médias anuais de temperatura, evidenciando que o modelo pode ser utilizado para estimativa de temperaturas médias anuais em todos os municípios da região do Médio Paranapanema.

Análise de variáveis estratégicas para o desenvolvimento da agropecuária da região do Pontal do Paranapanema

O objetivo do trabalho é identificar as atividades rurais com maior capacidade de geração de emprego e renda e as relações existentes entre o desenvolvimento científico e capacitação rural no Pontal do Paranapanema em horizonte temporal de 10 anos (2008-2018). Utilizou-se a abordagem Technological Foresight para a estruturação do levantamento prospectivo e métodos e técnicas de estatística multivariada na análise dos resultados. As informações foram levantadas em um painel estruturado com a participação de 50 especialistas da região. Os resultados demonstram que níveis de capacitação técnica, oferta de tecnologias e assistência técnica são variáveis que têm grande importância para geração de emprego e renda futura. Além disso, ações de transferência de tecnologia são prioritárias no curto prazo e as de P&D com capacitação técnica de produtores e trabalhadores rurais, no longo prazo. Destacaram-se, para a geração de empregos ao trabalhador rural, as atividades de produção relacionadas à agroindústria. Novas atividades como a heveicultura, eucalipto, caprinos, ovinos, integração lavoura-pecuária e plantas ornamentais foram consideradas importantes para a geração de renda.

Irrigação e adubação potássica via fertirrigação em bananeira 'willians': produção e qualidade de frutos

A aplicação de nutrientes via água de irrigação aumenta sua eficiência de utilização pelas plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação potássica e da irrigação na produtividade e qualidade de frutos de bananeiras, cv. Willians, na região do Médio Paranapanema, São Paulo. Foram avaliados quatro regimes hídricos: sequeiro; 0,7 da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo); 1,4 ETo, e 2,1 ETo, combinados com quatro doses de potássio (K): 0; 300; 600 e 900 kg ha.ano-1 de K2O, aplicados semanalmente via fertirrigação. Sob sequeiro, a adubação potássica foi aplicada durante o período chuvoso, parcelada em quatro vezes. Observou-se que a adubação potássica realizada via fertirrigação interfere positivamente tanto na produção como na qualidade dos frutos de bananeiras cv. Willians. Além disso, a fertirrigação favorece maior eficiência da adubação potássica quando comparada à adubação sob sequeiro.