Region Of Emigration Research Articles

Immigration and the sociocultural divide in Central and Eastern Europe: Stasis or evolution?

AbstractImmigration has historically been of low salience in Central and Eastern Europe. Yet, the region has consistently higher levels of ethnocentrism than the rest of Europe. Scholars argue that the East's limited politicization of immigration is due to its status as a region of emigration and the presence of ethnic minority ‘others’. I argue that this is changing. The politicization of the European refugee crisis by domestic elites has begun to refocus the sociocultural dimension on the immigration issue. Using structural equation models, I compare European Values Study data from 2008 and 2017 across 10 East European EU member states. I find evidence that traditionalist attitudes are more strongly related to anti‐immigration attitudes since the crisis, particularly for those who are interested in politics. Further, immigration attitudes are polarizing across the GAL‐TAN dimension and by education. Hence, immigration is bolstering a pre‐existing, socially structured divide around both nationalist and traditionalist values.

What drives the vegetation restoration in Yangtze River basin, China: Climate change or anthropogenic factors?

Knowledge of the vegetation dynamics is critical for addressing the potential challenges and threats facing the land surface ecosystems. Various climatic and anthropogenic factors such as temperature, precipitation, ecological engineering, and population density can affect the vegetation conditions. Yet how vegetation in the Yangtze River basin (YRB) responses to climate change and human activities is not well established. We investigate the spatiotemporal variations of vegetation coverage using Normal Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) during 1982–2015, and distinguish the effects of climatic and anthropogenic factors on vegetation dynamics. The results show that the growing-season NDVI (GSN) has increased by 0.09% during the 34-year period, the changes indicated a significant upward trend of vegetation with annual change rates of 0.09% GSN year−1 during 1982–2015.especially after 1994, the vegetation coverage has significantly increased. Temperature is a controlling factor determining the vegetation greenness in YRB, and the response of vegetation to precipitation is relatively lower because of the abundant water. Meanwhile, land use changes caused by ecological restoration project is the major driving factor for improving vegetation conditions in YRB, and the spatial distributions between human-induced GSN increasing trends and areas with increased forest have a strong consistency in the north of YRB. High effectiveness of ecological restoration projects are closely related to the combined effects of topography, climate and human management. The areas in northern part of Hubei and Sichuan are characterized by suitable climate and moderate elevation, leading to a high effectiveness for vegetation restoration. For the Hengduan Mountain area with complex terrain and lower precipitation added with poor traffic accessibility, low or even no effectiveness of project implementations can be observed. Furthermore, the large-scale migration and movement of the labor force in YRB relieve the environmental pressures and improve the vegetation conditions for the region of emigration.

Addressing the causes of mass migrations: Leapfrog solutions for mutual prosperity growth between regions of emigration and regions of immigration

Mass migrations can be perceived to be intractable crises comprising maritime rescues, security reinforcements, violent protests, and other high socio-economic costs. Yet, intractable real-world problems can be dealt with by changing their representations and seeing new associations. In this paper, it is argued that addressing the causes of mass migrations can be represented as opportunities for mutual prosperity growth rather than as intractable socio-economic crises. In addition, new associations for addressing the causes of mass migration are set-out in terms of leapfrog solutions. These are solutions that enable people to skip centralized inflexible dirty industrialization and go straight to local flexible clean solutions. Some leapfrog solutions are off-grid for local sanitation management and local energy generation. Other leapfrog solutions are mobile, such as Web-based education platforms, moveable factories, and text-based banking. Leapfrog solutions disintermediate, democratize and distribute opportunities. In other words, leapfrog solutions make the means to create prosperity directly accessible to all kinds of people in all kinds of places. Four inter-related leapfrog strategies are proposed for mutual prosperity growth between regions of emigration and regions of immigration as follows: highly distributed infrastructure; prosumption with leapfrog solutions; mutual prosperity hubs; and access to latent resources. Overall, it is argued mass migrations can appear to be intractable crises due to out-of-date preconceptions about how to establish prosperity.

Statistical characteristics of dynamics for population migration driven by the economic interests

Population migration typically occurs under some constraints, which can deeply affect the structure of a society and some other related aspects. Therefore, it is critical to investigate the characteristics of population migration. Data from the China Statistical Yearbook indicate that the regional gross domestic product per capita relates to the population size via a linear or power-law relation. In addition, the distribution of population migration sizes or relative migration strength introduced here is dominated by a shifted power-law relation. To reveal the mechanism that creates the aforementioned distributions, a dynamic model is proposed based on the population migration rule that migration is facilitated by higher financial gains and abated by fewer employment opportunities at the destination, considering the migration cost as a function of the migration distance. The calculated results indicate that the distribution of the relative migration strength is governed by a shifted power-law relation, and that the distribution of migration distances is dominated by a truncated power-law relation. These results suggest the use of a power-law to fit a distribution may be not always suitable. Additionally, from the modeling framework, one can infer that it is the randomness and determinacy that jointly create the scaling characteristics of the distributions. The calculation also demonstrates that the network formed by active nodes, representing the immigration and emigration regions, usually evolves from an ordered state with a non-uniform structure to a disordered state with a uniform structure, which is evidenced by the increasing structural entropy.

The ways of solving modern demogra phic pro blem

This article discusses one of the major global challenges of our time – the demographic one. The paper analyzes the history of the problem of refugees and forced migrants for the purpose of its decision, cites statistics data and the main trends of global migration, the main regions of emigration and immigration. The paper makes conclusions on the further development of the situation, gives the recommendations on possible ways to solve the refugee problem.

The other ‘other’: Party responses to immigration in eastern Europe

Eastern Europe has traditionally been a region of emigration, sending thousands of refugees and migrants to the more developed and democratic west. The recent democratization and rising affluence of some eastern European countries, however, make them increasingly attractive destinations of migrant workers, slowly but surely turning them into immigrant societies. This article addresses the responses of political parties to the issue of immigration and immigrant integration. Through large-N quantitative analyses of 11 eastern European countries using the Chapel Hill Expert Surveys, the 2009 European Election Study, the Database of Political Institutions and World Bank indicators, it analyzes the causes of immigration salience, as well as the reasons behind immigration and integration policy positions. The article argues that partisan and voter views on immigration in eastern Europe are guided by ideological views on ethnic minorities, which have been the traditional ‘out-groups’ in the region. Partisan positions on immigration and immigrant integration are consequently determined by underlying ideological principles concerning cultural openness and acceptance of ‘otherness’. Immigrants to eastern Europe are consequently viewed as the other ‘other’.

Earnings Differentials and Returns to Education in China, 1995-2008

This paper estimates the returns to education of rural-urban migrants during the period of transition of China's economy between 1995 and 2008. Using data from CHIP and RUMiC, we find that rural migrants' earning differentials with urban residents are substantial and mainly depend on the type of occupation, industry, and employers' ownership, rather than the level of education completed. Returns to formal schooling for migrants remained stable at approximately 3% and 5% throughout the period, and differences across quantiles are generally statistically insignificant. Increasing gaps in the return to schooling by gender have instead emerged. These results raise questions about the incentives to invest in human capital for rural migrants and for the governments funding education in emigration regions.

Migration and regional convergence in the European Union

We offer an empirical, econometric analysis of the impact of migration on the EU27’s NUTS2 regions in the period 2000–2007. We find that migration had no significant impact on regional unemployment in the EU, but affected both GDP per capita and productivity. A 1 percentage point increase in immigration to immigration regions increased GDP per capita by about 0.02 % and productivity by about 0.03 % on impact and by 0.44 % for GDP per capita and 0.20 % for productivity in the long run. For emigration regions an increase in the emigration rate leads to similar reductions of GDP per capita and productivity both on impact and in the long run. Since immigration regions are often regions with above average GDP, while emigration regions in Europe practically all have below average GDP, migration does not seem to promote convergence.

Migration and Regional Convergence in the European Union

We offer an empirical, econometric analysis of the impact of migration on the EU 27's NUTS-2 regions in the period 2000-2007. While our results indicate that migration had no statistical impact on regional unemployment in the EU it had a significant impact on both per-capita GDP and productivity. The coefficients suggest that a 1 percent increase in immigration to immigration regions increased per-capita GDP by about 0.02 percent and productivity by about 0.03 percent. For emigration regions a 1 percent increase in the emigration rate leads to a reduction of 0.03 percent in per-capita GDP and 0.02 percent in productivity. Since immigration regions are also often regions with above-average GDP and productivity while emigration regions in Europe practically all have below-average GDP, migration seems to induce divergence rather than convergence.

‘A Place to Stay in Pakistan’: Why Migrants Build Houses in their Country of Origin

ABSTRACTMigrants' houses are a common feature of many regions of emigration globally and are one manifestation of migrants' transnational ties. This paper explores why migrants' build houses in their country of origin, even when migrants are not planning to return. The paper aims to analyze migrants' houses as relational places located in transnational social space. This is done through an analysis of the reasons for building migrants' houses, which shows the significance of these houses as relational places, in practical and symbolic ways. This is supported by a transnational perspective that includes the different views on migrants' houses among involved actors across transnational social space: the migrants, their relatives, the local communities the houses are built in, and societies where migrants have settled. The data for this paper consist of 45 semi‐structured interviews with Pakistani migrants in Norway and non‐migrant relatives in Pakistan, informal conversations with local Pakistanis, and analysis of media reports in Norway. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Estimating the immigration source of rice planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), in Taiwan

Since overwintering populations of brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) and white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera) in Taiwan are very low based on field observations, immigrant planthoppers have become the most important source of serious damage to rice crops (Oryza sativa). Backward trajectory analysis was conducted using trap catch data from 1990 to 2005 to estimate the source of immigrant planthoppers, taking into account the emigration periods and weather conditions, and showed that southern China, Vietnam and the Philippines (Luzon Island) were possible source areas. Southern China was found to be the most important source of emigration. Of all the immigration cases tested, the sources from southern China were estimated to be about 77% in the first rice crop and 65% in the second rice crop. Vietnam came second with about 37% and 56% in the first and second rice crops, respectively. Typhoons were the most important weather factor, inducing mass emigrations from China and Vietnam. Since the population properties are known to differ among the emigration regions and Taiwan, careful monitoring of these insects in the emigration sources and Taiwan is needed in order to establish better pest management practices.

Marriage at the intersection between tradition and globalization: Turkish marriage migration between Emirdag and Belgium from 1989 to present

In this paper, we will investigate the popularity of marriage migration between Turkish communities in Western Europe and emigration regions in Turkey. Our focus here is specifically on the Belgian case, namely the ‘Emirdag connection’. In Belgium, the majority of immigrants with a Turkish background come from the region of Emirdag, in the province of Afyon. On the basis of quantitative research methodologies, we first consider the magnitude of the phenomenon and the socio-economic situation of those involved. Using the qualitative research techniques of participant observation and in-depth interviews, we analyze the mechanisms in an attempt to explain marriage migration between these regions. Why do so many young people, born and raised in Western Europe, opt for an unknown partner from a region that is largely unknown to them but which proves to be their parents', or even grandparents', region of origin? Why does migration remain such a valuable life project for many young people in these regions of origin, despite the real danger of many negative side effects? The popularity of marriage migration is often explained by its role in making migration possible. However, migration theories alone cannot explain this phenomenon. Here we will argue that the existence of a ‘culture of migration’ that binds the region of origin with the region of destination and in which ‘the family’ as an institution is capable of building a bridge between traditional praxis, as well as the challenges linked to international migration, are crucial for understanding the enduring popularity of marriage migration.

Marriage in a ‘Culture of Migration’. Emirdag Marrying into Flanders

The persistently high popularity of migration marriages within large immigrant populations in Western Europe is an intriguing phenomenon. Why do so many young people born and raised in Western Europe opt for an unknown partner coming from a region that, although it is where their parents or grandparents came from, is by and large unknown to them personally? This contribution attempts to shed some light on the dynamics of this particular kind of migration which impacts significantly on the social fabric of Western European societies. Our focus here is specifically on the Belgian case, namely the so-called ‘Emirdag connection’. In Belgium, the majority of immigrants with a Turkish background come from the region of Emirdag, in the province of Afyon. Over the last 40 years a close relationship has been established between this region of emigration and a number of Turkish communities in Flanders and Brussels. Over the last decade chain migration became for most the most popular means to enter Belgium; in other words, the majority of newcomers arrived in Belgium as (future) spouses of Belgian residents. This certainly applies to Turkish migration. Particular to the Turkish residents in Belgium, including the second generation, is that the majority still marry a person who grew up in Turkey.

Racial and Economic Factors in Attitudes to Immigration

Abstract In this paper we distinguish between three channels that determine attitudes to further immigration: labour market concerns, welfare concerns, and racial or cultural concerns. Our analysis is based on the British Social Attitudes Survey. A unique feature of the survey is that it includes questions on attitudes towards immigration from different origin countries, with populations differing in ethnic similarity to the resident population. It also contains sets of questions relating directly to the labour market, benefit expenditure and welfare concerns, and racial and cultural prejudice. Based on this unique data source, we specify and estimate a multiple factor model that allows comparison of the relative magnitude of association of attitudes to further immigration with the three channels, as well as comparison in responses across potential immigrant groups of different origin. Our results suggest that, overall, welfare concerns play a more important role in determination of attitudes to further immigration than labour market concerns, with their relative magnitude differing across potential emigration regions and characteristics of the respondent. In addition, we find strong evidence that racial or cultural prejudice is an important component to attitudes towards immigration; however, this is restricted to immigration from countries with ethnically different populations.

The Larger Europe: Technological Convergence and Labour Migration

Résumé Nous explorons la croissance tendancielle de l’Europe au sein de l’économie mondiale. La recherche couvre la première moitié du xxi e siècle. Les principaux facteurs du régime de croissance vont être la transition démographique et la diffusion du progrès technique. Nous utilisons le modèle ingenue qui découpe le monde en dix grandes régions. Des hypothèses sont formulées sur ces facteurs et discutée dans une perspective historique. Les changements structurels impliqués par ces hypothèses sont introduits dans ingenue pour faire des scénarios prospectifs. Un scénario de référence est construit qui décrit les principales caractéristiques macroéconomiques des grandes régions. Parce qu’il veut être la base à partir de laquelle sont étudiées des variantes, ce scénario est conservateur dans les changements structurels et institutionnels qu’il incorpore. Il décrit l’Europe occidentale comme une région vieillissante à croissance faible, qui accumule des actifs nets sur l’étranger et qui bénéficie d’une appréciation réelle de l’euro. Ce sont les caractéristiques d’un créancier permanent qui tire parti de la mobilité du capital. Deux scénarios illustrent les frontières de l’Europe. D’abord, on suppose que l’élargissement vers l’Est accélère le rattrapage technologique de l’Europe de l’Est et donne une impulsion à la croissance. Ensuite, on simule une politique d’immigration en Europe de l’Ouest pour compenser le déclin de la population active et modérer l’augmentation du coût du financement public des retraites. Le modèle met en évidence et quantifie les effets bénéfiques en Europe de l’Ouest et les effets contraires dans les zones d’émigration. Classification JEL : C68, D91, F21, F22, H55.

‘Between a rock & a hard place’: North Africa as a region of emigration, immigration & transit migration

The prevailing Eurocentric perspective on Mediterranean migration lies almost exclusively in the security paradigm, focusing upon African illegal migration to Europe and disregarding the role of migration in the socio-economic development of the African continent. The older emigration histories of North African countries are diverse, with Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria linked to France as a destination country, Libya as an immigration country, and Egypt linked with other Arab countries for temporary migration alongside permanent migration to Anglophone countries. More recent changes include the emergence of southern Europe as destination countries for all except Libyans, and all of North Africa turned into transit countries for migrants from sub-Sahara Africa and Asia. The ‘new migrations’ from and through North Africa are described, along with known major migration routes and data on interceptions of illegal migrants by southern European countries. North African policy responses are also identified, noting especially the failure of all countries in the region to observe international human rights standards. Finally, I outline the ‘failed policy’ of the European Union, which simply continues the securitisation approach previously pursued by Spain and Italy, neglecting the fundamental realities of Africa as a new continent of emigration. Furthermore, European policy promotes the human rights abuses of North Africa with regard to illegal migrants and asylum-seekers, yet welcomes skilled (as opposed to semiskilled) African migrants to European territory. Europe thus guarantees the continuation of African underdevelopment – seeking to avoid its negative symptom of mass emigration and asylum-seeking whilst benefiting from the migration to Europe of skilled African workers.

Between Heaven and Hell: Perceptions of Brazil and the United States in "Brazuca" Literature

Brazilian emigration to the United States has increased considerably in the past three decades. Brazil ian immigrants have begun using literature, music, and cinema to give expression to their experiences. After quickly discussing Brazil's shift from a land of immigration to a region of emigration, this essay introduces a number of aspects of Brazuca literature, and analyzes how the American experience has created changing per ceptions of Brazil and the United States for this new minority group, which is a feature of their in-betweenness as immigrants.

Reducing Irregular Migration from China

AbstractWith the development of China's economy since 1979, a new type of Chinese migration has emerged, which is more diversified and quite distinct from previous migration patterns. Trafficking in human beings and other forms of irregular migration are one of the most pressing and complex human rights issues today, reaching across borders and affecting most of the countries in the world, with new and serious security implications. As part of the international irregular migration flows toward and into the European Union (EU), the Chinese, particularly from Fujian and Zhejiang provinces, have played a major role since the 1980s. To some extent, it could be said that China provides the largest number of East Asian irregular immigrants to Europe.Based on fieldwork conducted in southern China over the past seven years, this paper proposes to examine current Chinese irregular migration trends. It will further present the Government's response regarding the migratory modus operandi and policy implications with the aim of offering policy makers an empirical insight into the most active region of emigration in China. Because of the difficulty and sensitivity involved in collecting data on the topic, materials in this paper are mainly based on a content analysis of local Chinese newspapers and my interviews with various people involved in irregular migration activities, such as “snakeheads”, illegal migrants and their family members, and police, local, and government officials at different levels.

Facts about American immigration

The massive, worldwide emigration to the United States has been a major feature of world history for more than five centuries and into the present day. Facts About American Immigration explores this extraordinary saga, focusing on who came to the U.S. and from where, their reasons for coming, the nature of their journey, and where they settled, starting with the earliest Americans, who crossed the Bering Land Bridge into Alaska between 12,000 and 15,000 B.C. The volume is a practical resource for historians and sociologists, as well as a boon to genealogical researchers. The work opens with an overview, including extensive statistical materials, to place the process of immigration in a wide historical context. This section also includes: A survey of the efforts to restrict immigration A portrait of the immigrant journey over the centuries A discussion of Native Americans and immigration A chronology of immigration The main section of the book delves into immigration experiences, numbers, and motives, by region of emigration: Europe, Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Oceania. Each section begins with a brief introduction to the region, followed by a series of articles focusing on specific countries or groups of countries. Articles include tables and graphs that summarise and portray statistical information relating to immigration, as well as related Internet and print resources. Each regional section ends with tables and graphs summarising the pattern of immigration from the region, plus general Internet and print resources.

Relating European emigration and marriage patterns

This article discusses a number of the ways in which marriage and migration interacted in European sending areas for migration in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It also speculates as to some of the ramifications of those changes in marriage and migration patterns. In particular, it uses sources from the Netherlands in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century to illustrate a few patterns, some quantitative ones already well known to scholars of demography and some qualitative ones which have received less attention, and poses some hypotheses which other researchers can pursue for other emigration regions and periods. Unlike international migrants from many sending regions, where single men dominated the migration of this period, those from the Netherlands at the turn of the century tended more often to move in family units. In discussing these issues, this article demonstrates the degree to which marriage in the sending country was affected by migration, offering a variety of insights into the way in which these changes were of a gendered nature.