Region Of Bursa Research Articles

Research of The Uludağ National Park in Terms of Resource Economy

The potential of forest-mountain ecosystem services as a source of sustainable development has been widely recognized. This paper aims to provide comprehensive economic value resource parameters of Uludağ National Park (UNP), the region of Bursa, Turkey. In this context, 10 ecosystem parameters were determined under 3 categories. The first of these groups is the supplier parameters. Group of supplier parameters consists of crop production, animal production, industrial and firewood production, grazing, beekeeping and non-wood forest products. Group of regulatory parameters as regulators of the ecosystem consists of biodiversity, carbon sequestration and water resources. Within the scope of socio-economic parameter, there is tourism-recreation value.Valution is based on a wide variety of techniques, drawings on market prices, results of local surveys and other econometric valuation methods called as Faustman and Hartman. It shows that at UNP, water resources provide annual benefits of about 147 046 $ ha-1, secondly biodiversity provides a 15 312 $ ha-1 annualy and carbon sequestration has a 6 806 $ ha-1 annual value. After this regulatory parameters, as a socio-economic parameter tourism and recreation provides 4 362 $ ha-1 economic value annualyand supplier resource parameters following them. The paper shows the degree of importance of the UNP main values for the country and region as a whole. It also discusses some reasons of concern when drawing policy tools for improving UNP income and conservation practices local and regional level.

Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) at Two Sites, in Bursa, Turkey: Determination of Concentrations, Gas-Particle Partitioning, Sources, and Health Risk.

This study investigated the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using particle and gas-phase air samples collected in the Ovaakca and Cumalikizik region of Bursa, between May and September 2017. The concentration of Σ16PAH measured in the gas phase, for Ovaakca and Cumalikizik, were 5.32 ± 1.98 and 4.91 ± 3.41ngm-3, respectively; and for the particle phase, 0.81 ± 0.56 and 1.84 ± 1.82ngm-3, respectively. The coefficient of gas-particle partitioning was related to the excessive cooled vapor pressure. The determined slope values were - 0.319 (Ovaakca) and - 0.505 (Cumalikizik), which showed the strong effect of organic carbon absorption and the distance to the equilibrium. These experimental values were compared with the results obtained using the octanol/air and Dual partition models, and Dual partition model showed more accurate values than the octanol/air model. The relations between temperature and concentration in the gas phase of PAHs were evaluated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The results indicated the influence of long-range transport of the atmospheric concentrations of PAHs at the regions. Diagnostic ratio analysis showed that biomass burning, coal combustion, and vehicular emissions contributed greatly to the atmospheric PAHs in the regions. In principal component analysis analysis, wood-burning was found to be the predominant parameter in addition to PAH sources determined with diagnostic ratios. In this study, the lifetime risk of lung cancer was calculated according to the mean and max BaP-TEQ values. When calculated according to the average values, while both regions were acceptable risk levels (Ovaakca: 2.6 × 10-6 and Cumalikizik: 8.6 × 10-6), at low-risk level was determined according to max BaP-TEQ values only in the Cumalikizik region (1.93 × 10-5).

The Devshirme System and the Levied Children of Bursa in 1603-4

This paper addresses two main questions in regards to the devshirme system: how did the devshirme system function at a local level and how were local politics triggered by the levy; and what were the experiences of the children who were levied. Utilizing a unique register called sürü defter that lists children who were levied in 1603-4, the system is traced in the region of Bursa in 1603-4. The mühimme defters and court records from Bursa are also referenced. Besides examining the bureaucratic implications of carrying out the devshirme, one of the important questions addressed is what did it mean to be a Christian child in the early modern Ottoman world. Issues such as who these children were, how they were selected as devshirmes, and how they reacted to being selected or not, are considered here. The paper shows that reactions to the child-levy by the families and children involved varied across a spectrum - from resistance to desirability. This paper also looks at where these children were selected, their age, appearance, and health as registered in the documents, as well as what happened to them after their arrival in the capital, Istanbul. We also learn that locally powerful figures in Bursa such as landlords, voyvodas, kadıs, subasıs, formed groups to lobby the levy officers in order to influence their decisions.

Thornwaldt Cysts

Thornwaldt cysts are rare and benign congenital cysts in the region of the pharyngeal bursa, formed by a communication between the notochord and the nasopharyngeal endoderm. They result from a mechanical obstruction, inflammation, or abscess of the pharyngeal bursa. They are superficial to the superior constrictor muscle and covered by the nasopharyngeal mucous membrane. Most cases are asymptomatic, and patients may rarely present symptoms such as nasal obstruction, foreign body sensation, hearing loss, and periodic halitosis. Therefore, they are often accidentally diagnosed on MRI. Asymptomatic cysts do not require treatment, whereas symptomatic cases require surgical intervention by endonasal or transoral approach. Marsupialization is the procedure of choice to avoid recurrences. The aim of this article is to present and discuss 2 cases of Thornwaldt cysts.

Vascular endothelial growth factor gene 1154 G/A, 2578 C/A, 460 C/T, 936 C/T polymorphisms and association with recurrent pregnancy losses

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulates endothelial cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. VEGF plays a critical role in angiogenesis during placenta formation. We investigated whether VEGF gene polymorphisms are associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. Thirty-eight women with recurrent pregnancy loss and 30 control women with live-born children were recruited from 2010 to 2011 in the region of Bursa, Turkey. VEGF gene polymorphisms were assessed with PCR-RFLP analysis of DNA samples obtained from leukocytes. DNA fragments were investigated by using appropriate primers. SNP scanning was performed using MnII, BgIII, BshI2361, Hsp92II restriction enzymes for 1154 G/A, 2578 C/A, 460 C/T, and 936 C/T polymorphisms, respectively. The frequencies of 2578 C/A, 460 C/T, 936 C/T polymorphisms were not significantly different between the controls and women with recurrent pregnancy loss. However, the prevalence of the 1154 G/A polymorphism A/A genotype was significantly higher in the recurrent pregnancy loss group (23.7 vs 3.4%). One of the four common polymorphisms of the VEGF gene was found to be more frequent in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. It is possible that disruption of VEGF function and placental angiogenesis can contribute to pregnancy loss in women with recurrent pregnancy loss.

The Pyrolysis of Scrap Tire with Lignite

Mustafa Kemal Pasa lignite obtained from the Mustafa Kemal Pasa region of Bursa, Turkey was subjected to pyrolysis with scrap tires. Effects of the pyrolysis conditions, such as temperature, weight percent of the scrap tires in the blends, and synergism on the results, was investigated. Tars obtained at the end of pyrolysis were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. It is found that synergism between the coal and tire leads to improved tar yields at all temperatures.

Seasonal variation of collected pollen loads of honeybees (Apis mellifera L. anatoliaca)

Pollen collected by honeybees foraging in the region of Bursa, Turkey was analysed for a whole year. Pollen loads were collected from the hives of Apis mellifera anatoliaca once a week and were classified by colour. Forty‐one taxa were identified from the pollen analyses of the loads and 14 of these had percentages higher than 1%. Only 2.05% of the total pollen could not have been identified. Dominant taxa include; Brassicaceae (11.19%), Helianthus annuus L. (10.84%), Cichorioideae (8.93%) Salix spp. (7.99%), Rosaceae (7.37%), Centaurea spp. (7.56%), Papaver spp. (7.41%), Knautia spp. (6.99%), Fabaceae (6.01%), Asteraceae (5.73%), Xanthium spp. (2.65%), Chrozophora spp. (2.45%), Plantago spp. (1.56%) and Acer spp. (1.54%) representing 88.23% of the total. Distinct variations in plant usage are seen through the year with initial use of Rosaceae, Salix, and to a lesser extent Brassicaeae. As these groups finish flowering the bees move onto Helianthus annuus, Centaurea through the summer followed by Asteraceae in the late summer and Fabaceae in the autumn. There is a strong reliance on crop species for pollen forage but a number of indigenous species are also seen within the samples. The most productive period for collecting various pollen types, and the ideal period to determine pollen preferences of honey bees was June‐August.

Ovoinhibitor in the chicken bursa of Fabricius: identification, isolation, and localization.

A monoclonal antibody (Mab) developed against a partially purified bursal protein extract was found to bind specifically to a single cell type in the cortico-medullary border region of the chicken bursa of Fabricius. These cells were microscopically similar to the bursal secretory dendritic-like cells. A product with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 56 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was immunopurified from bursal extracts by utilizing this Mab. This product was subjected to peptide digestion and protein sequencing. The two resulting sequences perfectly matched the known sequence of chicken ovoinhibitor. Gene-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed for the ovoinhibitor, RNA was purified from chicken bursae, and reverse transcription/PCR was performed. Two amplicons with the expected size for ovoinhibitor mRNA were obtained. These data suggest that the gene for ovoinhibitor is expressed in the bursa of Fabricius, and that the bursal secretory dendritic-like cells may be a previously unreported source of ovoinhibitor.

Retrospective study of 24 cases of septic calcaneal bursitis in the horse.

Wounds to the plantar aspect of the tarsus present a diagnostic and treatment challenge. This study was undertaken to describe specific features of traumatic wounds involving the calcaneal bursa, with a view to determining which clinical examination findings and diagnostic tests results could provide reliable indicators of prognosis. To report clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, treatment and outcome of 24 cases of septic calcaneal bursitis; and to determine the importance of the involvement of specific anatomical structures in relation to the prognosis for survival and return to athletic function. Records of 24 horses that had suffered traumatic wounds involving the calcaneal bursae were reviewed and divided into 3 groups, based on the bursa involved and presence or absence of involvement of the tuber calcanei. Clinical, diagnostic imaging and surgical findings were recorded for each case. Differences between groups and outcome were examined for significance with Chi-squared, Fisher's Exact or Kruskal-Wallis tests, as appropriate. Wounds involving only the subcutaneous bursa had an excellent prognosis for survival. Seventy-five percent of horses with wounds involving the intertendinous calcaneal bursa survived. Involvement of the tuber calcanei presented a fair to guarded prognosis, with only 44% of horses with involvement of this structure surviving. In contrast to other studies of septic synovial structures, the time between initial injury and referral did not affect the outcome. Correct identification of invasion of the calcaneal bursa(e) and/or tuber calcanei in wounds to the plantar aspect of the tarsus allows for more accurate pronostication. Damage to the tuber calcanei presents a poorer prognosis than for cases that involve only the soft tissue structures in the region. This study demonstrates the importance of correct anatomical identification of structures involved in wounds in the region of the calcaneal bursa. The use of radiography, ultrasonography and synoviocentesis are essential in these cases to provide the most appropriate treatment for the horse and accurate prognosis for the owner.

Airborne pollen calendar of the central region of Bursa (Turkey)

This report describes qualitatively and quantitatively the level of pollen in the atmosphere in the central region of Bursa. Turkey. In 1991, the season of maximum pollen concentration was from April to June, with a prevalence of arboreal pollen during the initial months, and of pollen from herbaceous plants in the latter months. During the year of research, 24 taxa of arboreal and 12 taxa of herbaceous pollen grains were collected and identified. In the region investigatedPinus, Cupressaceae/Taxaceae,Abies nordmanniana, Platanus orientalis, Olea europaea, Gramineae, Urticaceae, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae,Artemisia and Compositae were responsible for the greatest amounts of pollen. Some important allergenic pollens such asOlea europaea, Gramineae and Urticaceae were also found in high concentration. In this study, a pollen calendar for the region is presented.

The Effects of Meteorologic Factors to Pollen Concentration in Atmosphere of the Center Region in Bursa

This is an aeropalynologic study carried out by the use of gravimetric method in the central region of Bursa between March 1991 and March 1992. For this purpose a Durham pollen collection apparatus was placed to the roof of a high building stuating at the city center of Bursa. It was found that 70% of total pollen amounts were belong to the tree taxa and 27% to the herbaceous taxa. Tree pollens in Bursa atmosphere reached to the maximum in April, May and June. Pollen amounts have showed and increase till June together with the raise of temparature. A decrease was determined in total pollen amounts in summer according to spring, and also herbaceous pollens determined much more than tree pollens in this period. It was seen that heat and drought were played an important role in the pollination period finished of most plants, very few amounts pollens were found in September, October and November. No pollen was seen in December and January.

Enlarged Iliopsoas Bursa An Unusual Cause of Thigh Mass and Hip Pain

Iliopsoas bursa enlargement, a rare cause of pelvic or inguinal mass, can be identified on computed tomography (CT) either incidentally or during clinical examination of a groin mass. When CT examination is equivocal, hip arthrography can establish the diagnosis. Iliopsoas bursa enlargement is frequently associated with preexisting hip arthrosis. In three cases of iliopsoas bursa enlargement, two had preexisting arthritis. A third patient showed no roentgenographic sign of hip disease. Iliopsoas bursa enlargement may be more common than previously reported and should be considered in patients with unexplained hip pain who demonstrate a soft tissue mass in the region of the iliopsoas bursa.

Studies on the Helminth Fauna of Alaska. XLIII. Strigea macropharynx sp. n., a Trematode Parasite of Falco rusticolus L.

Strigea macropharynx sp. n. (Trematoda : Strigeata, Strigeidae), an intestinal parasite of Falco rusticolus L., is described. Falconiformes harbor two species of Strigea (S. falconis Szidat, 1928, and S. macroconophora Dubois and Rausch, 1950) with vitellaria terminating near the copulatory bursa. Both differ from the new species in having a pharynx that is smaller than or subequal to the buccal sucker, as well as in other details. In S. elegans Chandler and Rausch, 1947, a parasite of Strigiformes, the eggs are larger, the testes of different form, and the vitellaria extend significantly farther into the region of the copulatory bursa. The very intimate contact existing between the tribocytic organ of S. macropharynx and the intestinal mucosa of the host suggests that extracorporeal digestion of host tissue takes place. Twenty-six specimens of the trematode described herein were found among numerous neodiplostomes, Neodiplostomum (Conodiplostomum) spathula banghami Penrod, 1947, in the small intestine of a gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus L. This bird (No. 31001), an adult female, was collected on 19 April 1964, at its nest in upper Keruktagiak Creek, about 18 miles northwest of Chandler Lake, central Brooks Range, Alaska. The intestine was immediately removed and opened in order to prevent degenerative changes in the helminths. Because of severe cold, the material could not be fixed until some hours later, at which time some of the trematodes nevertheless could be

EXTENSOR REFLEXES FROM THE KNEE IN RELATION TO THE KNEE JERK AND TO REBOUND

The present study arose from the observation that the knee jerk could be elicited by striking the inferior edge of the patella from below upward. Since this method of stimulation appears to shorten rather than to stretch the quadriceps, the question arises whether the knee jerk as elicited clinically does not contain other elements in addition to the stretch reflex. Such a possibility is further suggested by the sensation in the region of the subpatellar bursa associated with the patellar reflex. METHOD The method employed was copied from the isometric technic developed by Sherrington. Cats were decerebrated by the trephine method, usually after the preparation had been completed under ether anesthesia. The left hind leg was immobilized by section of all muscles inserting in the region of the great trochanter down to and including the quadratus femoris, section of the sciatic nerve, the nerve to the hamstrings, the anterior crural