Regeneration Behavior Research Articles

Long-term carrier lifetime instabilities in n-type FZ- and Cz-silicon under illumination at elevated temperature

Even though n-type Si wafers show a lower extent of light-induced degradation, similar degradation and regeneration behavior as in p-type Si materials has been observed for various n-type Si monocrystalline materials. In this work, the long-term behavior of minority charge carrier lifetime in non-diffused n-type FZ-Si and Cz-Si wafers during illumination at elevated temperatures is investigated. Thereby, various influencing factors such as peak firing temperature and treatment temperature are considered. Degradation and a very strong regeneration effect, which exceeds the initial effective lifetime value, can be observed in the samples. Since surface-related saturation current density remains almost constant during degradation and regeneration, the effect seems to be bulk related. The extent of degradation and regeneration could be shown to be firing temperature-dependent. It could also be shown for n-type FZ-Si wafers that higher firing temperatures result in an increased H2 content within the silicon bulk. Investigations of the injection-dependent defect density revealed that the defect formed during degradation is not a deep level Shockley-Read-Hall defect. Observations at different treatment temperatures and constant illumination of 0.9(1) sun photon flux equivalent have shown that a higher treatment temperature leads to faster degradation and regeneration kinetics. Similarly, higher injection rates also speed up regeneration kinetics. Since degradation also occurs in darkness, the bulk related degradation effect in n-type FZ-Si is charge carrier-induced and not necessarily light-induced.

Self-Amputating and Interfusing Machines.

Biological organisms exhibit phenomenal adaptation through morphology-shifting mechanisms including self-amputation, regeneration, and collective behavior. For example, reptiles, crustaceans, and insects amputate their own appendages in response to threats. Temporary fusion between individuals enables collective behaviors, such as in ants that temporarily fuse to build bridges. The concept of morphological editing often involves the addition and subtraction of mass and can be linked to modular robotics, wherein synthetic body morphology may be revised by rearranging parts. This work describes a reversible cohesive interface made of thermoplastic elastomer that allows for strong attachment and easy detachment of distributed soft robot modules without direct human handling. The reversible joint boasts a modulus similar to materials commonly used in soft robotics, and can thus be distributed throughout soft robot bodies without introducing mechanical incongruities. To demonstrate utility, the reversible joint is implemented in two embodiments: a soft quadruped robot that self-amputates a limb when stuck, and a cluster of three soft-crawling robots that fuse to cross a land gap. This work points toward future robots capable of radical shape-shifting via changes in mass through autotomy and interfusion, as well as highlights the crucial role that interfacial stiffness change plays in autotomizable biological and artificial systems.

Simultaneously enhancing toluene adsorption and regeneration process by hierarchical pore in activated coke: a combined experimental and adsorption kinetic modeling study.

Activated coke is a type of commonly used adsorbent for benzene series VOCs such as toluene, but traditional microporous activated coke usually faces the challenge of poor regeneration performance. Herein, based on self-made activated cokes with typical pore configuration, we found that adsorption and regeneration of toluene can be simultaneously enhanced by constructing hierarchical pore in activated coke. Correlations of pore configuration with toluene adsorption capacity and regeneration efficiency reveal that micropore contributes for strong toluene adsorption; meso-macropore provides mass transfer channel for toluene desorption and regeneration process. Hierarchical porous activated coke prepared from Zhundong subbituminous coal not only achieves the highest toluene adsorption capacity of 340.92mg·g-1, but also can retain more than 90% of initial adsorption capacity after five adsorption-regeneration cycles. By contrast, micropore-dominant activated cokes can only retain 70% of initial adsorption capacity. Adsorption kinetic modelling on adsorption breakthrough curves shows that hierarchical porous activated coke prepared from Zhundong subbituminous coal exhibits high adsorption and diffusion rate constants of 14.39 and 33.45min-1, respectively, much higher than those of micropore-dominant activated cokes. Due to the accelerated surface adsorption and diffusion processes induced by meso-macropore, toluene adsorption and regeneration behavior can be simultaneously improved. Results from this work validated the role of pore hierarchy in toluene adsorption-regeneration process, providing guidance for designing high-performance activated coke with synergistically improved toluene adsorption capacity and regeneration performance.

Characterizing Macroporous Ion Exchange Membrane Adsorbers for Natural Organic Matter (NOM) Removal-Adsorption and Regeneration Behavior.

Addressing the characterization of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) removal by functionalized membranes in water treatment, this study evaluates the effectiveness of two commercial ion-exchange membrane adsorbers: Sartobind® Q (with quaternary amines) and D (with tertiary amines). Using Suwannee River NOM (SRNOM) as a surrogate, Langmuir adsorption isotherms revealed maximum capacities (Qmax) of 2966 ± 153 mg C/m2 and 2888 ± 112 mg C/m2, respectively. Variations in flux from 50 to 500 LMH had a minimal impact on breakthrough times, proving low diffusion limitations. The macroporous (3-5 µm) functionalized cellulose-based membranes exhibited high permeabilities of 10,800 L/(h m2 bar). Q maintained positive zeta potential vs. pH, while D's zeta potential decreased above pH 7 due to amine deprotonation and turning negative above an isoelectric point of 9.1. Regeneration with 0.01 M NaOH achieved over 95% DOC regeneration for Sartobind® D, characterizing reversibility through a pH-swing. Cyclic adsorption showed that Q maintained its capacity with over 99% DOC regeneration, while D required acidic conditioning after the first regeneration cycle to mitigate capacity reduction and re-deprotonate the adsorber. These results have demonstrated the potential suitability of adsorber membranes, designed originally for biotechnological purposes, for the possible removal of disinfection byproduct precursors in drinking water treatment.

A novel g-C3N4-SH@konjac glucomannan composite aerogel for patulin removal from apple juice and its photocatalytic regeneration

Patulin (PAT) is a hazardous mycotoxin frequently occurs in fruit industry. A reusable g-C3N4-SH@KG composite aerogel for PAT removal in a novel “dark adsorption-light regeneration” mode was prepared by thiol(-SH) functionalization and konjac glucomannan (KG) immobilization. The g-C3N4-SH@KG was characterized by SEM, FT-IR, XPS and UV–Vis DRS, and its PAT adsorption and photocatalytic regeneration behaviors and mechanisms were investigated. The g-C3N4-SH@KG exhibited good regeneration performance, maintaining 83% of PAT initial adsorption capacity (0.92 mg/g) after 5 “adsorption-regeneration” cycles. The adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. •OH and h+ generated by photocatalysis were the main substances that degraded PAT into two products and regenerated -SH. The g-C3N4-SH@KG could effectively remove PAT without negative impact on juice quality. The study provided a new strategy for the regeneration of thiol-functionalized PAT adsorbents, and a new idea for the application of non-selective photocatalysis in the control of food contaminations.

Regeneration behavior of solid desiccants with microwave drying

Regeneration behavior of solid desiccants with microwave drying

An innovative three-dimensional printed titanium implant with a biomimetic structure design for promoting osseointegration potential

The present study aimed to investigate the surface characteristic, biocompatibility, and bone regeneration behavior of an innovative three-dimensional (3D) printed titanium (Ti) implant with a biomimetic cancellous bone-like spherical particle porous structure (3DBCP-Ti) through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, static contact angle goniometry, cytotoxicity assay, and rabbit model. The analytical results showed that the 3DBCP-Ti implant with an average pore size of 400 ± 10.5 μm can be fabricated using a selective laser sintering method. The 3DBCP-Ti implant not only possessed excellent wettability (13.5 ± 1.7°) but also presented superior cell viability (97 ± 1.5 %) in vitro. After implantation for 4 weeks, the bone mineral density of the 3DBCP-Ti implant (0.14 ± 0.02 mg/cm3) exhibited a slightly higher value than the control implant (0.13 ± 0.03 mg/cm3). Moreover, histological results also indicated that the new bone formation area of the 3DBCP-Ti implant (43.9 ± 7.0 %, *p < 0 0.05) significantly enhanced as compared with the control (23.5 ± 4.6 %) and blank (18.2 ± 1.4 %) groups at week 12 post-implantation. Accordingly, these findings demonstrate that the innovative 3DBCP-Ti implant has the potential to promote osseointegration at early-stage implantation for dental, orthopedic, and neurosurgical applications.

Regenerable ratiometric aptasensor based on electro-oxidation conducted host-guest dissociation for aflatoxin B1 detection in grains

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) leads to considerable pollution to grains and causes harmful effects on human health. Herein, we present a regenerable AFB1 aptasensor, based on electro-oxidation conducted host-guest dissociation for natural AFB1 detection. Molybdenum disulfide-Au nanobipyramids (MoS2-AuNBPs) serve as signal carriers and are equipped with indicative thionine (Thi) and semi-complementary chains to AFB1 aptamer (ssDNA). The electrode surface is modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Aptamer-ferrocene (Apt-Fc) can be recognized in cavity of β-CD through host-guest interaction. The signal probe, self-assembled with AFB1 Apt via hybridization, can be easily expelled by AFB1, bringing a ratiometric readout ΔIThi/IFc. Particularly, regeneration process is realized with synergy of AFB1-conducted Apt-ssDNA dissociation and electro-oxidation conducted host (β-CD)-guest (Fc) dissociation. Modifications and regeneration behaviors are morphologically and electrochemically validated. Regenerations are dependably performed in repetitive cycles (N = 7), which exhibit considerable performance in analyses. Electro-oxidation time is experimentally optimized (6 min). This method exhibits wide range from 1.0 pg/mL to 80.0 ng/mL, and limit of detection is 5.0 × 10−1 pg/mL, to target AFB1. During natural AFB1 determinations, proposed readouts are validated with certified HPLC and recovery test. Relative errors and recovery rates are calculated as 2.04–7.22% and 94.41–106.54%, respectively.

Tailorable metal–organic framework based thin film nanocomposite membrane for lithium recovery from wasted batteries

This paper presents a tailorable method for the preparation of hierarchically structured membranes for efficient lithium recovery. Firstly, a metal–organic framework (MOF), namely MIL-101 (Cr), is grafted with different ionic liquids (ILs) onto its coordinate unsaturated site (CUS). The modified MOF (IL-MOF) is then used as nanoparticles to fabricate the flexible hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane. Secondly, comprehensive characterizations of both the nanoparticle and the IL-MOF based TFN membrane are carried out. Thirdly, lithium recovery is performed experimentally using simulated lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) leaching solution with the as-synthesized membrane. The first order ageing test of TFN membrane is conducted by MOF detachment tendency investigation and ILs leaching tendency evaluation. The results show that IL-MOF nanoparticles have a significant effect on lithium recovery. Compared with the original membrane, the IL-MOF-TFN membrane exhibits a fourfold lithium selectivity enhancement for SLi+,Mn2+ (from 1.73 to 8.91), SLi+,Co2+ (from 1.75 to 9.94) and SLi+,Ni2+ (from 1.69 to 10.09), as well as improved regeneration behavior, permeability (up to 45.0 L/(m2·h·bar)) and antifouling performance (flux recovery rate FRR up to 96.39 %). It is found that 98.9 % of the lithium was recovered from the feed solution over five repeated filtration cycles with maintained membrane integrity. This work highlights the advances in the design, modification and integration of MOFs into mechanically and chemically stable membrane technology for lithium recovery.

Nature-Derived Polysaccharide-Based Composite Hydrogels for Promoting Wound Healing

Numerous innovative advancements in dressing technology for wound healing have emerged. Among the various types of wound dressings available, hydrogel dressings, structured with a three-dimensional network and composed of predominantly hydrophilic components, are widely used for wound care due to their remarkable capacity to absorb abundant wound exudate, maintain a moisture environment, provide soothing and cooling effects, and mimic the extracellular matrix. Composite hydrogel dressings, one of the evolved dressings, address the limitations of traditional hydrogel dressings by incorporating additional components, including particles, fibers, fabrics, or foams, within the hydrogels, effectively promoting wound treatment and healing. The added elements enhance the features or add specific functionalities of the dressings, such as sensitivity to external factors, adhesiveness, mechanical strength, control over the release of therapeutic agents, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, and tissue regeneration behavior. They can be categorized as natural or synthetic based on the origin of the main components of the hydrogel network. This review focuses on recent research on developing natural polysaccharide-based composite hydrogel wound dressings. It explores their preparation and composition, the reinforcement materials integrated into hydrogels, and therapeutic agents. Furthermore, it discusses their features and the specific types of wounds where applied.

Regeneration behavior of FePO4·2H2O from spent LiFePO4 under extremely acidic condition (pH < 0.8): Mechanism study and the properties of regenerated LiFePO4

With the large-scale application of LiFePO4 batteries in electric vehicles and energy storage, the recycling of spent LiFePO4 cathode materials is receiving increasing attention. Hydrometallurgical derived full-component separation strategy has been verified as the most capable recycling process for LiFePO4 cathode. During which, complete elements (i.e., Li, Fe and P) are dissolved into a solution of excessive acidic leachate, and subsequently separated to obtain battery-grade FePO4·2H2O and lithium salt, enabling high element recovery rates of up to 100 %. However, the use of excessive leaching agent leads to high acidity of the leaching solution (pH < 0.8), which brings a necessary of pH regulation prior to the regeneration of FePO4·2H2O, markedly complicating the succedent separation and purification. In this investigation, a practical method for directly regenerating FePO4·2H2O from H2SO4-based full-component leaching solution is proposed. In this process, H2SO4 as leaching agent is used to digest LiFePO4 completely, and then Fe and P are premeditatedly recovered from the extremely acidic filtrate (pH < 0.8) as FePO4·2H2O via direct precipitation without any pH regulator. Consequently, there are no extra impurities affecting the recovery of Fe and P during regeneration. The regeneration behavior of FePO4·2H2O under extremely acidic condition are investigated and the growth mechanism is also clarified by monitoring the overall microstructure and phase evolutions. The results demonstrate that the above regeneration is found to be an exponential growth process driven by the quantity of nucleation site, and meanwhile influenced by the dissolution-reprecipitation equilibrium of amorphous iron phosphate. Specifically, the process can be accelerated by introducing FePO4·2H2O or amorphous iron phosphate to increase the nucleation sites. Additionally, the primary nanosheet size of regenerated FePO4·2H2O causes a smaller primary particle size of the corresponding LiFePO4/C material, contributing to its better physical and electrochemical properties. This work provides a guidance for the direct regeneration of FePO4·2H2O from excessive acidic leachate and has potential industrial applications.

Myopathologic trajectory in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) reveals lack of regeneration due to senescence in satellite cells

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating X-linked muscular disease, caused by mutations in the DMD gene encoding Dystrophin and affecting 1:5000 boys worldwide. Lack of Dystrophin leads to progressive muscle wasting and degeneration resulting in cardiorespiratory failure. Despite the absence of a definitive cure, innovative therapeutic avenues are emerging. Myopathologic studies are important to further understand the biological mechanisms of the disease and to identify histopathologic benchmarks for clinical evaluations. We conducted a myopathologic analysis on twenty-four muscle biopsies from DMD patients, with particular emphasis on regeneration, fibro-adipogenic progenitors and muscle stem cells behavior. We describe an increase in content of fibro-adipogenic progenitors, central orchestrators of fibrotic progression and lipid deposition, concurrently with a decline in muscle regenerative capacity. This regenerative impairment strongly correlates with compromised activation and expansion of muscle stem cells. Furthermore, our study uncovers an early acquisition of a senescence phenotype by DMD-afflicted muscle stem cells. Here we describe the myopathologic trajectory intrinsic to DMD and establish muscle stem cell senescence as a pivotal readout for future therapeutic interventions.

Regeneration of coked catalysts via ozonation: Experimental study of diffusion–reaction mechanisms at pellet and reactor scales

This work focuses on regeneration of coked catalysts using ozonation as an alternative process to typical coke combustion with oxygen. Different samples of coked ZSM-5 zeolites obtained during catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene at 450 °C were exposed to an ozone enriched stream in a fixed-bed reactor. The influence of main operating parameters (time of exposure, temperature, O3 inlet concentration and gas volumetric flowrate) were studied by evaluating coke removal efficiency and by observing regeneration behavior both at pellet and reactor scales. These experimental results led to a better insight of the diffusion–reaction phenomena occurring during the process. Diffusion limitations were illustrated thanks to an innovative method, the analytical acquisition of carbon radial profiles on catalyst pellets, while the apprehension and quantification of competing reactivity (thermal, catalytic and oxidation) gave a better understanding of the ozonation process. Time of exposure and temperature were found to significantly affect carbon removal efficiency, while inlet ozone concentration and flowrate influence were respectively moderate and null in the investigated range. Similarly to combustion, coke ozonation is driven by a balance between diffusion and reactivity, leading to the appearance of a mix of known regeneration regimes depending on the operating conditions: homogeneous and shrinking-core.

Influence of structural parameters of 3D-printed triply periodic minimal surface gyroid porous scaffolds on compression performance, cell response, and bone regeneration.

In this study, multi-scale triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) porous scaffolds with uniform and radial gradient distribution on pore size were printed based on the selective laser melting technology, and the influences of porosity, pore size and radial pore size distribution on compression mechanical properties, cell behavior, and bone regeneration behavior were analyzed. The results showed that the compression performance of the uniform porous scaffolds with high porosity was similar to that of cancellous bone of pig tibia, and the gradient porous scaffolds have higher elastic modulus and compressive toughness. After 4 days of cell culture, cells were distributed on the surface of scaffolds mostly, and the number of adherent cells was higher on the small pore size porous scaffolds; After 7 days, the area and density of cell proliferation on the scaffolds were improved; After 14 days, the cells on the small pore size scaffolds tended to migrate to adjacent pores. Animal implantation experiments showed that collagen fiber osteoid was intermittent on scaffolds with high porosity and large pore size, which was not conducive to bone formation. The appropriate pore size and porosity of bone regeneration were 792 um and 83%, respectively, and the regenerative ability of gradient pore size was better than that of uniform pore size. Our study explains the rules of TPMS gyroid structure parameters on compression performance, cell response and bone regeneration, and provides a reference value for the design of bone repair scaffolds for clinical orthopedics.

Cellulose dissolution and regeneration behavior via DBU-levulinic acid solvents

Most organic solvents are unable to dissolve carbohydrates due to the lack of hydrogen bonding ability. The development of solvent systems for dissolving cellulose is of great importance for its utilization and conversion. In this study, four new cellulose solvents were designed using inexpensive levulinic acid (LevA) and 1,8-diazabicyclo [5,4,0] undec-7-ene (DBU) as raw materials. The results showed that the prepared DBU-LevA-2 solvent was able to dissolve up to 7 wt% of bamboo cellulose (DP = 860) and 16 wt% of microcrystalline cellulose (DP = 280) at 100 °C and regenerated without derivatization. Also, the molar ratio of each component of this solvent has a significant effect on the dissolution properties of cellulose. The regenerated cellulose had the typical crystalline characteristics of cellulose II. Subsequently, the interactions and microscopic behaviors of solvent and cellulose during the dissolution process were thoroughly investigated by using NMR spectroscopy combined with density functional theory. The systematic study showed that the hydrogen bond-forming ability provided by DBU, a superbase, plays an indispensable role in the overall solvent system.

Nicotine Decreases Nerve Regeneration and Pain Behaviors via PTEN and Downstream Inflammation-Related Pathway in Two Rat Nerve Injury Models.

Neuropathic pain is stubborn and associated with the peripheral nerve regeneration process. Nicotine has been found to reduce pain, but whether it is involved in the regulation of nerve regeneration and the underlying mechanism are unknown. In this study, we examined the mechanical allodynia thermal hyperalgesia together with the peripheral nerve regeneration after nicotine exposure in two rat neuropathic pain models. In the spinal nerve ligation model, in which anatomic nerve regeneration can be easily observed, nicotine reduced anatomic measures of regeneration as well as expression of regeneration marker growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43). In the tibial nerve crush model, nicotine treatment significantly suppressed GAP43 expression and functional reinnervation as measured by myelinated action potential and electromyography of gastrocnemius. In both models, nicotine treatment reduced macrophage density in the sensory ganglia and peripheral nerve. These effects of nicotine were reversed by the selective α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) blocker methyllycaconitine. In addition, nicotine significantly elevated expression of PTEN (the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10), a key player in both regeneration and pain. Pharmacological interference of PTEN could regulate GAP43 expression, pain-related behaviors, and macrophage infiltration in a nicotine-treated nerve crush model. Our results reveal that nicotine and its α7-nAChR regulate both peripheral nerve regeneration process and pain though PTEN and the downstream inflammation-related pathway.

Corrigendum to: “Association Between Urban Regeneration and Healthcare-Seeking Behavior of Affected Residents: A Natural Experiment in two Multi-Ethnic Deprived Housing Areas in Denmark”

Corrigendum to: “Association Between Urban Regeneration and Healthcare-Seeking Behavior of Affected Residents: A Natural Experiment in two Multi-Ethnic Deprived Housing Areas in Denmark”

Solid acid catalysts for low-temperature regeneration of non-aqueous sorbents: An innovative technique for energy-efficient CO2 capture processes

Chemical absorption of CO2 from flue gases by using aqueous amine sorbents is regarded as the most mature and effective technology for reducing CO2 emissions, but the high energy cost of sorbent regeneration has so far greatly limited its industrial application. One of the best strategies developed by researchers in recent years to reduce energy requirements is to improve CO2 desorption kinetics by adding catalysts during sorbent regeneration. Moreover, non-aqueous sorbents have recently been gaining increasing attention as alternatives to conventional aqueous amines as they have the potential to lower the energy demand for sorbent regeneration. In this paper, we propose an innovative technique that combines and further develops these two emerging technologies, non-aqueous absorbent and catalyst-assisted regeneration, to enable less energy-intensive CO2 capture processes. In particular, in this screening study, we evaluate the regeneration behaviour of a CO2-saturated solution of 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol (DGA) in diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DEGMME) when heated to 85 °C in the absence and presence of different types of solid acid catalysts. In order to assess the potential benefits of this innovative technique over conventional systems, the results obtained were compared with the desorption performance of an aqueous solution of DGA under the same operating conditions and with the same catalysts, which highlighted the possibility of obtaining rapid desorption at relatively low temperatures when conducted with suitable acid catalysts using amines in organic diluents.

Experimental Characterization of an NEG Pump of Novel Size—A Major Step toward Its Application in DEMO Neutral Beam Injectors

A future nuclear fusion plant DEMO needs neutral beam injection (NBI) systems requiring a vacuum pumping system with a very high pumping speed, in the order of several 1000 m3/s. Large customized cryopumps are actually used to meet the requirements. A promising concept for future NBI systems is based on high capacity getter materials. The ZAO® alloy, developed by SAES Getters, Italy, provides a drastically improved performance for the pumping of hydrogen compared to conventional getter materials. This paper describes the experimental characterization of a large pump of scalable size with 15 kg of ZAO® and the achieved results, in particular the systematic investigation of sorption characteristics and regeneration behaviors. Major findings include a very good repeatability of the sorption performance, a reduced pumping speed at higher pressures only above the NBI relevant level, an improved performance (+20%) with elevated getter temperature and an isotope independent sticking coefficient for hydrogen. Furthermore, improved operation experience and regeneration prediction tools have been developed. Employing the experimental results, a simulation task was performed and the sticking factor of the getter cartridge was determined with 7%.

Additive manufacturing of Schwann cell-laden collagen/alginate nerve guidance conduits by freeform reversible embedding regulate neurogenesis via exosomes secretion towards peripheral nerve regeneration

Peripheral nerve injury is a common clinical problem that could be debilitating to one's quality of life. The complex nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) with cells in order to improve nerve regeneration. Therefore, we used freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels to fabricate Schwann cells (SCs)-laden collagen/alginate (Col/Alg) NGCs. First, we evaluated Col influence on the characteristics of NGCs. After which, Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSC) are seeded onto the inner channel of NGCs and evaluated neural regeneration behaviors. Results indicated the SCs-laden NGCs with 2.5 % Col found the highest proliferation and secretion of neurotrophic protein. Furthermore, co-culture of SCs promoted differentiation of WJMSC as seen from the increased neurogenic-related protein in NGCs. To determine the molecular mechanism between SCs and WJMSC, we demonstrated the neurotrophic factors secreted by SCs act on tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) receptors of WJMSC to promote nerve regeneration. In addition, our study demonstrated SCs-derived exosomes had a critical role in regulating neural differentiation of WJMSC. Taken together, this study demonstrates the fabrication of SCs-laden Col/Alg NGCs for nerve regeneration and understanding regarding the synergistic regenerative mechanisms of different cells could bring us a step closer for clinical treatment of large nerve defects.