Refugee Doctors Research Articles

Reclaiming identities: exploring the influence of simulation on refugee doctors’ workforce integration

BackgroundHealthcare professionals are a precious resource, however, if they fail to integrate into the workforce, they are likely to relocate. Refugee doctors face workforce integration challenges including differences in language and culture, educational background, reduced confidence, and sense of identity. It has been proposed that simulation programmes may have the power to influence workforce integration. This study aimed to explore how an immersive simulation programme influenced workforce integration for refugee doctors joining a new healthcare system.MethodsDoctors were referred to a six-day immersive simulation programme by a refugee doctor charity. Following the simulation programme, they were invited to participate in the study. Semi-structured interviews, based on the ‘pillars’ conceptual model of workforce integration, were undertaken. Data were analysed using template analysis, with the workforce integration conceptual model forming the initial coding template. Themes and sub-themes were modified according to the data, and new codes were constructed. Data were presented as an elaborated pillars model, exploring the relationship between simulation and workforce integration.ResultsFourteen doctors participated. The ‘learning pillar’ comprised communication, culture, clinical skills and knowledge, healthcare systems and assessment, with a new sub-theme of role expectations. The ‘connecting pillar’ comprised bonds and bridges, which were strengthened by the simulation programme. The ‘being pillar’ encompassed the reclaiming of the doctor’s identity and the formation of a new social identity as an international medical graduate. Simulation opportunities sometimes provided ‘building blocks’ for the pillars, but at other times opportunities were missed. There was also an example of the simulation programme threatening one of the integration pillars.ConclusionsOpportunities provided within simulation programmes may help refugee doctors form social connections and aid learning in a variety of domains. Learning, social connections, and skills application in simulation may help doctors to reclaim their professional identities, and forge new identities as international medical graduates. Fundamentally, simulation experiences allow newcomers to understand what is expected of them. These processes are key to successful workforce integration. The simulation community should be curious about the potential of simulation experiences to influence integration, whilst also considering the possibility of unintentional ‘othering’ between faculty and participants.

Snakes and ladders: An integrative literature review of refugee doctors' workforce integration needs.

Healthcare systems worldwide are facing a workforce crisis; meanwhile, refugee doctors throughout the world face difficulties in accessing work. The aims of this review were to explore the integration needs of refugee doctors into host healthcare systems from the refugee perspective, synthesise the literature to construct a theory of refugee doctor integration needs and explore how these needs are met or challenged on the pathway to full integration. In this integrative literature review, 11 databases and eight grey literature sources were searched by combining terms for refugee doctor and social integration and limiting to research published in or after 2003. Data were extracted, and quality scoring was completed independently by two researchers. This study utilised template analysis to perform a qualitative synthesis of the data. The multidimensional template included a pre-defined template based on a theoretical framework and a concurrent fully inductive template. Twenty-two papers were included, incorporating the views of 339 doctors from 30 different home countries and 10 different host countries. The resultant theory included 'foundations' (rights and responsibilities) and three pillars. The 'learning' pillar included required knowledge and skills acquisition. The 'being' pillar encompassed necessary identity work. The 'connecting' pillar comprised social connections, which impacted all other domains. The random and non-linear path to integration faced by refugee doctors was also presented as a serious game. This study produced a theory exploring refugee doctors' integration needs and how these are met or challenged. Medical educators developing courses for refugee doctors should attend not only to knowledge and skills acquisition but also social connections, identity work and rights and responsibilities. The theory highlights the central importance of social connections. Medical educators can therefore have a transformative impact on refugee doctors' integration. This may also contribute to society by helping to alleviate the workforce crisis.

A61A comprehensive training programme for Medical Support Workers at a large teaching hospital

The Medical Support Worker (MSW) programme enables International Medical Graduates (IMG) and refugee doctors to support clinical teams, whilst General Medical Council registration is gained [1]. North Bristol NHS Trust, a large teaching hospital in South-West England, has designed and implemented a novel training programme for a second cohort of 30 MSWs. A comprehensive learning needs assessment informed the content of the programme. Learning needs were identified from two probing questionnaires and reflective pieces, completed by 22, 27 and 29 MSWs respectively; alongside Health Education England and General Medical Council guidance [2, 3]. Four principal areas were identified- (1) Communication, (2) Portfolio Development, (3) Career Development, (4) Preparation for work in the NHS. A subsequent teaching programme consisted of simulation, human factors, communication and ethics training, alongside community theatre delivered communication skills, interview preparation practice, portfolio training sessions and a specifically tailored lecture series. The programme was evaluated using two delayed surveys, formed largely of Likert scale questions, completed by 25 and 17 MSWs. Communication, social skills or cultural change were highlighted as the biggest challenges by 64% MSWs. Only 48% of MSWs felt confident working in the NHS. Confidence in managing emergencies, sensitive discussions, presenting cases, and updating relatives was low (0-35%). 75% requested teaching in assessing acutely unwell patients and decision-making. 60% wanted to improve teamworking skills. : Confidence working within the NHS rose from 48% to 92%. 100% of MSWs reported that the teaching programme helped them prepare for work as doctors in the NHS. There was a greater understanding of the structure and function of the NHS, the role of allied healthcare professionals, plus the portfolio and professional development requirements of doctors (92%). 100% of MSWs felt their communication skills had improved. 87.5% reported increased confidence with informal conversation and 100% reported increased confidence in voicing opinions and raising concerns. Additionally, 100% of MSWs reported increased confidence recognizing and assessing acutely unwell patients. Confidence in managing emergencies, sensitive discussions, presenting cases, and updating relatives improved (60-88%). This well-received, novel programme addresses some of the unique learning needs of MSWs and helps them prepare for work as doctors in the NHS. Collaborations with other trusts are taking place to establish whether the programme could be adapted for IMGs more broadly. Authors confirm that all relevant ethical standards for research conduct and dissemination have been met. The submitting author confirms that relevant ethical approval was granted, if applicable.

Policy versus practice: Syrian refugee doctors in Egypt

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has renewed interest in streamlining processes which allow refugee doctors and other healthcare workers to make up for the shortfall in healthcare delivery, which many countries are facing increasingly. The protracted conflict in Syria is the biggest driver of forced displacement internationally with refugees, including healthcare workers seeking safety in host countries, however many face challenges to entering the workforce in a timely manner. The majority are in countries surrounding Syria (Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey) however the restrictive labour policies in these countries, particularly for healthcare workers have forced many to look further afield to Europe or the Gulf. Egypt’s context is interesting in this regard, as it hosts a smaller number of registered Syrian refugees and was initially welcoming of Syrian medical students and doctors. However, recent socio-political changes have led to restrictions in training and work, leading doctors who initially considering staying in Egypt to increasingly consider it a transit country rather than a destination country. Here, we explore the processes by which Syrian doctors in Egypt can work and how documented policies may differ to practice. We do this through a document review and from the first-hand experiences of the authors.

Simulation for social integration

Social integration may be divided into three categories: absorption of newcomers, merging of two or more groups and increased group cohesion. This essay presents four case studies which layer pertinent conceptual frameworks to explore how four immersive simulation programmes might influence social integration: the refugee doctors’ programme, an interprofessional programme for trainee pharmacists and medical students, an internal medicine trainee bootcamp and an

European Jewish dermatologists who came to New South Wales, Australia, as a consequence of National Socialism: Challenges and contributions.

The period of National Socialism (1933-1945) had a seismic impact on the medical profession in Europe and beyond. This study aimed to identify Jewish dermatologists who fled Europe as a result of National Socialism and migrated to the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW), to document their struggles, and to describe their contributions to dermatology. Five dermatologists who survived the horrors of Nazism and migrated to NSW were identified. Frederik Goldschlag (1893-1973), Richard Kantor (1886-1954), Isidor Knossew (1898-1965), Emil Milder (1902-1973), and Emery Kocsard (1912-2005) arrived in NSW during the period of 1938 to 1951. Myriad contributions were made to dermatology. The challenges confronted by refugee dermatologists did not cease with the end of National Socialism. On reaching Australia, university and medical board barriers and the country's strong British affiliation posed further difficulties for many refugee doctors from the European continent. The study complements previous research on the exodus of dermatologists from Europe to countries other than Australia as a result of National Socialism. The study also prompts sober reflection about the losses suffered by dermatology, alongside other branches of medicine, through Nazism and the Holocaust.

A New Model for Economic Integration of ‘Refugee Doctors’ in the UK: Opportunities and Costs of New Policy Initiatives

Policy initiatives and support programs for refugee doctors are regarded as helpful mechanisms for facilitating their economic integration in the UK. The inclusion of refugees in the formal labor market of host countries is one of the durable solutions promoted by the UNHCR and implemented in novel models in the countries’ domestic policies. The Introduction of the Medical Support Worker Scheme is the most recent support program aiming to improve refugee doctors’ economic integration during the unprecedented demand for medical workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. This article investigates the long-standing support program before the pandemic as well as the most recent policy initiatives for refugee doctors’ economic integration in the UK. The paper uses secondary data from literature and big datasets such as the Labour Data Survey and primary data from focus groups collected from the participants who are members of the Lincolnshire Refugee Doctors Project (LRDP). It performs a qualitative analysis of the perceptions of refugee doctors on their economic integration in the UK labor market. The analysis of the data shows mainly positive perceptions of the support program and the guidance and training offered by the organizations like LRDP. The findings also suggest that there are existing impediments to the economic integration of refugee doctors deriving from structural and procedural obstacles as well as from the global health crisis. The paper addresses this issue and makes recommendations for key policymakers in the UK to improve their integration process.

전후 식민지 홍콩의 보건의료 — 1946~1964년 새로운 과제와 보건당국의 대응을 중심으로 —

Since the 1894 plague epidemic, Hong Kong’s colonial medicine had improved, which in part accompanied by the economic growth given Hong Kong being an import node of the British Empire’s Asian trade network. Yet, colonial medicine has emphasized the ‘prevention of infectious diseases’ and ‘quarantine’ strategy and ‘medical service’ was left to the medical market. Charitable organizations, especially that of Chinese elites, devoted themselves to meeting the shortage of public medical services; such an approach aligned with the British’s intention that minimizes intervention on Chinese society. Some people also relied on traditional Chinese medicine as an alternative.<BR> The Chinese civil war and the establishment of the People’s Republic of China during late 1940s led to a rapid increase in population in Hong Kong, leading to the extreme shortage of public medical services. The Chinese society in Hong Kong has continuously demanded authorities solve medical problems such as high medical costs and the lack of doctors. So far, the colonial authorities only introduced temporary measures, for example, letting unregistered “refugee doctors” who migrated from the mainland work for the government medical services and charity clinics.<BR> The government’s approach to public health care, however, had a major turn from the political and societal pressure. China’s renewed policy toward Hong Kong, the so-called ‘united front’ strategy, raised an awareness of the internal security of Hong Kong. The colonial authorities needed to curb the encroachment of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and consolidate colonial rule. Coupled with political considerations to solidify morale or the public sentiment, many public health issues which were previously overlooked were to be handled.<BR> From the late 1940s to the early 1960s, one of the key issues in public health was to keep ‘unregistered’ doctors and ‘charity clinics’ as well as Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) practitioners under government control. For this purpose, the government revised the Medical Registration Ordinance, and enacted Clinic Ordinance. In the process of the amendment and the enactment of ordinances, the health authority allowed unregistered doctors to sit in special medical license exams in 1957, 1958, and 1959 without exception, although it was planned for governmental employees initially. It was a gesture of the colonial authority to embrace ‘refugee doctors’ as a member of Hong Kong society to serve for Hong Kong people. Besides, these ordinances provided the colonial government chance to estimate the scale of unregistered doctors and clinics. Furthermore, since these two ordinances illegalized former medical practices of unregistered doctors who worked for charity clinics for the poorer section of the public, except for exempted clinics, it became the inescapable responsibility of the government to provide sufficient public health care services to meet the people’s demand for affordable medical services. A medical white paper of 1964, entitled The Development of Medical Services in Hong Kong which includes medical development plans for the next 10 years, describes how medical care policy was redefined to meet the basic medical needs of Hong Kong people who could not afford private medical care.<BR> In summary, Hong Kong developed these ordinances part as a tool for social/political control and but also a measure to serve the public by refining public health scheme. By taking lens that takes into account changing relations between Hong Kong and the Mainland China, this paper expands previous limited understanding of how the Hong Kong’s colonial medicine had developed during 1940s to 1960s.

When Refugees Care for Refugees in Lebanon: Providing Contextually Appropriate Care from the Ground Up

Despite a surge in initiatives to integrate foreign-trained physicians into local health systems and a drive to learn from localised humanitarian initiatives under the COVID-19 pandemic, we still know little about the on-the-ground strategies developed by refugee doctors to meet the needs of refugee patients. In Lebanon, displaced Syrian health professionals have mounted informal, local responses to care for displaced Syrian patients. Drawing on ethnographic work shadowing these healthcare providers across their medical and non-medical activities, we explore how clinical encounters characterised by shared histories of displacement can inform humanitarian medicine. Our findings shed light on the creation of breathing spaces in crises. In particular, our study reveals how displaced healthcare workers cope with uncertainty, documents how displaced healthcare workers expand the category of ‘appropriate care’ to take into account the economic and safety challenges faced by patients, and locates the category of ‘informality’ within a complex landscape of myriad actors in Lebanon. This research article shows that refugee-to-refugee healthcare is not restricted to improvised clinical encounters between ‘frontliners’ and ‘victims of war’. Rather, it is proactively enacted from the ground up to foster appropriate care relationships in the midst of violent, repeated, and protracted disruptions to systems of care.

An evaluation of the CAPS refugee doctor scheme in London – a survey of outcomes

ABSTRACT The NHS faces challenges in recruiting and retaining clinicians. The NHS Long-Term Plan aims to increase NHS staffing levels as one of its objectives. With adequate support, refugee doctors can help fill gaps in staffing and deliver high-quality patient care. There is a moral imperative to support this group: to promote inclusion and equality. London is the only region in England to offer refugee doctors the opportunity of a funded six-month supernumerary F2 role with access to a bespoke education programme and to the resources offered by the Professional Support Unit (PSU). Our aim was to evaluate retention rates of refugee doctors in the NHS following this six-month placement. Between October 2009 (at the inception of CAPS) to March 2020, 85 refugee doctors entered the CAPS programme. Of the 48 doctors who responded to our questionnaire, 45 are still working in the NHS (93.8%). Most are working as Locally Employed Doctors across a range of hospital specialities (47%) but general practice was the single most popular career choice (29%). The CAPS scheme is successful in integrating refugee doctors into the NHS at a relatively low cost. More support should be offered to this group in terms of career progression, and the scheme should be rolled out to other regions of the UK, particularly those in which there is a shortage of doctors.

The Law and Politics of Registering Doctors: Lessons from New South Wales, 1937–42

Doctors who fled from Nazi-occupied and dominated Europe sought to pursue their profession wherever they could. Those who arrived in Australia confronted substantial impediments to doing so. In New South Wales (‘NSW’), doctors who represented, registered and educated the medical profession and Members of Parliament attempted to prevent ‘refugee doctors’, as they were described, from practising medicine. Due largely to protectionism and prejudice, many refugee doctors were denied registration to practise medicine irrespective of their qualifications, skills and experience, and despite the low number of refugee doctors who settled in NSW. This article focuses on the law and politics of registering the medical profession. It analyses the treatment of refugee doctors who sought to practise medicine in NSW between 1937 and 1942, and then reflects on the contemporary relevance of this episode in Australia’s history of medical regulation. The article discusses cautionary lessons we might learn from the past so that capable overseas-trained doctors to whom Australia grants refuge are permitted to practise their profession and provide valuable medical services to the community. This article also considers whether changes to the law since that time might constitute some safeguard against repetition of past discrimination.

The Integration of Syrian Refugee Doctors into Turkish Health System: A Case of “Good Practice” in the Field of Refugee Employment

The Integration of Syrian Refugee Doctors into Turkish Health System: A Case of “Good Practice” in the Field of Refugee Employment

Machinations of the British Medical Association: Excluding Refugee Doctors from Queensland’s Medical Profession, 1937–1942

Abstract When medical practitioners fled from the Nazi regime in the 1930s, the British Medical Association (hereafter BMA), the representative body of the medical profession in the British Empire, agitated strenuously to prevent ‘refugee doctors’, as they were described, from practising medicine throughout the Empire. Prominent BMA representatives pursued this agenda in Australia through their appointment to statutory state-based authorities that registered and regulated doctors'. This article investigates how, between 1937 and 1942, they sought to use those bodies’ registration and disciplinary powers in Queensland to exclude refugee doctors. They were particularly persistent in this state given its government's resistance to BMA pressure to pass legislation restricting refugee doctors’ eligibility for registration. In so doing, the article contributes new perspectives to scholarship that analyses the BMA’s effectiveness as a pressure group. This article’s exploration of motives for the BMA’s animosity towards refugee doctors also builds on histories of the medical profession and of ethnicity within it.

Integrating Refugee Healthcare Professionals In The UK National Health Service: Experience From A Multi-Agency Collaboration.

PurposeRefugee healthcare professionals (RHPs) may encounter several barriers to employment upon moving to the UK, such as conversion of professional qualifications and a lack of familiarity with the recruitment process. The Building Bridges Programme (BBP) is a London-based multi-agency collaboration which helps refugee healthcare professionals seek employment in the UK National Health Service (NHS).MethodsWe have kept an electronic database of all RHPs who have participated in the BBP from October 2009 to March 2018. Data collected include gender, language spoken, country of initial medical qualification, immigration status, religion, ethnicity and professional work experience. In this paper, we focus on employment outcomes and determine the proportion (%) of RHPs joining the BBP who enter employment in the NHS.ResultsBetween October 2009 and March 2018, the BBP supported 372 refugee doctors, 42 refugee pharmacists, 69 refugee dentists, 25 refugee biomedical scientists, 4 refugee physiotherapists and 83 refugee nurses. The following are the results for the RHPs who settled into a registered NHS position appropriate to their (home country) professional qualifications: 98/372 (26%) doctors, 4/42 (10%), pharmacists, 17/69 (25%) dentists, 1/25 (9%) biomedical scientists, 1/4 (25%) physiotherapists and 2/83 (2%) nurses. The following are the results for the RHPs who settled in associated healthcare profession positions: 109/372 (29%) doctors, 16/42 (38%) pharmacists, 12/69 (17%) dentists, 10/25 (40%) biomedical scientists, 3/4 (75%) physiotherapists and 34/83 (41%) nurses.ConclusionThe BBP provides a useful model that is transferable to other countries. Future studies assessing the utility of such programmes should ensure that the long-term employment outcomes of RHPs are more closely tracked. A key limitation of this paper is the absence of a control group of participants who did not join the BPP, which would help to conclusively demonstrate whether participants who joined our programme had a statistically significant improvement in employment outcomes.

The perceptions and experiences of North Korean refugee doctors concerning the burden of non-communicable diseases in North Korea.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a major challenge to health and social development in the 21st century, and North Korea is no exception. However, there is a lack of information concerning NCDs in North Korea, and a different approach is needed to understand the NCDs burden there. This study examines the perceptions and experiences of refugee doctors from North Korea concerning the NCDs burden in North Korea. Focus group discussions were conducted with 10 refugee doctors from North Korea who had been recruited through snowball sampling. North Korean refugee doctors participating in this study indicated that NCDs are the highest priority diseases, that North Koreans did not appear to have a high level of understanding and knowledge of NCDs, that economic breakdown was the primary cause of the NCDs burden, and that a high priority should be assigned to targeting NCDs in North Korea. Although the North Korean refugee doctors were medical professionals, they faced serious challenges accessing and managing patients with NCDs. South Korea needs to prepare for a potentially large number of people with NCDs should a freer movement of peoples occur between the two countries.

Challenges Experienced By North Korean Refugee Doctors in Acquiring a Medical License in South Korea: A Qualitative Analysis.

In general, refugee doctors encounter difficulties in regularly practicing medicine in their host countries. In particular, many barriers impede the efforts of North Korean refugee doctors (NKRDs) who have settled in South Korea to acquire a medical license in the country. This study examines the experiences and opinions of NKRDs in their attempts to acquire permission to legally practice medicine in South Korea and the opinions of South Korean experts regarding this matter. In-depth interviews were conducted among 23 participants divided into 2 groups. The first group comprised 16 NKRDs recruited through snowball sampling, whereas the second group included 7 South Korean doctors experienced in operating programs assisting NKRDs in license acquisition. All participating NKRDs perceived that they face grave difficulties at every stage of acquiring a South Korean medical license and, particularly, in gaining recognition for their educational credentials. Furthermore, South Korean experts expressed the necessity of supporting, establishing, and expanding a system in the country whereby NKRDs can acquire a medical license. Strengthening and changing their clinical competency to meet South Korean standards is the best option for NKRDs to acquire a medical license. Furthermore, the study reveals that the government should eliminate the obstacles in medical license acquisition by NKRDs and support the latter in their efforts to improve and demonstrate their competency.

Comparison of Clinical Skill Test Scores between North Korean Refugee Doctors and Fourth Grade Medical School Students: Reeducation of North Korean Refugee Doctors

Comparison of Clinical Skill Test Scores between North Korean Refugee Doctors and Fourth Grade Medical School Students: Reeducation of North Korean Refugee Doctors

4.5-O6Beyond medical practice: cultural and linguistic training of refugee doctors for integration and employment in the United Kingdom

4.5-O6Beyond medical practice: cultural and linguistic training of refugee doctors for integration and employment in the United Kingdom

Fit to Practise: Empire, Race, Gender, and the Making of British Medicine, 1850–1980 by Douglas M. Haynes

166 BOOK REVIEWS Douglas M. Haynes, Fit to Practise: Empire, Race, Gender, and the Making of British Medicine, 1850–1980 (University of Rochester Press, 2017). ISBN: 978-1-58046-581-6 (HB). 246 pp. In Fit to Practise, Douglas Haynes presents a well-researched political history of the British General Medical Council or GMC, describing the processes by which admission into the GMC register since its creation in 1858 was deployed as a political tool, to promote and protect Britain’s interests. Haynes examines the admission of marginal groups to the register—women, Jewish refugee doctors, overseas doctors of colour—as reflecting the ‘fictive homogeneity’ of politically-constructed images of ‘British medicine’(p. 6). These imaginings are shown to be in constant negotiation, reflecting the tensions of changing and competing imperial, colonial, and national interests. In exploring which doctors were fit to represent British medicine between 1850 and 1980, the continuity of primarily protecting British-trained doctors’ interests, projecting British medicine as a global standard, and preserving the local profession as normatively white and male is also revealed. In constructing this narrative, Haynes draws on a wide array of institutional and state records, as well as publications of the GMC, Privy Council, and governmental committees. Fit to Practise is structured chronologically, and in two parts. Part 1 examines the key developments in the ‘invention of British medicine’ from 1858 to1948, marked by changing British imperial power and the impact of two world wars. Part 2 examines the ‘remaking of British medicine’ from 1955 to 1980 in an era of increasing globalisation. The first chapter provides background, tracing the negotiation of territorial, racial, and gender boundaries of British medicine. Subsequent chapters discuss critical developments in the political history of regulating the GMC register, from the negotiation of reciprocal recognition with Italy and Japan at the turn of the century (Chapter Two), to the changing power relations as former colonies and dominions—including Canada and New Zealand— exercised authority in curtailing access to their local medical markets (Chapter Three). A central concept explored in this book is the rise and fall of the principle of medical reciprocity as a regulatory mechanism by which nation states could forge alliances of mutual benefit. Haynes argues that the GMC cherished this reciprocity from its introduction at the turn of the twentieth century, as it enabled it Health & History ● 20/1 ● 2018 167 to balance its sometimes contradictory goals of protecting the privilege of British-trained doctors, whilst promoting British medicine internationally. Through reciprocal recognition, Britain could mobilise a global medical market to fulfil its political will. This was exemplified in both world wars when Commonwealth and foreign qualifications were temporarily admitted to the register to mitigate British military and civilian shortages in medical labour. This narrative of national gain is tempered by an exploration of the implications of moulding the medical register to suit changing British interests. In the case of Jewish doctors who sought refuge in Britain in the 1930s, for example, Haynes highlights how in exercising the reciprocity clause to prevent their registration, ‘the council became complicit in extending pre-war anti-Jewish laws in the United Kingdom’ (p. 92). Similarly, Chapters Five to Seven highlight how the intersecting debates over socialised medicine embodied in the new National Health System brought to the surface racial tensions as the departure of British-trained doctors increased the visibility of incoming Indian, Pakistani, and non-white doctors in the NHS. Their growing presence ignited calls for increasing temporary registration, as well as mandatory testing of language and medical competence of potential registrants, which Haynes argues was underpinned by a desire to preserve the whiteness of the local profession. Perhaps the one aspect that this book does not deliver on is in the analysis of gender. In part, this reflects the limitation of the primary subject of this book—the GMC medical register as a political instrument—as a basis for such an analysis. Once women were able to overcome barriers to gaining a recognised medical qualification, their admission into the register was no longer subject to legal obstruction. Although gendered barriers continued to operate, the GMC’s remit was to regulate standards of medical education. For...

From Jeongseong to “Three-Minute Care”: Healthcare Transitions in North Korea and the Cultural Adjustment of North Korean Refugee Doctors in South Korea

From Jeongseong to “Three-Minute Care”: Healthcare Transitions in North Korea and the Cultural Adjustment of North Korean Refugee Doctors in South Korea