Refugee Camp In Turkey Research Articles

Türkiye'deki Suriyeli Kadın Mülteciler Arasında Travmanın Bir Sonucu Olarak Yeni Başlayan Oligomenore

Introduction: Depression is a common psychological response to trauma and stress, and research suggests that depression may play a role in the development of menstrual irregularities in women, including oligomenorrhea. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the gynecological symptom of oligomenorrhea as a consequence of traumatic events and its relation with depression and sexual dysfunction in Syrian refugee women in Turkey. Materials and Methods: The study was held in one of the refugee camps in Turkey (Cevdetiye, Osmaniye) in April 2013. A total of 404 Syrian refugee women were interviewed during their medical visits at the gynecology and obstetrics outpatient clinic located in the refugee camp for menstrual cycle irregularities, depression and sexual dysfunction in regard to the parameters such as the level of linguistic communication skills, ethnic origin, marital status, active involvement of husband or loss of any first degree relative in civil war. Results: A total of 404 refugee women of different ethnicities (Turkish n=310 and Arabic n=94) were interviewed. Out of 404 participants, 200 (49.5%) had secondary oligomenorrhea (study group) and 204 (50.5%) had normal menstrual cycles (control group). Oligomenorrhea was found to be significantly associated with decreased sexual function, active involvement of husband in civil war and higher depression scores. Conclusion and suggestion: Depression is one of the major component of post-traumatic events and one of the known reasons of menstrual irregularities in women. Menstrual irregularities, particularly oligomenorrhea, may be an objective and initial gynecological sign in refugee women alerting the clinicians to refer the women for further psychiatric evaluation

An exploratory, single-center study of factors associated with child marriage among Syrian female adolescents residing in Turkey

ABSTRACT This exploratory study aimed to evaluate factors related with child marriage compared to unmarried status in female adolescent residents in a refugee camp in Turkey. The rate of child marriage and developmental status of offspring from those marriages were reported. A research team evaluated married female youth and their offspring for psychopathologies according to DSM-5 criteria and ascertained lifetime traumatic events among mothers. We compared the traumatic experiences and psychopathologies of married females and controls. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was the most common diagnosis in both groups and child brides reported greater cumulative traumatic experiences and elevated rates of PTSD. More than one-tenth (i.e., 15.1%) of offspring of child brides displayed developmental delays and 12.1% were diagnosed with global developmental delay.

Circular Economy and Regenerative Sustainability in Emergency Housing: Eco-Efficient Prototype Design for Subaşi Refugee Camp in Turkey

According to the most recent data from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, in 2020, 82.4 million people were forcibly displaced. In addition to this situation, in the developed world, building construction consumes 40% of the world’s material resources and primary energy, while the construction industry generates 35% of industrial waste and 40% of total global emissions. Therefore, the objective of the research is to propose an eco-efficient prototype for emergency housing, from the point of view of circular economy and regenerative sustainability, that can respond to situations of natural or humanitarian disasters. To achieve this, it will be necessary to identify the problem that must be answered and develop a theoretical model that will serve as a guide for future interventions of these characteristics. Finally, to verify the applicability of the developed protocol, a field work is executed in an unorganized settlement, Subaşi camp, located in Turkey. This research presents a novel prototype that could be used as an alternative to current emergency housing, not only responding adequately to the minimum standards of habitability, but also doing so in an eco-efficient, environmentally correct way and promoting the Sustainable Development Goals and circular economy established in the 2030 Agenda.

Psychometric Properties of the Syrian Arabic Version of the Impact of Event Scale–Revised in the Context of the Syrian Refugee Crisis

The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) is a widely used self-report questionnaire used to assess symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although the IES-R has been translated and validated in multiple languages, no previous version has employed the Arabic dialect commonly spoken in Syria. The present work aimed to assess the psychometric properties of a Syrian Arabic version of the IES-R. Syrian citizens (N = 288) living in refugee camps in Turkey were administered the Syrian Arabic IES-R as part of a humanitarian aid project focused on providing psychological assistance. The data were analyzed with respect to 10 previously published factor solutions. We found that the best-fitting model was a four-factor structure that included factors involving Avoidance-Numbing, Intrusion, Hyperarousal, and Sleep Disturbance. The model showed strong measurement invariance between male and female subsamples, allowing for meaningful comparisons of the factor means. Overall, the present findings support the validity of a new version of the IES-R, which can be used by both researchers and clinicians responding to the urgent need for psychological care for Syrian refugees fleeing war-related violence.

Title: Report on a survey of mobility disability among Syrian refugees living in Turkey

More than 5.6 million people have fled Syria since the start of the Civil War in 2011, seeking refuge in countries such as Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. Turkey has approximately one percent of the world population but hosts nearly 15 percent of the global refugee population. The country currently has 3.6 million Syrian refugees, the largest number of registered foreigners under temporary protection. In this paper, we report on the findings of VQF-25 Questionnaire, Mobility and Life-space Questionnaire that was distributed in 2020 to Syrian refugees living under temporary protection in refugee camps in Turkey. To date, there is very limited, if any, research specifically on mobility disability among Syrian Refugees in Turkey. The results show that far fewer women than men completed the questionnaires. 68% of respondents have a mobility score of between 6 and 58%.

Refugee Children’s Resilience: A Qualitative Social Ecological Study of Life in a Camp

Abstract A social ecological theory of resilience shows that the process of resilience not only depends on an individual child’s personal traits but also on the capacity of the child’s environment to provide the resources required for the child to use these traits to achieve psychological and physical wellbeing in contexts of adversity. The aim of this study is to investigate how refugee mothers influence their children’s developmental outcomes despite exposure to the large number of risk factors they experience living in a refugee camp. Ten Syrian mothers of children aged 5–7-years-old participated in both semi-structured interviews and focus groups conducted while they were living in a refugee camp in Turkey. Using an inductive thematic analysis, findings show that participants found unconventional ways to build their children’s social capital, provide an education and maintain culturally grounded values and beliefs when facing with multiple distal and proximal challenges. These findings highlight the importance of understanding resilience as a psychosocial and interactive process occurring at multiple systemic levels (in this case, child, mother, and camp). Improving the functioning of larger systems may be an efficacious way of creating stable and nurturing environments for children to experience greater resilience.

Determinants of the Economic Adaptation of Refugees: The Case of Midyat Camp

Abstract In the context of the bottom-up approach to development and poverty reduction, this is the first study to use the Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA), with a slight adjustment, to study the economic adaptation of refugees within camps. The objective of this study was to explore the factors affecting the economic adaptation of refugees in Midyat Refugee Camp in Turkey. The study used a focus group to help design the questionnaire that was subsequently used to collect data from a sample of 393 households in Midyat Camp. The data was used to estimate a Structural Equations Model. The findings indicated that the most important factors in determining refugees' economic adaptation are human capital, social capital and institutions.

Analysis of migration processes in the EU and the theory of multiculturalism: current state and prospects

The article deals with the problem of the migration crisis that has hit the EU. Since 2015, there has been a sharp increase in the number of refugees from the region, to which European countries were not ready. By the end of 2019, Europe has already exhausted its economic capacity to receive and accommodate refugees, but their flow is continuing. Over the last 5 years, more than 4 million refugees from the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia have come to Europe. In 2015, the flow of migrants was over 1.5 million people, in 2016 - 900 000, in 2017 - 650 000, in 2018 - 600 000, in 2019 - almost 550 000.The main causes of large-scale movement of migrants to Europe have been identified. Among them are wars and conflicts that destabilize the situation in their native countries; demographic outbreak in Africa and the Middle East, deteriorating funding for refugee camps in Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan, exacerbation of the 2018-2019 Syrian crisis; the availability of high social guarantees and diaspora relatives in many EU countries.The political, social, cultural consequences of the migration crisis for individual countries and the EU are analyzed. The increasing flow of refugees has exacerbated in European societies the problems of terrorism, the increase in crime rates, the poor cultural compatibility of the local population with refugees, the increased right-wing sentiment and the high social costs of migrant adaptation.The importance of the ideology of multiculturalism for the current migration crisis in the EU is substantiated. The phenomenon of multiculturalism is compared with the phenomena of globalization and shows the impact on the situation in society, which lead to conflict. Multiculturalism has recently been perceived as a means that can mitigate the negative (primarily for traditional cultures, ethnic and religious groups) consequences of globalization, but narrowing the philosophical view of the phenomenon of multiculturalism to the institutional level, modern representatives of the humanities and practices in Europe (political scientists, sociologists, politicians) faced with the fact that the interaction of cultures has not been adequately reflected in theory and held in practice.

Media and immobility: The affective and symbolic immobility of forced migrants

Can we think about the role of media and information and communication technologies in the lives of forced migrants through the lens of immobility? The dominant focus in the communication studies literature is on mobility, movement and connectivity. Migration studies and anthropology however offer productive ways to conceptualize the mobility–immobility spectrum as well as the imaginative dimensions of (im)mobility. Building on two studies that were situated at the temporal and geographical edges of the ‘European refugee crisis’ – a 2015 study in a Syrian refugee camp in Turkey and a 2017–2018 study with Syrian, Afghan and Iraqi refugees in Belgium – this article develops a conceptual framework of media and immobility in the context of forced migration. It coins the pair concepts affective immobility and symbolic immobility to highlight and understand practices of disengagement with media and information and communication technologies, agentic disconnectivity and feelings of symbolic fixedness.

Incidence and Prevention of Invasive Meningococcal Disease in Global Mass Gathering Events.

IntroductionMass gathering events involve close contact among large numbers of people in a specific location at the same time, an environment conducive to transmission of respiratory tract illnesses including invasive meningococcal disease (IMD). This report describes IMD incidence at mass gatherings over the past 10 years and discusses strategies to prevent IMD at such events.MethodsA PubMed search was conducted in December 2018 using a search string intended to identify articles describing IMD at mass gatherings, including religious pilgrimages, sports events, jamborees, and refugee camps. The search was limited to articles in English published from 2008 to 2018. Articles were included if they described IMD incidence at a mass gathering event.ResultsA total of 127 articles were retrieved, of which 7 reported on IMD incidence at mass gatherings in the past 10 years. Specifically, in Saudi Arabia between 2002 and 2011, IMD occurred in 16 Hajj pilgrims and 1 Umrah pilgrim; serotypes involved were not reported. At a youth sports festival in Spain in 2008, 1 case of serogroup B IMD was reported among 1500 attendees. At the 2015 World Scout Jamboree in Japan, an outbreak of serogroup W IMD was identified in five scouts and one parent. At a refugee camp in Turkey, one case of serogroup B IMD was reported in a Syrian girl; four cases of serogroup X IMD occurred in an Italian refugee camp among refugees from Africa and Bangladesh. In 2017, a funeral in Liberia resulted in 13 identified cases of serogroup C IMD. Requiring meningococcal vaccination for mass gathering attendees and vaccinating refugees might have prevented these IMD cases.ConclusionsMass gathering events increase IMD risk among attendees and their close contacts. Vaccines preventing IMD caused by serogroups ACWY and B are available and should be recommended for mass gathering attendees.FundingPfizer.

NGOS AND THE EU REGARDING THE MANAGEMENT OF SYRIAN REFUGEES IN TURKEY

Based on the assumption that there are different approaches to the activities of non-governmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) implementing migrant and refugee policies, the author attempts to answer the following questions: - What impact can NGOs have on EU Member States and on migrants and refugees ? - Can long-term and sustained experience in emergencies have such an impact? - Does the work of the NGO within the Fund, along with international agencies and the Red Cross, affect EU policy and relations withTurkeyin this policy area? The article is divided into three parts. In the first, non-state actors (NGOs) are analyzed within the framework of theoretical studies on migration and humanitarian strategy. The second one deals with the EU's relations withTurkeythrough the aforementioned lenses. Third, empirical funding data provided by ECHO to non-governmental organizations is used to evaluate arrangements and developments. The data is used to evaluate future prospects. The article notes that the events of the last decade have called into question the values and practices of the EU. It is shown that European NGOs seek to play an executive role in the implementation of EU humanitarian projects for Syrian refugee camps inTurkey. The author concludes that non-state actors remain important but controversial actors in the implementation of EU policy. NGOs have different approaches and their ideological and political differences are reflected in their relationship with political power. The author emphasizes the increasing critical attitude towards the lack of EU solidarity, especially in matters of emergency management interventions carried out by non-state SAR operations. Thirdly, the author points out that, in parallel with practices that typically replace states and the EU, NGOs support a consolidated partnership with ECHO. The growing role of non-state actors in managing sensitive global crises such as migration and refugees has been demonstrated. The risk for the EU is the loss of the chance to manage the crisis as a laboratory and a model of functional coordination that can be implemented and secured in the rest of the world system.

Refugee Entrepreneurship: Empirical Quantitative Evidence on Microenterprises in Refugee Camps in Turkey

This article examines the current situations of refugee microenterprises in selected refugee camps in Turkey. A quantitative method is employed. Findings show that approximately 25% of respondents have managed to start their businesses in refugee camps. Respondents indicate that funding sources are mostly from savings or sponsorship from relatives. More than half of the respondents had entrepreneurship experience. Over 80% of respondents showed a willingness to participate in microentrepreneurship. Findings on challenges conform to the traditional problems of starting a microenterprise for refugees. The results of this study indicate the enormous potential of refugees and their willingness to engage in entrepreneurship activities.

Traumatic events, social support and depression: Syrian refugee children in Turkish camps

ABSTRACTThe overall aim of the study was to document the nature and depth of the traumatic experiences of Syrian children living in a refugee camp in Turkey during the early stages of the civil war and examine their impact on depressive symptoms. Self-report questionnaire data were collected from 285 participants, who were 57.9% females and on average 12.5 years old (SD = 1.28). Demographic information was gathered from their parents. The findings show that girls 13 years or older reported more depression than boys, while there was no significant gender difference among younger children. Even if exposure to several individual war traumas did not affect the level of depression, a cumulative risk index of the total numbers of traumatic events correlated significantly with depression. However, children with more traumatic experiences perceived higher levels of available social support, more specifically emotional support, which contributed to resilient outcomes in terms of reduced depression levels. The long-term sequela of war trauma on the individual’s disposition to cope with stress, and through gradual, cascading effects on material deprivation, family interaction and ongoing daily hassles, was highlighted with suggestions for resilience and treatment-focused interventions.

Emotional and behavioral problems seen among a group of children and adolescents living in a refugee camp in Turkey

Objective: It is well-known that refugee children are under risk of psychiatric problems as a consequence of adverse events experienced in the pre and post-migration period. It is estimated that, as the leading country hosting re-fugees, approximately 1.4 million refugee children are living in Turkey. This study aimed to evaluate emotional and behavioral problems seen among Yazidi children and adolescents who settle in a refugee camp in Turkey. Meth-ods: The researcher contacted the volunteers of the transient education center situated in the camp and reached children attending the center as well as their families. The emotional and behavioral problems were investigated using Arabic form of Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results: Our sample consisted of 33 female and 20 male children and adolescents. The mean age was 12.3±1.5 years. The mean residency time in camp was 11.3±2.1 months. The mean number of siblings was 3.9±1.8. 60.4% of fathers and 67.9% of mothers were primary school graduate or less educated. Majority of the children (88.7%) reported that they lost a relative or could not get any information about at least one of them, 58.0% stated they heard the sound of gunshot or explosion, while 39.6% reported they saw the body of a dead or injured person. SDQ scores were higher than threshold for emotional prob- lem in 26.4%, peer problems in 22.6%, hyperactivity problems in 18.8% and conduct problem in 15.0% of children. Total difficulty scores of 15 (28.3%) children were also higher than cut-off value. Conclusion: Results of the study showed that refugee children and adolescents had exposed to many traumatic events and emotional and behavioral problems might be seen in a significant proportion of this group. It is highly recommended to provide psychosocial support in the help and care programs targeting child and adolescent refugees.

The ways of coping with post-war trauma of Yezidi refugee women in Turkey

This study shows the strategies for coping with the post-war trauma of Yezidi refugee women who escaped from the Sinjar genocide by ISIS in August 2014. The interviews that became the basis of this research were done only for the psychological support of the women staying at the Diyarbakir Refugee Camp in Turkey between January and March 2015. This research was shaped with aim of understanding the women, sharing their experiences, and being these women's voices, therefore the interviews given by Yezidi women were evaluated with grounded theory methodology. Coping strategies included gratitude for surviving, finding meaning for massacres, politization, being self-enclosed, mourning rituals and worship, strengthening women's solidarity, and showing solidarity with sexually attacked women through silence. War trauma reactions included mental unpreparedness, the sense of being betrayed, verbalization about the genocide (but not the sexual attacks), re-experiencing the trauma and mood changes.

Syrian refugees in Turkey and governance of refugee camps

Abstract
 
 From Syria, in which the domestic quagmire erupted in 2011 migrated more than three million people in the late five years according to formal statistics. After emergence of migrant influx, Turkey embraced open door policy and built sheltering centers in the neighboring cities right after the appearance of migration wave. There are 253.748 refugees in 10 provinces at 24 different according to data on September 2016. Firstly, this study aims at investigating the various camps located on the different parts of the world built due to migration waves and whether they met the foundation targets of not. Secondly, the governance of refugee camps in Turkey and the position of these camps in refugee crisis is to be concerned and compared in compliance with the similar instance in the world and Turkey from a multidimensional perspective.
 Keywords: Syrian refugees, governance, refugee camps.

Sustainable life span prediction of shelters constructed in refugee camps in Turkey

The building sector consumes about 30% of primary energy worldwide. Life span is an important variable in life cycle assessment (LCA) of buildings. The aim of this study is to make the LCA of containers constructed in a refugee camp in Turkey and to investigate the relationship between life span and consumed energy with CO2 emission values. The proposed model in the study focused on the construction phase of the containers to find energy consumption and emissions for different life span years. Life span years are chosen between 5 and 40 years. Energy and CO2 release factors are defined per square meter. Total life cycle construction and operational energy demand of the post-disaster housing is calculated to be 24.7 GJ/m2. The CO2 intensity of the housing is calculated to be 20.39 kg CO2/m2-year. It is found that energy and emission values are decreasing with the increase of life span of container-type houses constructed in refugee camps in Turkey.

Psychiatric evaluation Ezidi Iraqi refugee children who settle in refugee camp in Turkey

ObjectiveWe aimed to review the distribution of diagnoses in children and adolescents evaluated by a child psychiatrist, in refugee camps in Diyarbakır, Cizre and Silopi province of Turkey.MethodsSociodemographic data, psychiatric complaints and distribution of psychiatric diagnoses of 38 children and adolescents living in refugee camps in Diyarbakır, Cizre and Silopi were evaluated. Psychiatric diagnoses were made according to DSM-5 criteria but some diagnoses as conversion disorder were also mentioned even tough they were not included in DSM-5.ResultsThe sample consisted of 22 female and 16 male children and adolescents. The mean age was 12.1 ± 4.5 and the range was 2–18 years. The mean duration of residency in the camp was 23.2 ± 3.9 days. The most common symptom was sleep problems. The most frequently seen psychiatric disorder was depressive disorder (36.8%) and at least two comorbidities were detected in 50% of children and adolescents. This diagnosis was followed by conversion disorder (28.9%), adjustment disorder (21.8%), acute stress disorder (18.4%), enuresis nocturna (18.4%), post-traumatic stress disorder (10.5%), separation anxiety disorder (10.5%), somatization disorder (7.8%), selective mutism (2.5%) and night terror (2.5%) respectively.ConclusionThe study revealed that in refugee children and adolescents, starting from the early days of the migration period, various psychiatric symptoms and disorders might be seen. Therefore, it is essential to integrate psychosocial support units into the aid and support programs for refugees and quite important to observe and treat children in terms of psychiatric disorders, starting from the early days of the migration period.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Evaluation of a short-term medical mission to Syrian refugee camps in Turkey

BACKGROUND: The escalating political and humanitarian crisis in Syria has left thousands detained, killed or displaced in neighboring countries. Given the permission and co-operation of the Turkish health authorities, a short-term medical mission to the Syrian refugee camps in the Hatay province was arranged.MATERIALS AND METHODS:To assess this mission's impact and potential expansion to serve other more emergently inflicted areas both inside and outside the Syrian borders, an evaluation was conducted via survey questionnaire of participating physicians.RESULTS: While almost all respondents found the experience worthwhile and fulfilling, medical, social and educational challenges as well as possible solutions were outlined.CONCLUSION: The use of several specified principles to further guide efforts towards providing service, education, relief, and awareness would result in greater effect, sustainability and growth of the mission.

Evaluation report of health care services at the Syrian refugee camps in Turkey

Evaluation report of health care services at the Syrian refugee camps in Turkey