Refresh Memory Research Articles

Association between muscle strength and executive function in Tibetan adolescents at high altitude in China: Results from a cross-sectional study at 16-18 years of age.

In recent years, adolescents have shown a trend of decreasing muscle strength, especially in the upper limbs, and it affects the development of executive functions. However, few studies have been conducted on Tibetan adolescents in high-altitude regions of China. To this end, this study investigated upper limb muscle strength and executive function in Tibetan adolescents in Tibetan regions of China and analyzed the association between them. A three-stage stratified whole-group sampling method was used to test and investigate grip strength, executive function, and basic information in 1093 Tibetan adolescents from Tibet, a high-altitude region of China. A chi-square test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare the basic status and executive function of Tibetan adolescents with different muscle strength. Multiple linear regression analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the correlations that existed between muscle strength and each sub-function of executive function. The differences between the inconsistently and congruent reaction times of Tibetan adolescents with different grip strength levels (<P25 , P25-75 , >P75 ) at high altitude in China were statistically significant (F-values of 32.596 and 31.580, respectively; P-values <.001). The differences between the 1-back and 2-back response times for the refresh memory function were also statistically significant (F-values of 9.055 and 6.610, respectively; P-values <.01). Linear regression analysis showed that after adjusting for the relevant covariates, the 1-back reaction time of Tibetan adolescents in the grip strength < P25 group increased by 91.72 ms (P < .01); the 2-back reaction time of Tibetan adolescents in the grip strength < P25 group increased by 105.25 ms (P < 0.01), using grip strength > P75 as the reference group. Logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for relevant covariates, Tibetan adolescents in the grip strength < P25 group had a higher risk of developing 2-back dysfunction (OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.24,2.88), using grip strength >P75 as the reference group (P < .01). The risk of cognitive flexibility dysfunction (OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.16, 2.98) was also increased (P < .05). There was a significant correlation between grip strength and executive function of refresh memory function and cognitive flexibility in Tibetan adolescents in high altitude areas of China. Those with higher upper limb muscle strength had shorter reaction time, that is, better executive function. In the future, we should focus on improving the upper limb muscle strength of Tibetan adolescents at high altitude in China to better promote the development of executive function.

Study on the Application of Biophilic Architecture in the Design of Creative Industry Center Buildings

The era of globalization has made it easier for the Indonesian people to access various information that has changed the way people view the education system, especially in the creative industry sector. Creative industries are industrial products that go through the process of developing creative ideas to produce innovative products. But the problem that often occurs is that there are no creative ideas due to the unsupportive atmosphere of the space. Biophilic architecture creates areas that can help everyone focus, improve physical and mental health, improve mood, help reduce stress, provide a positive physiological response, arouse curiosity, refresh memory and problem-solving skills, and need exploration. The method used in this study is a descriptive analysis method with a qualitative approach, with the initial step of collecting data in physical, non-physical data, and application development regulations through observation of the design site and literature review. This study aims to find out how the application of biophilic designs in creative industrial buildings creates a creative environment and optimizes human needs for green open spaces based on theoretical studies. This research will produce design concepts that can be input for the Medan city government

An international, interprofessional investigation of the self-reported podcast listening habits of emergency clinicians: A METRIQ Study.

Podcasts are increasingly being used for medical education. A deeper understanding of usage patterns would inform both producers and researchers of medical podcasts. We aimed to determine how and why podcasts are used by emergency medicine and critical care clinicians. An international interprofessional sample (medical students, residents, physicians, nurses, physician assistants, and paramedics) was recruited through direct contact and a multimodal social media (Twitter and Facebook) campaign. Each participant completed a survey outlining how and why they utilize medical podcasts. Recruitment materials included an infographic and study website. 390 participants from 33 countries and 4 professions (medicine, nursing, paramedicine, physician assistant) completed the survey. Participants most frequently listened to medical podcasts to review new literature (75.8%), learn core material (75.1%), and refresh memory (71.8%). The majority (62.6%) were aware of the ability to listen at increased speeds, but most (76.9%) listened at 1.0 x (normal) speed. All but 25 (6.4%) participants concurrently performed other tasks while listening. Driving (72.3%), exercising (39.7%), and completing chores (39.2%) were the most common. A minority of participants used active learning techniques such as pausing, rewinding, and replaying segments of the podcast. Very few listened to podcasts multiple times. An international cohort of emergency clinicians use medical podcasts predominantly for learning. Their listening habits (rarely employing active learning strategies and frequently performing concurrent tasks) may not support this goal. Further exploration of the impact of these activities on learning from podcasts is warranted.

Alleviating Memory Refresh Overhead via Data Compression for High Performance and Energy Efficiency

DRAM memory suffers from increasingly aggravating refresh penalty, which causes significant performance degradation and power consumption. As memory capacity increases, refresh penalty has become increasingly worse as more rows have to be refreshed. In this work, we propose an effective refresh approach called Compression-Aware Refresh (CAR) to efficiently mitigate refresh overheads. We apply a data compression technique to store data in a compressed format so that the resultant sparse banks need only be partially refreshed. Because of compression, data blocks which are originally distributed across all the constituent chips of a rank only need to be stored in a subset of those chips, leaving banks in the remaining chips not fully occupied. As a result, the memory controller can safely skip refreshing memory rows which contain no useful data without compromising data integrity. Such a compression-aware refresh scheme significantly reduces the refresh and thus improves overall memory performance and energy efficiency. To further take advantage of data compression, we adopt a rank subsetting technique to enable accesses to only those occupied chips for memory requests accessing compressed data blocks. Evaluations using benchmarks from SPEC CPU 2006 and the PARSEC 3.0 on recent DDR4 memory systems have shown that CAR achieves up to 1.66x performance improvement (11.7 percent on average) and up to 45.9 percent energy reduction (27.3 percent on average), and reduce memory traffic by up to 99.9 percent for zero cache lines intensive workloads with an average of 66.3 percent across all benchmarks.

CAR

DRAM memory is suffering increasingly aggravating refresh penalty, which no longer causes trivial performance degradation and power consumption. As memory capacity increases, refresh penalty has become increasingly worse as more rows have to be refreshed. In this work, we propose a simple, practical, and effective refresh approach called CAR (Compression-Aware Refresh) to efficiently mitigate refresh overheads. We apply data compression technique to store data in compressed format so that data blocks which are originally distributed across all the constituent chips of a rank only need to be stored in a subset of those chips, leaving banks in the remaining chips not fully occupied. As a result, the memory controller can safely skip refreshing memory rows which contain no useful data without compromising data integrity. Such a compression-aware refresh scheme can result in significant refresh savings and thus improve overall memory performance and energy efficiency. Moreover, to further take advantage of data compression, we adopt the rank subsetting technique to enable accesses to only those occupied chips for memory requests accessing compressed data blocks. Evaluations using benchmarks from SPEC CPU 2006 and the PARSEC 3.0 on the recent DDR4 memory systems have shown that CAR can achieve up to 1.66x performance improvement (11.7% on average).

Ferroelectric liquid-crystal-based binary optical memory employing feedback

A two-dimensional bit-oriented refreshing optical memory that is loosely based on the design of an electronic flip-flop is presented. The test system consisted of two amorphous-silicon liquid-crystal optically addressed spatial light modulators placed into an inverting configuration to provide a stable refreshable memory element. A description of the optically addressed spatial light modulator device and its operation is presented. The optical design of the memory with the optically addressed spatial light modulator is described, and timing and component requirements are delineated. The results and analysis of testing for a one-pixel memory system are reported. The expected requirements and limitations of a multipixel system are discussed.

A “classification based method” for color‐composite image generation on an eight‐bit graphics workstation

Abstract Given the level of contemporary technological accomplishment in computing, it is now possible to undertake image‐processing tasks on a variety of “smaller” systems. While a typical hardware configuration includes 24 bits of refresh memory for color. 8 bits each for red, green, and blue, it is feasible to construct color‐composite images comprised of three spectral bands of remotely sensed data using workstations configured with only a single eight‐bit graphics plane for color. Such systems are commonly available in colleges and universities, since they are less expensive than fully configured color workstations.

Digital color reproduction on color television monitors

Color displays used in image processing systems consist of a refresh memory buffer storing digital image data which are converted into analog signals to display an image by driving the primary color channels (red, green, and blue) of a color television monitor. The color cathode ray tube (CRT) of the monitor is unable to reproduce colors exactly due to phosphor limitations, exponential luminance response of the tube to the applied signal, and limitations imposed by the digital-to-analog conversion. In this paper we describe some computer simulation studies (using the U * V * W * color space) carried out to measure these reproduction errors. Further, a procedure to correct for color reproduction error due to the exponential luminance response (gamma) of the picture tube is proposed, using a video-lookup-table and a higher resolution digital-to-analog converter. It is found, on the basis of computer simulation studies, that the proposed gamma correction scheme is effective and robust with respect to variations in the assumed value of the gamma.

Effect of video amplifier rise time and CRT gamma on performance of a high-resolution monitor

In high-resolution CRT monitors driven from a digital refresh memory it has been observed that white vertical lines are narrower than horizontal lines, an effect most noticeable on single-pixel-wide lines. The letter offers reasons why this happens and describes a simple hardware solution of the problem.

A parallel algorithm for rotating-frame zeugmatography.

An algorithm, which utilizes a high degree of parallel processing, has been developed for two-dimensional rotating-frame zeugmatography so that a picture of 256 X 256 pixels can be generated with a minicomputer system 2 sec after data accumulation. An array processor is employed as a second processor and, the refresh memory of a display unit is used as a fast data storage entity. Approximately half the calculations are carried out in the array processor during the nuclear relaxation period. Data movement to and from the display memory occurs largely during, and in parallel with, the array processing. The sequence can be run at a repetition rate of 35 msec per free induction decay and the algorithm can be implemented in any two-dimensional experiment of the Fourier transform genre.

Raster computer graphics in molecular physics

The use of raster display systems with refresh memory and read–write color map tables for man–machine communication is described. Particular emphasis is given to the application of such systems in molecular physics. Simple shading algorithms for molecular modeling and methods for the display of surfaces are given as examples. Some aspects of future development are summarized.

A two-pass filling algorithm for raster graphics

An algorithm for filling irregular polygons is presented. It is designed to operate in raster mode and uses the refresh memory of a graphic display as working space. The algorithm has been implemented in a host computer but it can be implemented easily within the microprocessor controlling the display. All areas contoured by closed lines are shaded at the same time according to a preassigned color code.

Pseudocolor encoder for analog and digital refresh memories

In this note the circuit details of a pseudocolor encoder, designed for use with an analog refresh memory, are reported. Two display systems have been implemented to test the encoder; their block diagrams are briefly described.

An intelligent CRT terminal for Chinese characters

This paper describes the hardware and software design for a low cost Chinese character CRT terminal. The architecture is based on a time-division multiplexed refresh memory, a LSI CRT controller and the ubiquitous microprocessor.

Optimal scanning and image processing with the STEM

We have recently published a theory of an optimal scanning system which is particularly suited for the STEM. One concludes from the theory that the diffraction limit of the electron probe should be a fixed fraction of the full-scale deflection in order to avoid scanning artifacts. More recently, we have confirmed the value of this technique by direct experiments. Our program now is to combine the use of optimal scanning with the use of a programmable digital refresh memory for image analysis. Limited experience to date indicates that false color conversion is probably more useful than histogram equalization in black and white and that this system is particularly valuable for rotational averaging and selected area Fourier transforms.

A pointer for analog refresh memories

A pointer generator, specifically designed for use with an analog refresh memory which cannot accept graphic overlays without unrecoverable data loss, is described. The principle of operation and the circuit details are reported.

Filling algorithms for raster graphics

Two algorithms for filling irregular polygons are presented. They are both oriented towards raster graphics devices and use the refresh memory for part of their working space. One of them always does the filling correctly, unless the contour has an “impossible” topology (e.g., similar to the letter θ), and even then does not produce any leaks outside the external part of the contour. The other algorithm does the filling correctly only if the contour has no triple points, i.e., pixels which are common to three arcs. The first algorithm can be implemented in practice only within the microprocessor controlling the display, while the second can be implemented easily in the host computer and can use the refresher memory only for storage. Some of the simpler (and obvious) algorithms are discussed for comparison. The proposed algorithms do not use decomposition into simpler polygons. They can easily be adapted for shading according to any preassigned rule.

An associative display processor

A graphical-raster-display system in which a structured cell organization is combined with ‘on-the-fly-scan-conversion’ is described. The refresh memory is an associative structure interrogated with the display cell address taking into account such attributes as colour and priority. It is argued that for the same picture complexity this structure is more economical on storage requirements that the multiple bit map approach, and further data compression is considered.

A reliable low-cost graphic system

The MERELIN display is a two-card system on the S100 bus. The display memory is provided from the normal memory on a separate S100 card. Therefore the memory is direct available to the CPU (display refresh is done by DMA). The MERELIN display allows several modes for different resolutions, the maximum resolution being 320 points × 200 points. This means an extern refresh memory of 8 K bytes. The MERELIN will be replaced by a Vektor Graphic Display with an internal refresh memory (the CPU makes DMA) and a resolution of 256 × 240, or 128 × 120 with a grey scale.

A Microcomputer to Consumer Color TV Interface IC Chip

A MOS/LSI IC to interface a microcomputer to a consumer color television has been designed. It generates an interlaced composite video (Y) and the two color components (RY and BY) to display two intensity and eight color displays in a standard NTSC color receiver. The chip can be configured in one of the fourteen modes of operation, most of which can be switched among themselves on the fly on one screen. Of the fourteen modes, four are alphanumeric, which display 512 characters (16 rows of 32 characters) per screen from an internal (on chip) or external read only memory (ROM). Two semigraphic modes (resolution 64 ×32 and 64 ×48) give the programmer limited graphic capability. The eight graphics modes range in resolution from 64 ×64 to 256 ×192. The chip is designed for easy interface with most 8 bit microprocessors. All refresh memory updating by the CPU is done during vertical retrace and hence is transparent to the screen.