Reforming Of Diesel Research Articles

Impacts of process parameters on diesel reforming via interpretable machine learning

Diesel reforming is a promising hydrogen production technology used for the clean energy conversion of high-carbon-content fuels. Although the reaction system has been established, predicting the optimal reaction conditions for the system remains challenging. Here, we obtained a set of 675 data points from Aspen Plus simulations and trained regression models to predict the reaction condition ranges that yield the highest hydrogen production in diesel reforming. The ETR model achieved the best predictive performance, with an R2 value of 0.99. Interpretable machine learning methods revealed that temperature is a crucial feature determining the baseline hydrogen yield of the diesel reforming reaction, while the steam-to-carbon ratio is key to enhancing hydrogen yield. Our exploratory study underscores the ability of data-driven ML models to uncover the condition-yield relationship in catalytic diesel reforming for hydrogen production by isolating the effects of individual design parameters, a feat that is difficult to achieve through experimental means.

Innovative pressurized diesel reforming for sustainable hydrogen production using advanced PtRu-CGO catalyst

This study suggests a novel approach for producing hydrogen through the pressurized reforming of commercial diesel, leveraging the PtRu-CGO catalyst. Foundational experiments were performed with PtRu-CGO powder catalysts at conditions up to 9 bar and 800 °C, achieving complete fuel conversion and stable performance with an average hydrogen concentration of approximately 58.7 mol%. Additionally, the structured catalysts developed herein also could maintain high efficiency and durability under a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 10,000 h−1. Notably, at 6 bar, the system exhibited an extraordinary efficiency of around 75 % over 300 h of continuous operation. These results underscore the practicality of pressurized diesel reforming for hydrogen production with the PtRu-CGO catalyst, highlighting its potential in the development and optimization of hydrogen energy systems and aiding the shift towards a hydrogen-based economy.

Steam reforming of dodecane using Ni-red mud catalyst: A sustainable approach for hydrogen production

Conventional energy sources emit huge amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere causing global warming. Hydrogen (H2) is an alternative clean energy carrier that produces only heat and water vapor upon combustion. In this work, we utilized industrial waste material (Red Mud, RM) to develop a cost-effective and efficient catalyst for steam reforming of diesel (n-dodecane as a model compound) for hydrogen production. We impregnated nickel (Ni), a prudent and effective metal, in red mud (RM) in varied proportions to employ as a catalyst for hydrogen production. The catalysts' structure was characterized by powdered X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) were used to measure the elemental composition while Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the catalysts’ morphology. Surface area and porosity were analyzed using the N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, and H2-Temperature Programmed Reduction (H2-TPR) to study the reducibility and interaction of Ni species to the RM. The catalysts were then evaluated for hydrogen production by the steam reforming process of n-dodecane (SRD). It was found that the catalyst with 20% Ni loading (20% Ni@RM) can produce hydrogen with selectivity as high as 75%, and stability for 20 h with a negligible decline in the catalyst performance.

DEVELOPMENT OF DIESEL FUEL PROCESSOR AND OPTIMISATION OF THE THERMAL CIRCUIT OF A POWER PLANT BASED ON SOFC WITH A POWER OF 1 KW

A fuel processor for autothermal reforming of diesel fuel into synthesis gas is developed and tested. The developed reactor is demonstrated to possess a fast start-up and high efficiency. During the tests, complete conversion of diesel fuel and the composition of reaction products close to equilibrium values were achieved. The thermal circuit of a power plant based on a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with the electrical power of 1 kW was optimized. The results obtained are the basis for the further development of a real prototype of a power plant based on planar SOFC with an integrated diesel fuel processor, opening up the prospects in the area of making low-power electrochemical generators.

The Influence of Pt Additives on The Activity and Stability of Rh-containing Catalyst Performance in Diesel Fuel Conversion into Syngas

The influence of platinum additives on the properties of rhodium catalysts in steam and autothermal reforming processes of diesel fuel was investigated. It was found that the Rh/CZF catalyst exhibited higher activity, with a higher degree of fuel conversion and lower production of side reaction products compared to the bimetallic Rh–Pt/CZF catalyst. The proposed two-zone catalytic Pt/CZF+Rh/CZF structured honeycomb catalyst demonstrated stable performance and high activity in autothermal reforming of commercial diesel fuel. However, the presence of platinum in the frontal zone of the catalyst reduced its resistance to coking compared to the rhodium-containing sample. The obtained results are of practical significance in the development of efficient systems for the conversion of heavy hydrocarbons into synthesis gas.

Advanced convolutional neural network modeling for fuel cell system optimization and efficiency in methane, methanol, and diesel reforming

Advanced convolutional neural network modeling for fuel cell system optimization and efficiency in methane, methanol, and diesel reforming

Stationary and dynamic mathematical modeling of autothermal reforming of diesel with aromatic compounds

The previously proposed stationary mathematical model provides a reliable description of n-hexadecane (diesel surrogate) reforming over the Rh/Ce0·75Zr0·25O2-δ/θ-Al2O3/FeCrAl structured catalyst. In its continuation this work represents the experimental studies and the model of the autothermal reforming process of hexadecane in a mixture with o-xylene and 1-methylnaphthalene. The reaction scheme is supplemented with reactions to account for steam reforming and oxidation of added aromatics compounds and selection of corresponding kinetic parameters is performed. The dynamic process of the reformer start until reaching the steady state is simulated by the non-stationary model in this work. The resulting mathematical and kinetic models provide a good description of the experiments performed with the reproduction of the dynamics of the observed outlet gas components concentrations and the catalyst temperature. The application of this model can be useful when considering the reforming of multicomponent mixtures or optimization of the dynamic start reformer process.

Preparation and performance evaluation of hydrogen-producing catalysts for diesel reforming

Ru/Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by standard impregnation method. The catalytic reforming performance of Ru/Al2O3 and commercial high nickel/low nickel catalysts on commercial No.0 diesel oil was studied. The regeneration method of carbon-deposited catalyst was also discussed. The results show that commercial low nickel catalyst has poor catalytic activity and stability for diesel, and increasing the water-carbon ratio can slightly improve the conversion rate of diesel. Increasing the reforming reaction temperature and adding methanol additives can effectively improve the catalytic activity of commercial high nickel catalysts. Ru/Al2O3 is a potential catalyst for diesel reforming, reducing the reforming reaction temperature can effectively prevent the catalyst from high temperature hydrolysis deactivation. Hydrogen peroxide has a good regeneration effect on Ru/Al2O3 catalyst.

Performance and Emission Comparison of Different Test Fuels in a Compression Ignition Engine with Syngas and Pyrolytic Oil Derived from Safflower

ABSTRACT This work aimed to compare the performance and emissions of different test fuels in a compression ignition engine. The fuels included diesel, SFEEE20, and SFME20, with and without a diesel reforming and partial oxidation system. Syngas and pyrolytic oil produced from Safflower were used in single and dual fuel modes. The results showed that brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased in dual fuel mode compared to single fuel mode. Diesel with SFS exhibited the highest efficiency of 32.20%, followed by SFEEE20 with SFS at 31.91% and SFME20 with SFS at 31.08%. The specific fuel consumption (SFC) decreased in dual fuel, and at maximum load condition, SFME20 with SFS demonstrated the lowest SFC of 0.3193 kg/kW-hr in dual fuel mode. SFEEE20 with and without SFS displayed SFC values of 0.28051 kg/kW-hr and 0.3005 kg/kW-hr, respectively. At maximum load condition, SFME20 with SFS exhibited an EGT of 187°C, while PME and diesel with SFS showed EGT values of 183°C and 184°C, respectively. CO and HC emissions decreased in dual fuel mode compared to single fuel mode. The work concluded that SFEEE20 with SFS showed promising results with high BTE and low emissions, making it a potential fuel blend for compression ignition engines.

Configurations and Operation Methods of Diesel-Based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System

Solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC) is a recently developed technology which has attracted increasing attention for its high efficiency and low emission. While the production and delivery of hydrogen still have giant obstacles, diesel will be a good substitute for its high heating value and low cost. However, it has not been widely used as the fuel for SOFC and researches on diesel-based SOFC system still remains to be further explored. In this work, a diesel steam reforming(SR)-SOFC system is studied. We proposed a series of system configurations of diesel-based SOFC and fitted key system units based on measured data of reforming and stack experiments. Moreover, the best system operation condition intervals were presented to achieve the maximize system efficiency and heat balance. The results suggest that a system with anode off-gas recirculation and electrodes off-gas mixture has the highest efficiency because it has higher syngas heat value and lower off-gas temperature; by adding a water condenser between reformer and SOFC stack, the system efficiency can be improved for higher percentage of H2 in syngas although the condenser will take away a part of the heat. Under this system configuration and the best system operation condition interval , the system efficiency can reach 58.2%(the stack efficiency is 45.8%), improving approximately 10% comparing with the system without anode off-gas recirculation. This research reveals the efficiency variance between different system configurations and gives a better system configuration as well as preferred operation methods, which lays a theoretical foundation for the upcoming design of a 100kw class physical system.Keywords: solid oxide fuel cell, diesel reforming, system configurations, operation method

Bench-scale NO removal using in-situ fuel-based reductant under rotating arc plasma conditions

Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions pose major human health and environmental concerns. Gliding arc plasma is a promising technology for reforming various chemicals. To the best of our knowledge, the application of rotating arc plasma for the reforming of diesel fuel as a reductant coupled to selective catalytic reduction (SCR) on the scale of real-world conditions has not been reported yet. This study aimed to investigate the reduction of NOx using hydrocarbons, as reducing agents, supplied through a rotating arc plasma reformer for SCR. Dodecane (C12H26) was selected as hydrocarbon fuel to represent diesel. The effects of the carbon-to-oxygen ratio and its associated products with ozone addition over different catalyst temperatures from room temperature (22 ± 4 °C) to 300 °C were investigated. After investigating fuel-based reductants, NO was supplied to the bench-scale system as a NOx source. Moreover, NOx removal using plasma-derived hydrocarbon species was investigated using in-situ fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. We found that an optimal carbon-to-oxygen ratio (1.4) was critical for NOx removal. Additionally, up to 95% De-NOx could be achieved as the catalyst temperature increased. Besides, additional ozone injection increased the De-NOx performance at a catalyst temperature <250 °C because of the enhanced oxygenated hydrocarbon species.

Study of Rh/Ce&lt;sub&gt;0.75&lt;/sub&gt;Zr&lt;sub&gt;0.25&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2 – δ&lt;/sub&gt;/θ-Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;/FeCrAl Catalyst Regeneration after Diesel Fuel Autothermal Reforming

A study of soot (coke) formation on the surface of a structured Rh/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2/Al2O3/FeCrAl catalyst during autothermal reforming of diesel fuel into synthesis gas was performed. The SEM studies revealed the formation of fibrous carbon particles of 5–50 µm in size on the catalyst surface. It was found that the process of coke formation occurs on the catalytic coating surface, causes no exfoliation and/or damage of the catalytic layer, and the carbon deposits are readily oxidized during catalyst regeneration by oxygen or water vapor. Intensive oxidation of soot with oxygen begins at a temperature of 450°C; a major part of carbon deposits is oxidized even before the reactor furnace reaches the operating temperature of diesel fuel autothermal reforming (750°C). Water vapor oxidizes carbon deposits as well, but less efficiently than oxygen. The catalyst regeneration with water vapor proceeds actively at a temperature of 750°C that proves the possibility of catalyst self-regeneration in the process of diesel fuel autothermal reforming, which is performed with water excess.

Improving anti-coking and sulfur-resisting performance of Rh-based lanthanum zirconate pyrochlore catalysts for diesel reforming through partial substitution with alkali earth metals

This work studied the effect of partial substitution of La by alkali earth metals (Mg, Ca, and Ba) on the catalytic performance of steam reforming of diesel over pyrochlore type catalysts with n-hexadecane as surrogate fuel. The experimental results indicated that LaBaZrRh catalyst exhibited a superb catalytic activity and sulfur tolerance with ∼100% fuel conversion and ∼65.8% H2 concentration in the reformate for a runtime over 30 h in the presence of 50 ppm sulfur. The introduction of Ba was found to greatly inhibit the coke formation and sulfur poisoning to catalysts. The H2-TPR and H2 pulse chemisorption tests further revealed that it is the partial substitution of La by Ba that enhances the interaction between the active metal Rh and La2Zr2O7 support, thus significantly improving the dispersion of Rh active component and decreasing the size of Rh particles. The XPS results showed that the electron-deficient Rh was formed in LaBaZrRh catalyst. The weaker interaction between sulfur and electron-deficient metals led to the easy breaking of the sulfur-metal bond in LaBaZrRh catalyst, thus resulting in good sulfur tolerance. Additionally, the La substitution by Ba also enhanced the concentration of oxygen vacancies, which improved the coking resistance.

Synthesis and Study of Catalytic Properties of Rh-Containing Structured Catalyst for Diesel Fuel Conversion into Synthesis Gas

In this work, we improved the technique for depositing the active oxide Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 – δ on a structured FeCrAl alloy substrate. The essence of the method is the coprecipitation of cerium and zirconium oxides on a FeCrAl grid from an aqueous solution of their nitrates Ce(NO3)3·6H2O and ZrO2(NO3)2·7–8H2O during homogeneous hydrolysis with ammonia. It was shown by XRD analysis that in the sample obtained by co-precipitation, more cerium-zirconium oxide phase is formed, moreover, it is more dispersed than obtained by impregnation technique. This method contributes to the formation of a coating with a larger specific surface area. The developed catalyst has a high activity under the conditions of autothermal reforming of diesel fuel. In the course of life tests for 200 h, it was found that the carbonization of the catalyst at a rate of 8.6 mgc \({\text{g}}_{{{\text{cat}}}}^{{ - 1}}\) h–1, as well as the accumulation of sulfur, did not affect the productivity of the catalyst with respect to synthesis gas, which was ~ 8 m3 \({\text{L}}_{{{\text{cat}}}}^{{ - 1}}\) h–1.

Effects of preparation method on exsolution and alloy formation in a PtRu bimetallic catalyst for hydrogen production via diesel reforming: Impregnation versus combustion synthesis

In diesel reforming, a catalyst is easily deteriorated by thermal sintering and coke formation. A proper preparation method improves stability by modifying the physicochemical properties of the catalyst. In this paper, the effects of preparation methods on exsolution and alloy formation in PtRu bimetallic catalysts for diesel reforming were studied. The catalysts were prepared by impregnation and combustion synthesis. The structure, surface morphology, and reduction characteristics of each catalyst were characterized by XRD, STEM, and H2-TPR. Based on these characterizations, the behavior of each catalyst in the reforming environment was identified by comparison of properties observed before and after the reaction. Pt and Ru individually crystallized from the impregnated catalyst, whereas Pt and Ru exsolved from the combustion synthesis catalyst to form a PtRu alloy. As a result, the combustion synthesis catalyst showed higher stability and coke resistance than the impregnated catalyst.

Highly active and stable catalyst with exsolved PtRu alloy nanoparticles for hydrogen production via commercial diesel reforming

Liquid fuel reforming is an efficient way to produce hydrogen for mobile fuel cell systems. However, the catalyst is easily damaged by coke formation and thermal sintering during the reaction. In this study, an exsolved PtRu alloy catalyst was investigated for hydrogen production via diesel reforming. The crystal structure, electronic state, and surface morphology of the catalyst were analyzed by XRD, XPS, and TEM. The energetics for the exsolution of metals and their surface alloy formation were also predicted based on DFT calculations. The as-prepared catalyst was found to be a solid solution where Pt and Ru were incorporated into a CeO2 lattice. During the reaction, Pt and Ru were exsolved from the support to form PtRu alloy nanoparticles. Synergistic effects were observed in the PtRu alloy catalyst. It showed improved activity and stability with high resistance to coke formation and thermal sintering compared to monometallic Pt and Ru catalysts.

The influence of aromatic compounds on the Rh-containing structured catalyst performance in steam and autothermal reforming of diesel fuel

The detailed experimental studies of the autothermal and steam reforming of model mixtures simulating the composition of commercial diesel fuel were carried out over Rh/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2-δ-ƞ-Al2O3/FeCrAl wire mesh honeycomb catalytic modules. The components of the diesel surrogates were n-hexadecane, o-xylene, and naphthalene as model compounds of aliphatics, mono-aromatics and diaromatics, respectively. It was shown that low reaction rate of diaromatics steam reforming facilitated increasing concentration of C1–C5 hydrocarbon by-products (primarily ethylene) in the gas phase, as well as formation of polyaromatic compounds by concurrent condensation reaction. These undesirable processes were responsible for increasing catalyst coking. Monoaromatic constituents hadn't any significant effect on the progress of undesirable side-reactions during autothermal and steam reforming of diesel surrogates.

Effects of synthesis route on the performance of mesoporous ceria-alumina and ceria-zirconia-alumina supported nickel catalysts in steam and autothermal reforming of diesel

Decline in catalyst performance due to coke deposition is the main problem in diesel steam (SR) and autothermal reforming (ATR) reactions. Good redox potential and strong interaction of CeO2 with nickel increase activity and coke resistivity of Ni/Al2O3 catalysts. In this study, mesoporous Al2O3, CeO2/Al2O3, and CeO2/ZrO2/Al2O3 supported nickel catalysts were successfully synthesized. The highest hydrogen yield, 97.7%, and almost no coke deposition were observed with CeO2/ZrO2/Al2O3 catalyst (Ni@8CeO2-2ZrO2-Al2O3-EISA) in SR reaction. The second highest hydrogen yield, 91.4%, was obtained with CeO2/Al2O3 catalyst (Ni@10CeO2-Al2O3-EISA) with 0.3 wt% coke deposition. Presence of ZrO2 prevented the transformation of cubic CeO2 into CeAlO3, which enhanced water gas shift reaction (WGSR) activity. Ni@10CeO2-Al2O3-EISA did not show any decline in activity in a long-term performance test. Higher CeO2 incorporation (20 wt%) caused lower steam reforming activity. Change of synthesis route from one-pot to impregnation for the CeO2 incorporation decreased the number of acid sites, limiting cracking reactions and causing a significant drop in hydrogen production.

Thermodynamic performance study of a new SOFC–CCHP system with diesel reforming by CLHG to produce hydrogen as fuel

In this paper, a combined cooling, heating and power system based on diesel-fueled chemical looping hydrogen generation and solid oxide fuel cell, and with CO2 capture was established. The system can achieve efficient power generation while separating CO2 without energy consumption, and effectively avoid the carbon deposition problem. Aspen software is used to simulate the process of the system, and FORTRAN program is used to calculate, through the thermodynamic analysis model, the unique performance change law of the new system using diesel is obtained, and thermodynamic analysis is performed on the system at last. The results show that the power efficiency of the new system is 54.1%, while the exergy efficiency and fuel energy saving ratio can reach 53%. At the same time, the influence of fuel flow and fuel utilization factor on the system performance does not continue to increase or decrease, and the system performance parameters will have a peak value with the change of pressure. The results not only provide a theoretical basis for the future construction of new diesel-fueled energy supply system, but also provide a new idea for the optimization scheme of energy-saving system and carbon recovery.

Operation of Rh/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2-δ-ƞ-Al2O3/FeCrAl wire mesh honeycomb catalytic modules in diesel steam and autothermal reforming

The Rh/Ce0·75Zr0·25O2–δ-ƞ-Al2O3/FeCrAl structured catalytic blocks of length 10, 20, and 60 mm were prepared and tested in the reactions of steam and autothermal reforming of n-hexadecane. It was found in a series of experiments on hexadecane steam reforming with the catalyst heating solely through the reactor wall that the complete conversion of hexadecane at a furnace temperature below 750 °C was not achieved even at GHSV = 10,000 h−1. Under these conditions, the formation of carbon on the catalyst surface was observed. At the reactor wall temperature of 800 °C, the complete conversion of hexadecane was achieved even in the 10 mm long catalytic block (GHSV = 60,000 h−1), accompanied by the formation of various intermediate light hydrocarbons. To achieve complete conversion of these intermediate compounds (mainly 1-alkenes), it is necessary to carry out the steam reforming reaction at GHSV = 10,000 h−1. At hexadecane autothermal reforming, heat is supplied to the reaction zone by exothermic oxidation reaction, which makes this process more efficient. In experiments with the use of additional external heat supply through the reactor wall, complete conversion of hexadecane occurred at GHSV = 120,000 h−1. To convert all by-products (mainly 1-alkenes) and achieve a nearly thermodynamic equilibrium distribution of the main reaction products (H2, CO, CO2), the reaction should be carried out at GHSV = 20,000 h−1. Without external heat supply, hexadecane conversion decreased, while the content of light hydrocarbons in the reaction products increased. An increase in the inlet amount of oxygen helps to compensate the heat losses in the reactor and to increase the efficiency of hexadecane autothermal reforming. The performed experiments allow better understanding of the processes which occur during the steam and autothermal reforming of diesel.