Law Enforcement Reform Research Articles

Playing politics with traffic fines: Sheriff elections and political cycles in traffic fines revenue

AbstractThe political budget cycle theory has extensively documented how politicians manipulate policies during election years to gain an electoral advantage. This paper focuses on county sheriffs, crucial but often neglected local officials, and investigates their opportunistic political behavior during elections. Using a panel data set covering 57 California county governments over four election cycles, we find compelling evidence of traffic enforcement policy manipulation by county sheriffs during election years. Specifically, a county's per capita traffic fines revenue is 30% lower in the election than in nonelection years. The magnitude of the political cycle intensifies when an incumbent sheriff runs for reelection or an election is competitive. Our findings contribute to the political budget cycle theory and provide timely insights into the ongoing debate surrounding law enforcement reform and local governments’ increasing reliance on fines and fees revenue.

Вдосконалення системи соціального забезпечення поліцейських як необхідний напрям трансформаційних процесів в Україні

The further development of Ukraine and its formation as a legal and social state are inextricably linked with the development of its state institutions, the effective functioning of which depends on proper support from the state. Social policy is a defining direction of the state’s internal policy and is aimed at ensuring the conditions for a dignified life, free human development, and a high level of well-being. One of the important and necessary state institutions in modern conditions is the National Police of Ukraine. In the system of state bodies, the National Police of Ukraine occupies one of the key positions, implementing the law enforcement function and performing a fairly wide range of tasks to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens, therefore the social protection of the employees of the National Police of Ukraine plays an important role. At the same time, the social welfare of police officers attracts the attention of scientists and practitioners due to the presence of unresolved problems, which creates obstacles on the way to development and stability in society. The creation of an effective system of social security for police officers is one of the main directions of law enforcement reform, which has a certain specificity due to the performance of their professional activities, which are associated with increased risk and danger. The development of a fundamental legislative framework, which must meet the modern requirements of social life and international standards, is the primary task of a successful process of reforming the sphere of social security for employees of the National Police of Ukraine. Special attention should be paid to the issue of social guarantees of police officers, because the system of social guarantees in the National Police bodies is a prerequisite for the activity of the National Police of Ukraine as a whole. Keywords: social protection, social security, wages, wages, monetary support, salary, additional payments, allowances, bonuses, special subjects of labor law, National Police of Ukraine.

Fusion centers as an important component of the Intelligence-led Policing (ILP) model

The article focuses on the current issues of law enforcement reform based on the introduction of a new model of Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP). The essence of this model is briefly presented and important emphasis is placed on its successful implementation.
 The key subject of the study is the activities of fusion centers, which occupy an important place in the American law enforcement system precisely as the relevant content and an essential component of the implementation of the ILP philosophy. It is noted that fusion centers were created to serve as a single point of contact for obtaining information on crime, terrorism and information related to crime, terrorism and threats, for its analysis and dissemination in order to improve situational and operational awareness. Attention is focused on the processes of obtaining and exchanging intelligence analytical data between end users and fusion centers.
 It is emphasized that current research on a number of fusion center characteristics, including information sharing, relationships, and analytical functions, has contributed to the academic understanding of these new organizations, and has contextualized these functions as a component of local ILP efforts. The literature on intelligence- driven policing and law enforcement fusion centers argues that intelligence-driven policing can be improved by improving the dissemination of intelligence products from fusion centers. However, it is important to analyze the extent to which studies characterize the relationship between law enforcement agencies and fusion centers, how these analytical products are perceived and how useful they are to law enforcement agencies, and whether analytical products are further shared within law enforcement agencies.

Politik Hukum Penegakan Tindak Pidana Pemilu Perspektif Keadilan Bermartabat

Abstract
 Election criminal law is built and enforced as a legal instrument for eradicating election criminal acts. In fact there is a demand to reform the legal politics of election crime enforcement from the perspective of dignified justice to create honest, fair and dignified elections. The problem studied is how the current law enforcement of election crimes is political and why it is important to reform the law enforcement politics of election crimes based on dignified justice. The research was conducted using a juridical-normative method with statutory and doctrinal approaches. The results of the study show that the regulation of election crimes is contained in a book of election law laws (UU No.7 of 2017 last amended by Law No.7 of 2023) there are as many as 67 articles consisting of offenses and crimes. Many criminal provisions are irrelevant, the enforcement of election criminal law is still far from what was expected, so it is necessary to reform law enforcement in a structured and systematic manner both from the aspect of substance, structure and legal culture. The politics of election criminal law currently places punishment as the foremost legal means, while the demands for the development of law enforcement for election criminal acts that are expected are punishment as a last resort and reform of law enforcement for election criminal acts based on dignified justice (justice that humanizes humans) a necessity in the context of guaranteeing legal objectives (fairness, benefit and certainty) and the objectives of holding elections that are fair and with integrity, legal certainty, effectiveness based on values, principles, norms and rules rooted in the spirit of the nation (volksgeid), namely Pancasila.Keywords: Legal Politics, Crime, Dignified Elections.

Participation of the prosecutor in the proceedings outside the limits of the public prosecution

The article examines the topical issues of the prosecutor's representative function in judicial proceedings in the conditions of law enforcement reform and martial law. Special attention is paid to consideration of issues regarding the limits of the prosecutor's representation of the state's interests in court proceedings. The views of scientists on the place and role of the prosecutor in the judiciary are analyzed, and the author's definition of the concept of the prosecutor's representative function in court is presented. The dual legal nature of the participation of the prosecutor in the judicial proceedings is shown, who, on the one hand, is a participant in the case, and on the other hand, retains the elements of supervision over the legality of procedural actions of other participants and court decisions. The legal status of the prosecutor in the process of representing the interests of the state in court and in other cases of his participation in the consideration of administrative, economic and civil cases by the courts was studied. The expediency of limiting the representation of the interests of the state in court by the prosecutor to the sphere of defense, budgetary relations and corruption and narrowing the scope of the prosecutor's powers in court, in particular due to the right to enter into the consideration of the case at the request of other persons at any stage of the court proceedings and to initiate the review of court decisions independently from his participation in the proceedings. A comparative analysis of the norms of laws and the branch order of the Public Prosecutor's Office regarding the participation of the prosecutor in certain types of judicial proceedings was carried out in order to check their compliance with the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, and attention was drawn to existing discrepancies and the need for their correction. It is proved that the content of the concept of participation of the prosecutor in judicial proceedings is broader than the concept of representation by the prosecutor in court. It was established that with the addition of the Law of Ukraine «On the Commissioner of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for Human Rights» and the introduction of relevant changes to the procedural codes of Ukraine, the Commissioner of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for Human Rights completely took over the function of the prosecutor's office in representing the interests of citizens in court, having received the appropriate powers, in including those that belonged exclusively to prosecutors. Legislative proposals on further reform of the prosecutor's participation in the judicial process were provided, in particular, it was proposed to limit the representation of the state's interests by the prosecutor to the spheres of defense, the budget and anti-corruption during martial law, and in the future, if there are appropriate social, political and legal conditions, to completely abandon the representative function of the prosecutor in court. In the post-war period, it was proposed to amend Clause 2 of Part 1 of Article 131-1 of the Constitution of Ukraine, where instead of representing the interests of the state in court, it should be written «other participation of the prosecutor in the proceedings in the cases and procedure specified by law». Key words: prosecutor, representation in court, interests of the state, interests of the citizen, legal status of the prosecutor, judiciary, function of the prosecutor's office, human rights commissioner.

The progress of Indonesian law enforcement reform after 25 years of the reform movement

This study aims to examine the development of law enforcement reform in Indonesia, which has become very relevant after the economic crisis in Asia in 1997, which led to political turmoil and legal reform in Indonesia. This research is normative legal research, with primary data sourced from decisions of the Supreme Court and courts under the Supreme Court, regulations from the Attorney General’s Office and the National Police Chief, and decisions on case settlements by law enforcement officials; Secondary data obtained from books, journals, and the Internet. The study found that investigators and public prosecutors often settle cases out of court in criminal law enforcement with a restorative justice approach through peace and reconciliation. Judges sometimes act in violation of the rules of procedural law to achieve substantive justice. In enforcing civil law, courts only intervene when the parties involved fail to settle their disputes outside of court. This finding also indicates a high degree of acceptability of court decisions. In conclusion, law enforcement agencies and officials in Indonesia have made significant progress in implementing progressive law, as evidenced by the settlement of cases through mediation using a restorative justice approach.

Local Self-Government as the Factor of Restoration of the Ukrainian Economy

The purpose of the article is to identify the leading factors for the recovery of the Ukrainian economy, using the resources of local government. Research methodology includes: historical, system-structural and comparative studies (to understand the successful experience of developing economically selfsufficient local self-government); monographic analysis (when studying the leading socio-economic factors in the formation of effective local and territorial communities); statistical and economic analysis (when assessing the potential of local communities in the economic processes of the country). Scientific novelty. It has been revealed that in the modern world the formation of economically self-sufficient local communities is an extremely complex and longterm process, which depends not only on the local community, local government, but also on the balanced policy of the central authorities. Unlike most countries in the world, Ukraine has gone through a difficult path of reforms to form effective, economically self-sufficient territorial communities. It is proved that a number of laws, legislative initiatives and regulations in Ukraine significantly oppress local self-government; and it is also noted that political structures and parties in Ukraine, working in local governments, do not always contribute to the development of territorial communities. It is proposed to carry out appropriate comprehensive reforms: 1) to strengthen the transparency, responsibility and institutional capacity of state authorities and local self-government in their accountability to society; 2) intensify the reform of judicial, law enforcement and regulatory bodies of state power, local self-government, carry out maximum digitalization, introduce a system of efficiency and reduce discretion; 3) to carry out real deoligarchization and bring big business to the values of social responsibility in Ukrainian society; 4) to form measures to transfer the economy and society to greater innovation and creative values; 5) launch infrastructure reform; 6) reform social and family values. Conclusions. The communities that received resources and great powers basically did not realize their economic potential. The asymmetry of the economic development of the regions of Ukraine over the past 9-10 years has only intensified. The reason is a significant number of laws and regulations that are contrary to the interests or do not allow to reveal the potential of local communities. Such problems can be resolved at the legislative level, taking into account the needs of local communities. In addition, opacity, corruption, and inconsistency in the actions of local and state authorities are often manifested; therefore, the author’s proposals for reform (6 points) are the key to the formation of economically successful and self-sufficient communities. Key words: local communities, local self-government, local self-government economy, regional economy, organization of local self-government in the global economy.

Under-Legislation in Electronic Trials and Renewing Criminal Law Enforcement in Indonesia (Comparison with United States)

This paper aims to propose the implementation of electronic justice within the Indonesian criminal justice system, focusing on the reform of criminal law enforcement. The research methodology employed is normative legal research. The findings of the study reveal two key points. Firstly, it is crucial to regulate digital-based criminal justice at the legislative level, particularly through the reform of the Code of Criminal Procedure (KUHAP). The current implementation of electronic criminal trials presents challenges, and the legal foundation for conducting such trials is established by external entities rather than the legislative institution. Therefore, incorporating regulations on electronic criminal trials in future KUHAP reforms is vital to facilitate criminal law reform. As it stands, electronic criminal trials lack specific legal regulations. Secondly, the existing KUHAP does not sufficiently address the issue of technological advancements, as it cannot anticipate rapid changes in technology. Consequently, a legal framework should be established to address this issue. This framework should ensure the availability of modern technological devices and necessary resources to facilitate digital-based criminal justice. Additionally, it should introduce laws governing electronic courts and initiate legal reforms through the revision of Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Procedure Law (KUHAP). To provide an example, the United States has regulated electronic criminal proceedings through the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), which implements fiscal stimulus policies and allows for video conferencing in certain cases. Such regulations can serve as a reference point for the implementation of electronic criminal proceedings in Indonesia.

Socio-Economic Perspective in Albania, Objectives and Implementing Instruments

Every policymaker, before drafting a socio-economic policy, must consider the impact of the drafted policy and the effects on all interest groups. In this paper, economic policies that have a direct impact on society, research instruments, and law enforcement reforms will be presented. The methodology for collecting information, and comparison of legal analysis and data to achieve the results of this paper will be used qualitative and quantitative methods, as well as descriptive methods. The paper is based on a detailed analysis of the sources primary and resources. The study, understanding, and then explanation or drafting of social economic policies cannot be achieved without first studying the main object with which this policy deals, which is money. The descriptive method used in this paper aims to reflect the current state of implementing instruments in Albania. The statistical method was used to analyze the study materials. Every individual, business, and institution carries out its expenses depending on the income. The government realizes its income through taxation and depending on this income it draws up the expenditure plan. This is a rule that no one can avoid.
 
 Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023

Организационно-педагогические условия формирования нравственных ценностей у курсантов вузов МВД Республики Казахстан для профилактики коррупционного поведения

In the era of law enforcement reform, it is very important to pay close attention to the quality and content of the personal structures of graduates of departmental educational institutions. The basis of the philosophy of policing in Kazakhstan today is the idea of a helpful police officer who fully meets the needs of society and the requirements of the state. One of the main requirements for police in modern Kazakhstan is resistance to corruption. The author’s idea is that the formation of moral values in cadets during their training in a departmental university can become a qualitative basis for the prevention of corruption offences of police officers in the future. The author considers some shortcomings of departmental education that hinder the process of developing moral values, and describes the conditions under which this process can take place more effectively. In addition, the author describes a model for the formation of moral values in cadets, which can be used in the educational process of the university. In describing the model the author lists criteria and indicators that will help to assess the degree of formation of moral values in cadets and conduct qualitative monitoring of the results of the work on their formation.

A Comparison of Appointment of Supreme Court Justices in Indonesia and Malaysia

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the model of the appointment of Supreme Court justices in Indonesia and Malaysia and to find out a better model of judicial appointment in producing better quality justices. By using normative and empirical research, it concludes that first, the appointment of Supreme Court justices in Indonesia uses two methods namely career paths and professional paths (non-career paths). This system is built after political reform where one of the agendas is the reform of law enforcement. While the appointment of justices in Malaysia demonstrates the dominance of executive power in the decision to appoint justices who were finally appointed by the Yang Dipertuan Agong. Therefore, there is pressure to make the process of appointing justices more transparent to produce more credible and independent justices. In 2009, the Judicial Appointments Commission was established in Malaysia to ensure an unbiased selection of judicial candidates for the consideration of the Prime Minister. Second, the requirements for selecting Supreme Court justices in Indonesia are more detailed and longer process than in Malaysia because the process of selecting Supreme Court justices is done by the Judicial Commission and there is a confirmation hearings process in the House of Representatives. In fact, the selection process affects the independence, impartiality, and integrity of the Supreme Court justices. Although Malaysia does not have any judicially determining cases on the lack of integrity of Supreme Court Justices, there were allegations of impropriety.

Organizational and legal bases of professional development of employees of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine

The article is devoted to the research of organizational and legal bases of professional development and activity of employees of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine and definition of ways and directions of improvement of their activity. The peculiarities of professional training of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine and the importance of professional development in the SBGS, as this is a special purpose law enforcement body, is part of the security and protection sector of Ukraine.
 The article reveals the essence and structure of professional competence of the SBGS servicemen, highlights the prospects and current directions of law enforcement reform. It is established that such an organized structure as the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine is a rather complex, multilevel and integrated system, whose employees must constantly undergo training and acquire specific knowledge, skills and abilities to ensure readiness to perform their functions and responsibilities within the activities of this law enforcement agency.
 It also highlights the main tasks of forming a new system of military education in Ukraine and the main requirements to be considered in the further development of military education, with emphasis on such important issues as: improving the information and educational space using the latest digital tools and modernization decentralization of the management system and improvement of legislation.
 It is determined that in order to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, employees of this special purpose law enforcement agency must constantly work on the formation of professional competencies and skills to properly perform the tasks assigned to the SBGS, namely tasks to ensure border and protection of Ukraine's sovereign rights in its adjacent zone and exclusive (maritime) economic zone, because in today's circumstances, each employee of this body must be able to act in experimental conditions of actual hostilities, possess different weapons and military equipment.

Conjuring the Caliphate: Race, Muslim Politics, and the Tribulation of Surveillance

ABSTRACT In light of the recent visibility of police violence, the American public has increasingly called for law enforcement reforms. What remains missing from these conversations is how reformist or counterinsurgency policing in the United States as developed during the domestic War on Terror depends on anti-Muslim racism and invokes the specter of a so-called “Islamist Caliphate.” This essay troubles racialized notions of the caliphate and narratives about Muslim youth radicalization by considering the relevance of the caliphate concept to Muslim Americans in the surveillance age. It examines how youth of color in Greater Los Angeles, CA, targeted by surveillance infrastructures, invoke stories from the Islamic past to reckon with their own tribulation under emergent regimes of antiterror policing. As such, it probes into how the emergent grammar of a caliphate of care enables ethico-political projects to create the time and space for Islamic virtue to thrive in Southern California.

Experience in organizing the activities of law enforcement agencies in European countries

The article considers foreign experience in organizing the activities of law enforcement agencies. It is determined that the field of law enforcement is constantly in a state of dynamic transformation and improvement, which to some extent reflects the direction of national legislation and policies.
 It is also noted that according to modern requirements, maintaining the rule of law is one of the most important tasks of the state, so in organizing the work of law enforcement agencies, the implementation of international experience is one of the most important tasks of the rule of law. One of the current trends in the development of the legal system is its openness, which determines the possibility of using advanced foreign concepts to implement universally recognized international principles, norms and standards of human and civil rights and freedoms.It is emphasized that the following facts should be taken into account: historical traditions of legislation and law enforcement, features of socio-economic and cultural development of countries, general cultural and legal consciousness of the population, degree of interaction with government and civil society, features of national police, logistics. providing police and other important factors. International law enforcement standards have an important role to play in policing.It was found that abroad, as in Ukraine, law enforcement reform is part of administrative reform, and the direction of its implementation often depends on the overall objectives of public administration reform. The purpose of most reforms in foreign countries is to: increase the efficiency of national systems; transforming the country into a responsible employer capable of attracting a sufficient number of workers with the necessary qualifications, controlling the cost of their maintenance; increasing the confidence of the private sector and citizens in public institutions.Three models of internal security in European countries are considered: centralized or continental model (Norway, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Sweden, Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg), decentralized model (Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Romania, Combino) (integrated) model (UK, Germany, Netherlands).

Правові основи забезпечення доступності правоохоронної допомоги (сервісу) в контексті реформування органів правопорядку

The article proposes to consider the issue of accessibility as an integral part of the system of legal mechanism for the implementation of law enforcement activities. Accessibility of law enforcement assistance (service) is revealed through the following features: it is a priority step towards the realization of the right to protection; ensures the use of the entire law enforcement infrastructure for the approval, protection, restoration of rights and interests, counteraction and cessation of offenses, protection of property, etc.; dissociates itself from access to the profession of a law enforcement officer, as personnel policy is a separate (independent) area of ​​law enforcement management; has many features in common with the availability of judicial protection, while the threshold barrier to the admissibility of claims in access to the latter is much higher compared to appealing to law enforcement agencies; the amount of access to the law enforcement service is its mandatory attribute, which characterizes the availability of such a level of access that will be sufficient and effective to obtain the necessary law enforcement assistance. In order to prevent systematic violations of accounting and registration discipline as a way to ensure access to law enforcement services, it is necessary to regularly raise regulatory awareness and legal culture of law enforcement officers through trainings, seminars and other training activities. The reality of law enforcement assistance is one of the most complex from a practical point of view and at the same time effective indicators of accessibility to the state infrastructure of law enforcement functions. Key words: accessibility, access, law enforcement assistance (service), law enforcement function, law enforcement reform, decentralization of law enforcement infrastructure, accounting and registration discipline.

The Klobuchar Bill: Is Something Rotten in the US Antitrust Legislative Reform?

An intense public debate is currently taking place in the US. The main subject of this debate is tech giants and the antitrust law reform. The fundamental dilemma is whether giant corporations, such as Apple, Google, Amazon, Microsoft, and Facebook, fit the traditional antitrust law or not. Senator Klobuchar proposed the new bill (the Competition and Antitrust Law Enforcement Reform Act) in 2021, and Congress is currently between a rock and a hard place. If Congress decides to support the New Brandeis movement and enact the bill, it could harm the tech giants and make the US start lagging behind China. If it decides otherwise, it could cause considerable dissatisfaction among US voters. This paper analyses the bill in detail and explores the possible outcomes. The conclusions suggest that enactment of the bill could have overwhelmingly adverse economic consequences for the competitiveness of US markets, innovation, and consequently for consumer welfare.

АНАЛІЗ ОСНОВНИХ ПОКАЗНИКІВ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ ТЕХНІЧНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ УКРАЇНИ

The implementation of Ukraine's social and economic development program requires significant funds. Domestic sources of funding are very limited and improve the economy to support vital areas of society. Therefore, the Government of Finance of Ukraine pays special attention to finding sources of economic development. One such source of funding is international technical assistance, the main task of which is to promote economic and social transformation in countries with economies in transition, including Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main indicators of international technical assistance to Ukraine. The article is devoted to the analysis of the main indicators of international technical assistance to Ukraine. In the article, the authors analyze and provide the number of international technical assistance projects by development partners. The article presents statistics on the number of international technical assistance projects by sector, namely law enforcement reform, energy efficiency, agriculture and land market development, education and science reform, judiciary, health care and reform, ecology and household waste management, development democracy and the electoral process, deregulation and development of entrepreneurship, development of trade and export potential. In the article, the authors examined the amount of international technical assistance provided by sector in accordance with the estimated cost of projects. In the article, the authors consider the amount of funds used for international technical assistance in the framework of existing projects in 2020 by development partners, namely from the European Union, Great Britain, the United States, Germany, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the United Nations , Canada, Nordic Environmental Finance Corporation, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, European Investment Bank, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Japan, Denmark. The article presents statistical data on the amount of international technical assistance provided by forms of assistance, namely the purchase of vehicles, equipment, communication services, rent, software, business trips, conferences and media events, trainings, construction work, repairs, information services and consultations.

ЩОДО ЗАХИСТУ ЧЕСТІ І ГІДНОСТІ ГРОМАДЯН ТА ПРАЦІВНИКІВ ПРАВООХОРОННИХ ОРГАНІВ: ПОСИЛЕННЯ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНОЇ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОСТІ

The purpose of the article is to highlight the key issues related to legal liability for administrative offenses under article 173 and article 185 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses. The author takes as a basis the proposals of the legislator set out in the Draft Law on Amendments to the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses to protect the honor and dignity of citizens and law enforcement officers. A number of methods are used, which are determined by its purpose and objectives. Logical-semantic and formal-logical methods were used to improve the conceptual apparatus by defining the concepts of “public obscenity” and “public”, “public place”. The statistical method was used to review the dynamics of offenses in Ukraine. The comparative legal method was used in the implementation of all research objectives. The role and importance of administrative responsibility in the process of protection and protection of human rights and freedoms as an integral part of ensuring constitutional human rights in the context of аrticle 173 of the Code of Administrative Offenses and further optimization in the light of the issue under аrticle 185 of the Code of Administrative Offenses in terms of the perception of law enforcement officers as an important part of law enforcement reform, as adequate perception of police officers is associated with a high level of trust in them, with the prestige, popularity of their profession among the population. It was found that these offenses are characterized by significant fluctuations, primarily due to their latency (2010, 2015, 2018), small administrative penalties, fines, as well as the practice of combining several cases into one proceeding and imposition of sanctions under the “rule absorption” within the sanction of the norm. Judicial practice in cases of petty hooliganism and malicious disobedience is considered. The author bases the main proposals using the Unified state register of court decisions. In the conclusions, the author partially agrees with the legislator’s proposals to increase the amount of the fine. The main proposals of the author are that: 1) the combination in аrticle 173 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of such words as “public” and “obscene swearing in public places”, the single concept of “public obscene swearing in public places” does not seem very successful and is the result of the predominant use in the administrative field of these terms without interpretation; 2) аrticle 185 of the Code of Administrative Offenses should be supplemented by a combination of or insulting them in any form, which will significantly affect the positive case law. This can be explained by the fact that the article does not describe possible forms of insulting a police officer.

BACKGROUND PROVISIONS OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF THE LAW ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM

Study of the initial provisions of public administration in the field of law enforcement reform, we have limited their composition and establishment of features. It is established that the object of public administration in the field of law enforcement reform should be understood as public relations to which the tools of law enforcement are used, the actual methods of law enforcement, and the activities of entities implementing law enforcement. In turn, the subjects will be the central executive bodies that implement state policy in the field of law enforcement, local governments, and law enforcement agencies. The tasks of public administration of the law enforcement system include: establishing a system of communication between law enforcement agencies to perform the tasks assigned to them by law; formation of financial support for the activities of law enforcement agencies; development and implementation of law enforcement reforms; formation of resource support for the implementation of reforms and the functioning of law enforcement agencies; formation of information support for the implementation of reforms in the law enforcement sphere; organization of training and retraining of law enforcement personnel; organization of information and communication system of interaction of law enforcement agencies with international police organizations. The implementation of these tasks will ensure the adoption of highly effective public administration decisions on the development and implementation of reforms in the law enforcement sphere, which should ensure the effectiveness of the law enforcement system. The selection of the following principles of the law enforcement system, the observance of which should be aimed at public administration decisions: legality; justice; equality; professionalism; competence; political ness; continuity; independence. Keywords: public administration, law enforcement, law enforcement reform, highly effective public administration decisions, legality, justice, equality, professionalism, competence, policy, continuity, independence.

Parity democracy and gender equality in the activities of the National police of Ukraine

The article examines the representation of women, which still remains poorly integrated in the activities of the National Police of Ukraine, analyzes stereotypes about the «inferiority of women», which are based on the belief that women have no place in law enforcement due to lack of relevant qualities, skills and abilities in specific conditions, it still remains a hidden root in the system of psychological, organizational and regulatory support of the National Police of Ukraine. Such stratification can be traced already during the selection for training in specialized institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, when a specific number of places for women and men is determined, ie a certain quantitative and gender boundary is drawn. The state of implementation of gender-balanced approach de jure it is free from systemic barriers to full participation in professional activities regardless of gender, where in practice it causes a number of problems for both women and men that need immediate solution at both the level of legal doctrine and legislation. Of Ukraine, which regulates gender equality in the National Police of Ukraine. The article notes the importance of transformational changes in society and maintaining a course towards Europeanization, where the role of women is still growing and gradually taking new positions until recently were considered purely male, partially beginning to change their composition. In general, these problems are universal for all countries, where women are recruited to law enforcement agencies, which have the same functional responsibilities and burdens as men. The main question is how much the state is interested in implementing gender parity and applying a gender approach in practice. This requires the institutional restructuring of the National Police of Ukraine, which is very relevant in the light of modern law enforcement reform and, accordingly, requires not only legislative changes but also purposeful systematic alignment of ingrained informal norms and practices. that one of the problems for women is the appointment of a police officer. Such stratification can be traced already during the selection for training in specialized institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, when a specific number of places for women and men is determined, ie a certain quantitative and gender boundary is drawn.