Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Olein Research Articles

Analisis Pengendalian Kualitas Presentase Olein RBDPL Utama Pada Proses Fraksinasi Di PT. Y Dengan Metode Statistical Quality Control

PT Y is one of the largest vegetable oil processor companies in Indonesia. In the process, palm oil processing produces 2 types of end products, namely RBDPS (Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Sterin) and RBDPL (Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Olein) which are the main results for cooking oil. This study aims to interpret the percentage data of RBDPL (yield) value using the Xbar – R control chart and analyze the 2 main divisions that play a role, namely Production and Quality Control, the cause of the non-conformity to the yield value that has been targeted by the company through fishbone diagrams. The results of this study indicate that the average RBDPL yield is only 55.92% while the company's target is 60% and the main causes of non-conformance are in humans, methods and machines. Keywords: RBDPL, Statistical Quality Control, Yield.

LIPASE-CATALYZED TRANSESTERIFICATION OF MEDIUM-LONG-MEDIUM STRUCTURED LIPID (MLM-SL) USING PALM OLEIN AND PALM KERNEL OIL IN BATCH AND CONTINUOUS SYSTEMS

Lipase-catalyzed transesterification between refined bleached deodorized palm olein (RBDO) and palm kernel oil (RBDPKO) has been investigated to produce medium-long-medium structured lipid (MLM-SL). The synthesis was catalyzed by a specific sn-1,3 commercial lipase (Lipozyme TL IM) in batch and continuous systems. Progress of the transesterification of this study was monitored as triacylglycerol (TAG) with equivalent carbon number (ECN) 40, presumably that of 1,3-dilauryl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (LaOLa). The results showed that lipase-catalyzed transesterification using RBDO and RBDPKO could potentially be used as the main substrate for MLM-SL synthesis, both for batch and continuous systems. In batch system, transesterification of RBDO and RBDPKO at the ratio of 1:2 at 50oC yielded in the highest concentration of ECN 40 (LaLaO/LaOLa, 7.34%) but also a higher total concentration of partial acylglycerol fractions (Di- and Monoacylglycerols; DAGs and MAGs). Thus, this condition also obtained transesterified lipid rich in EC N40 with a lower slip melting point as compared to other substrate ratios. In a continuous system, transesterification at RDBO:RBDPKO of 1:1 at 50oC and 15 min of residence time were selected as the optimum conditions, resulting in 5.39% EC N40 with a minimum concentration of DAGs and MAGs.

Electrical Breakdown Voltage of Palm Oil and Nano Graphene Filler in Nanofluids Application on Transformer Insulating Oil

Generally, power transformers have been using mineral oil as a liquid insulator due to its availability and excellent dielectric property. However, petroleum sources are depleting, which implies that mineral oil is going to be limited in availability. So, this research is to investigate on vegetable oil with nanographene filler as a substitution. Vegetable insulating oil is considered as environment-friendly insulating oil due to their superiority of biodegradable, nature-friendly, high fire-point, and good level of breakdown voltage (BV). Nevertheless, vegetable insulating oil have high viscosity, leading to a slow flow rate on the cooling performance of power transformers. To solve this problem, a process of transesterification was used to produce palm oil methyl ester (POME) from a refined bleached deodorized palm olein (RBDPO) to reduce its viscosity. RBDPO and POME were used as two kinds of fluid-based to combine with graphene nanoparticles (GNPs). Electrical breakdown voltage tests were performed by the IEC60156 standard. The results shown that POME have higher BV than RBDPO but adding GNPs may lead to lower BV even with a small amount of concentration. Nevertheless, every nanofluid has a higher BV than 30 kV.

Comparative evaluation of crude Tamanu oil performance as metalworking fluids

In manufacturing industry, metalworking fluids which are mineral based oils are widely applied as feedstock for many sorts of lubrication and cooling applications, posing environmental and health risks. As an alternative replacement, plant-based oils are found to be a viable contender to the mineral-based oil performance. However, crude vegetable oils possess high viscosity values, and low thermal oxidative stability, which prompted the oil modification method to improve the oil's physicochemical properties. The purpose of this study is to investigate the machining performance of a novel Crude Tamanu oil (CTO), a product from Pahang, Malaysia, market ready Crude jatropha oil (CJO), commercially available Refined, bleached & deodorized palm olein (RBDPO) and Synthetic ester (SE) during the turning process of AISI 316L stainless steel disc using minimum quality lubrication (MQL) technique. The process outcomes are cutting forces, deformed chip thickness, chip curling effect, and elemental compositions on the surface morphology of the cutting inserts. Based on the experimental results, the best plant-based lubricant in its crude form is revealed by the machining lubricated with CJO, which outperforms all the other tested lubricant samples. The CTO possesses a high kinematic viscosity and viscosity index values, which leads to a huge opportunity for further improvement on its lubrication properties that could improvise its antiwear and antifriction behaviors. This work could further support the sustainable manufacturing efforts in enhancing ‘greener’ metalworking applications as well as the agricultural and the socio economy of the nation.

Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of medium-long-medium structured lipid (MLM-SL) using palm olein and tricaprylin in packed-bed reactor (PBR)

Lipase-catalyzed transesterification between refined bleached deodorized palm olein (RBDO) and tricaprylin to produce medium-long-medium structured lipid (MLM-SL) in a packed bed reactor (PBR) has been investigated. A specific sn-1,3 commercial Lipozyme TL IM was used as biocatalyst. Within this study, the progress of transesterification was monitored especially for triacylglycerol (TAG) formation with equivalent carbon number (ECN) of 32, presumably 1,3-dicapryoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (COC). Transesterification conditions investigated were residence times (i.e., 15, 30, and 60 min) and enzyme loadings (2.0 and 4.5 g). The highest yield of ECN 32 (13%) and transesterification degree (71%) were obtained at residence time of 15 mins for both enzyme loadings. Longer residence time seemed to facilitate lipid hydrolysis over transesterification. This was indicated by the number of peaks appearing in the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatograms and the reduction of fat slip melting point (SMP). Additionally, the highest productivity was obtained at 2.0 g enzyme loading. Conclusively, this study has demonstrated the potential use of packed-bed reactor with immobilized Lipozyme TL IM for continuous synthesis of MLM-SLs especially TAG with ECN32.

Material Contact and Environmental Effects on Vitamin A Fortified Vegetable Frying Oil

Observations about the impact of environmental parameters and time, on fortified vegetable oil, using typical commercial grade linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) packaging during typical shelf-life conditions, are minimal. We tested the long-term (12 months) impact of temperature and illuminance (light: 100 to 150 lux and darkness <1 lux) on refined bleached deodorized palm olein (RBDPOL), fortified with vitamin A, and without antioxidant. Results showed degradation of fortified RBDPOL with 70 ppm vitamin A was approximately 19% at 18-22oC in Light, 18% at 18-22oC in Darkness, 38% at 32-33oC in light and 24% 32-33oC in darkness. A similar trend was observed at 45 ppm vitamin A. Exposure to both heat and light impacted vitamin A degradation, but was primarily attributed to prolonged exposure at elevated temperature, irrespective of the packaging material. This short study validates extensive research by Silalahi et al., (2017), doi:10.1111/ijfs.13462 on the impact of environmental effects of fortified vegetable frying oil, during extensive storage life periods.

Competitiveness of Palm Oil Products in International Trade: An Analysis between Indonesia and Malaysia

The supply of palm oil products is still a central issue in international trade. Indonesia and Malaysia are major suppliers, contributing around 85% of world palm oil. Hence, both countries have an important role, as well as competing with each other in international trade. The palm oil products usually in high demand worldwide include Crude Palm Oil (CPO), which is the main and its derivative products such as Refined Bleached Deodorized (RBD) palm olein and Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD). Therefore, the research aims at assessing the competitiveness of palm oil products between Indonesia and Malaysia in international trade. The Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and products mapping methods were used in this assessment. The results show that, the value of RCA of Indonesian CPO showed a negative trend, although, still higher than Malaysia, though with positive trend. However, Indonesian RBD palm olein and PFAD have a positive trend compared with Malaysia. Upon using the method of products mapping, it was found that, the palm oil products of both countries were in group A. This is an indication that the products have comparative advantage and export specialization. Therefore, there is need for strategic policies, in both countries, for supporting oil palm activities at the downstream. This will enhance the production of derivative products with the capacity of also meeting demands in the international trade.

The Environmental effects on fortified palm olein in the Anthropocene

Until now, no literature exists to explain about the impact of time, and environmental parameters, when using typical commercial grade transparent linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) packaging for protecting vegetable cooking oil during typical shelf-life conditions. We tested long-term impact of temperature and illuminance (light: 100 to 150 lux and darkness <1 lux) on refined bleached deodorized palm olein (RBDPOL), fortified with vitamin A. Results showed degradation of fortified RBDPOL with 70 ppm vitamin A was approximately 15% at 18-22oC in Light, 10% at 18-22oC in Darkness, 19% at 32-33oC in light and 17% 32-33oC in darkness. Similar trend was observed at 45 ppm vitamin A. Exposure to heat and light impacted vitamin A degradation, but is primarily attributed to temperature, irrespective of packaging. This investigation builds on our previous work (Silalahi et al., 2017), and confirms the impact of challenging environmental conditions on vegetable cooking oil shelf-life over long time periods.

Influence of RBD Palm Olein on Hydraulic Pump Performance

At the present time, researchers try to find alternative fluids for being used as lubricants or hydraulic fluids that are biodegradable and environmental friendly. In this study, Refined-Bleached-Deodorized (RBD) palm olein was investigated whether it is such a potential candidate. RBD palm olein could be easily acquired since it is of the type used as cooking oil. The physical properties of both conventional hydraulic oil and RBD palm olein were tested and compared by an accredited laboratory. The performance of the hydraulic systems when using both fluids as working mediums were also tested and compared. The experimental results show that temperature significantly affected the performance of the hydraulic system when using conventional hydraulic oil, whereas the performance of the hydraulic system when using RBD palm olein barely changed with temperatures. At the temperatures below 60 °C, the RBD palm olein yielded less flow rate and less energy efficiency. However, for the temperatures above 60 °C, the RBD palm olein yielded slightly more flow rate and slightly more energy efficiency. It can be confirmed from this study that RBD palm olein can be used as an alternative hydraulic fluid.

Does long term supplementation of vitamin E cause detrimental effects on the central nervous system? Morphological and histological study in experimental male Wistar rats.

Aging is attributed to neuronal loss associated with increased oxidative stress. Vitamin E, and in particular, tocotrienol are potent antioxidants, which have been shown to be neuroprotective. The main aim of the present study was to observe the effect of long term intake of vitamin E in the form of tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) and refined, bleached, deodorized palm olein (RBDPO) on the brain of experimental rats. Thirty male Wistar rats aged 3 months were either supplemented with TRF (dose of 200 mg/kg body weight), RBDPO (dose of 1 ml/kg body weight) or distilled water, continuously for 8 months. The animals were then examined in vivo for clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies before being sacrificed. The brain was extracted, measured and studied for histological changes. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the lateral ventricle, cortical thickness of cingulate gyrus and hippocampus size did not show any significant changes in all three groups. The brain weight, length and width as well as histological sections of the brain showed no significant changes between the groups. It is thereby concluded that chronic consumption of vitamin E was not detrimental to the central nervous system.

Optimization of Incorporation Conditions of <i>Renealmia battenbergiana</i> Extract in Refined Bleached Deodorized (RBD) Palm Olein

Incorporation of R. battenbergiana extract in refined bleached deodorized (RBD) palm olein was optimized using a full factorial design. The treatment included three factors (i.e. extracting temperature, time and extract-oil concentration) varied at three levels each (i.e. 25˚C - 65˚C, 0.5 - 1.5 h and 1% - 5%). The responses used to optimize the design runs were antioxidant properties as well as the red and blue color content of the residual oils. The results from the preliminary RBD palm olein analyses showed that the product was fresh in terms of the quality indices % FFA, peroxide value, iodine value and color. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in terms of the extract-RBD palm olein concentrations used as well as the treatment temperatures, however, there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in treatment times. The optimum treatment condition was found to be at extract-RBD palm olein concentration of 1%, temperature of 25˚C and reaction time of 0.5 h.

Optimisation of lipase-catalysed interesterification reaction for modulating rheological and heat transfer properties of frying oil

The present work reports the optimisation of enzyme interesterification reaction of rice bran oil (RBO) and refined, bleached, deodorized, palm olein (RBDPO) blend using immobilized 1,3-specific lipase, to improve the kinematic viscosity and heat transfer coefficient of oil, important for characterising heat transfer during the frying process. Four variables, namely RBO (20–80%) in RBO–RBDPO blend, reaction temperature (25–65°C), enzyme concentration (1–13%, w/w) and reaction time (1–13h) were selected and optimised using response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The optimisation results predicted that optimum reaction conditions for preparing enzyme interesterified oil, having minimum kinematic viscosity (2.63×10−6m2s−1) and maximum heat transfer coefficient (262.0Wm−2°C−1) were at 62% RBO, temperature 65°C, enzyme concentration 10% (w/w) and time 6.4h. The predicted values were validated experimentally and corroborated with DSC melting profile and triacylglycerol molecular species data. This investigation could help snack food industries to develop suitable oils for frying operations.

Hydrodynamic, thermo-analytical and molecular structural investigations of enzyme interesterified oil and its thermo-oxidative stability by thermogravimetric analysis

This paper deals with the effect of lipase-catalyzed interesterification of oil on hydrodynamic, thermo-analytical, structural properties and its stability. Interesterification of rice bran oil (RBO) and refined, bleached, deodorized palm olein (RBDPO) blend in 1:1 ratio was carried out at 60 ± 1 °C under stirring for 6 h. Results showed that hydrodynamic property of oils decreased from 3.61 × 10 −6 in RBDPO to 2.91 × 10 −6 m 2 s −1 in enzyme interesterified oil (EI) and heat transfer coefficient increased from 221.0 in RBDPO to 250.7 Wm −2 °C −1 in EI over 170–190 °C. Peak melting point of triacylglycerols shifted from 10.36 °C in RBDPO to −4.76 °C in EI. Trisaturated triacylglycerols decreased from 4% in RBDPO to 0.6% in EI. The first step of thermal decomposition started at 190, 212.7 and 238.9 °C for RBDPO, RBO and EI, respectively. Sensory evaluation of poori fried using these oils revealed no significant ( p > 0.05) differences in sensory attributes of the fried product.

Detection of lard adulteration in RBD palm olein using an electronic nose

The use of surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensing electronic nose (zNose™) for detection of lard as an adulterant in refined, bleached, deodorized (RBD) palm olein was investigated. Mixing of animal fats, especially lard in any form in food products, is a cause of concern for certain religions. RBD palm olein spiked with lard at levels ranging from 1% to 20% (w/w) was analyzed. The zNose™ produced a two-dimensional olfactory image called VaporPrint™, which could be used for immediate detection (qualitatively) of lard substances in sample admixtures. Lard adulteration could be determined by a few distinct peaks in the zNose™ chromatogram. The best relationship between percentage of lard in adulterated RBD palm olein and SAW detector response was observed in adulterant peak E ( R 2 = 0.906). Pearson’s correlation coefficient ( r) was calculated using this parameter. An ideal correlation was observed between the zNose™ data and other chemical tests ( r > 0.90).

Dietary lipid and palm oil source affects growth, fatty acid composition and muscle α-tocopherol concentration of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus

The effects of various dietary lipids on the growth performance and muscle fatty acid and α-tocopherol concentrations of African catfish were examined. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semipurified diets were formulated with 10% lipid coming from either cod-liver oil (CLO), sunflower oil (SFO), refined, bleached, deodorized palm olein (RBDPO), crude palm oil (CPO), crude palm kernel oil (CPKO), or combinations of 5% CLO with either 5% of palm fatty acid distillates (PFAD) or 5% of residual oil in spent bleaching clay (SBC), respectively. Catfish fed with the CLO diet showed significantly ( P<0.05) lower growth and feed utilization efficiency compared to fish fed with the other six diets after 7 weeks. The growth response among catfish fed with the other diets was not significantly different. Blending CLO with either PFAD or SBC alleviated the growth reduction observed in fish fed with diets having CLO as the sole lipid source. Dietary lipid source did not affect the whole-body composition or muscle lipid level among catfish fed with the various diets. The fatty acid and α-tocopherol concentration of muscle lipids in African catfish generally reflected the fatty acid profile and α-tocopherol concentration of the dietary oil that was fed. It was concluded that products from the palm oil industry could be successfully used in the diets for African catfish, and possibly other tropical catfish species, without negatively affecting growth and feed utilization efficiency. The availability, lower cost, low polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content and high vitamin E concentration of palm oil make it the vegetable oil of choice for the formulation of fish feeds in tropical countries.

Dietary palm oil level affects growth performance, protein retention and tissue vitamin E concentration of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus

A 9-week feeding trial was carried out to determine the effect of increasing dietary palm oil levels on growth, protein utilization efficiency and body composition of African catfish. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic practical diets were formulated to contain 4%, 8%, 12% or 16% refined, bleached, deodorized palm olein (RBDPO) or 8%, 12% or 16% crude palm oil (CPO), in addition to a control diet which was not supplemented with palm oil. Growth performance of African catfish responded significantly ( P<0.05) in a positive manner to palm oil additions of up to 8% and no further improvement in growth was observed with higher levels of palm oil supplementation in the diet. Growth and protein utilization efficiency of African catfish fed diets with RBDPO or CPO at the same inclusion level were not significantly different. Significantly higher nitrogen retention was observed in catfish fed diets with 8%, 12% or 16% RBDPO compared to catfish fed 4% RBDPO or the control diet. Whole-body and muscle lipid content increased when fish were fed with increasing levels of dietary palm oil. Alpha-tocopherol concentrations in muscle and liver tissues increased linearly in response to increasing dietary α-tocopherol originating from RBDPO and CPO. Catfish fed CPO-supplemented diets had about three and five times higher concentrations of α-tocopherol in their muscle and liver tissues, respectively, compared to fish fed RBDPO-supplemented diets at all inclusion levels. It may be concluded that, under the present experimental conditions, the inclusion of at least 8% RBDPO or CPO in African catfish diets improves growth performance, protein retention and fillet vitamin E concentration of this fish.

Determination of free fatty acids in crude palm oil and refined‐bleached‐deodorized palm olein using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

AbstractA rapid direct Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method using a 100 µ BaF2 transmission cell was developed for the determination of free fatty acid (FFA) in crude palm oil (CPO) and refined‐bleached‐deodorized (RBD) palm olein, covering an analytical range of 3.0–6.5% and 0.07–0.6% FFA, respectively. The samples were prepared by hydrolyzing oil with enzyme in an incubator. The optimal calibration models were constructed based on partial least squares (PLS) analysis using the FTIR carboxyl region (C=O) from 1722 to 1690 cm−1. The resulting PLS calibrations were linear over the range tested. The standard errors of calibration (SEC) obtained were 0.08% FFA for CPO with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.992 and 0.01% FFA for RBD palm olein with R2 of 0.994. The standard errors of performance (SEP) were 0.04% FFA for CPO with R2 of 0.998 and 0.006% FFA for RBD palm olein with R2 of 0.998, respectively. In terms of reproducibility (r) and accuracy (a), both FTIR and chemical methods showed comparable results. Because of its simpler and more rapid analysis, which is less than 2 min per sample, as well as the minimum use of solvents and labor, FTIR has an advantage over the wet chemical method.

Triacylglycerols responsible for the onset of nucleation during clouding of palm olein

AbstractThis paper discusses the results of an investigation to identify triacylglycerols that induce clouding of refined bleached deodorized (RBD) palm olein, which occurred within 24 h after fractionation. The experiments were conducted in a jacketed glass vessel in which the liquid sample was cooled from 70 to 23°C at a predetermined rate. Clouding began at around 28.5°C. The presence of three different types of saturated triglycerides, namely tripalmitin, dipalmitoyl‐myristoylglycerol and dipalmitoyl‐stearoyl‐rac‐glycerol, is critical in the formation of nuclei and thus clouding of the RBD palm olein. This conclusion is based on the significant increase in the relative concentration of these components in the nuclei as compared to the mother oil.