Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil Research Articles

Kinetics of Homogeneous Reaction of Potassium Methoxide Based on K2CO3 Catalyst in Transesterification of RBDPO to Biodiesel

Biodiesel production is generally catalyzed by potassium methylate or sodium methylate catalysts based on KOH and NaOH and these catalysts are still imported. The search for a cheap and effective catalyst continues to be carried out by researchers. One of the catalyst support materials currently in use involves impregnating K2CO3 with various substances, resulting in a heterogeneous catalyst. In this study, it was tried to use K2CO3 dissolved in methanol to produce a homogeneous potassium methylate catalyst. Potassium methylate-based homogeneous catalyst K2CO3-methanol is proven to have a very high function in the transesterification reaction of Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) into biodiesel, this is evidenced by the use of a catalyst percentage of 2% w and 30% w methanol to the weight of RBDPO resulting in an acid content in biodiesel of only 0.12% and a total glycerol of 0.124% in reaction time 3 hours, with the purity of the methyl ester in biodiesel reaching 98.80%. Meanwhile, for the calculation of homogeneous reaction kinetics, a reaction rate equation is produced where the order of the RBDPO transesterification reaction is order 2 (two) and the reaction rate constant is 0.0044.

Application of Sodium Silicate from Palm Leaf Ash as Heterogeneous Catalyst in Transesterification of Palm Oil

This research aims to synthesize sodium silicate based on palm leaf ash as a heterogeneous catalyst for making biodiesel from refined, bleached, deodorized, palm oil (RBDPO). Silica was obtained by calcining palm leaf at a temperature of 700°C for 3 hours, followed by washing using 1 N HCl solution. Synthesis of sodium silicate catalyst was carried out by varying the mole ratio of NaOH:SiO2. The best catalyst was obtained at a NaOH:SiO2 molar ratio of 1.5:1, with a biodiesel yield of 74.468% and an ester content of 97.293%. The sodium silicate catalyst produced in this research performed a good stability by showing high recycling uses. The catalyst could be used up to three times without regeneration produced biodiesel with a yield of 40.018%.

ANALYSIS OF FLOW AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN JOURNAL BEARING LUBRICATED WITH VEGETABLE OIL

The use of vegetable oil as a sustainable alternative to mineral oil in lubrication applications has garnered considerable attention. This research focuses on evaluating three different vegetable oils, namely palm mid olein (PMO), refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO), and rapeseed oil, for their effectiveness in lubricating a hydrodynamic journal bearing. The study examines key performance factors such as pressure, temperature, load-carrying capacity, and coefficient of friction. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is employed to compare the lubricating capabilities of the vegetable oils against engine oil. Rapeseed oil emerges as the most promising option among the vegetable oils, displaying notable advantages. It demonstrates a 22.12% higher pressure, 26.37% higher load-carrying capacity, and 0.37% higher temperature distribution compared to PMO. In contrast, while engine oil exhibits a 16.67% higher pressure distribution and 35.8% higher load-carrying capacity, it also comes with a drawback of 44.29% higher coefficient of friction compared to other vegetable oils. It is worth noting that the simulation results have been validated through experimental data, leading to the conclusion that engine oil surpasses vegetable oils in terms of pressure and temperature distribution.

Palm Oils Consumption Modulates Serum SGPT and SGOT in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

In this study we investigated the effect of three kinds of palm oil product (refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO), red palm oil (RPO) and palm kernel oil (PKO)) on the serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), and liver color of rats in fed high-fat diet, and compare it with beef tallow and corn oil. Growing male SD rats were fed a high-fat diet (20% fat) for 13 weeks, divided into 2 groups (with and without azoxymethane (AOM)). Dietary corn oil showed the lowest serum SGOT and SGPT (p < 0.05) both in the AOM and Non-AOM groups. Beef tallow diet caused the highest level of serum SGOT and SGPT followed by PKO, RPO, and RBDPO respectively (p < 0.05). The serum SGOT and SGPT were not affected by the AOM treatment. Although the liver color from the AOM group was relatively darker than the non-AOM group, in general the fat sources did not have a significant effect on liver color.

The analysis of technical and pro-analyst glycerine (C3H8O3) using in enzymatic glycerolises reaction of refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO)

The emulsion products have been known widely in the world. This has attracted the attention of various industries and researchers to produce emulsifiers in an environmentally friendly manner. The enzymatic glycerolises catalysed by lipase was one way to produce monoglycerides from triglycerides and glycerine as reactants. The use of technical types of glycerine, that obtained from palm oil was more cost efficient and environment friendly than pro-analyst glycerine. However, it was not much known about how they differ in producing monoglycerides. The point of this study was to analyse the differences of glycerine type in enzymatic glycerolises reaction. This study used an experimental method using two treatment groups, namely technical and pro-analyst glycerine, each consisting of four samples. Enzymatic glycerolises reaction using lipase enzyme Thermomyces lanuginose Immobilized (TLIM) 5% w/w. The reactants were RBDPO, as triglyceride and glycerine with a mole/mole ratio. The reaction was performed at temperature 55°C within 8 hours using a water bath shaker with an agitation speed of 200 rpm. Monoglyceride levels were analysed using Gas Chromatography (GC) method. The results of the different test (t-test) showed that the p- value was > alpha 0.05, this means that H0 accepted.

Efisiensi dan Fouling Factor Sealtube Heat Exchanger Pada Proses Pendinginan Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil

Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) is a product of the crude palm oil (CPO) refining process. RBDPO is one of Indonesia's strategic commodities for low price cooking oil production. The cooking oil processing uses a heat transfer device such as heat exchanger. Heat exchanger sealtube 881X is a tool that used in the heat recovery unit at PT. Tunas Baru Lampung, Tbk refinery plant. Heat exchanger sealtube 881X used to cool refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) to 95 – 105 o C from the deodorization process by utilizing cooling water. In this research, the efficiency and fouling factor of the heat exchanger sealtube 881X were calculated at PT. Tunas Baru Lampung, Tbk refinery plant. Based on the results, it can be seen that the actual efficiency of Heat exchanger sealtube 881X was between 71-87%. Changes in the value of fouling factor affect the thermal efficiency of the heat exchanger sealtube 881X which from the calculation results, the highest fouling factor value was 0.0017.

The analysis of the glyceride components on the treatment variation of refined bleached deodorized palm oil by gas chromatography method

The glyceride components such as glycerol, ester, mono and diglyceride are useful components for food ingredients like food emulsifiers. One of the natural resources of the glyceride component is refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO). This research was aimed to analyze the glyceride component of the treatment variation of RBDPO. The design of the research was completely randomized design (CRD) non-factorial with three variables of treatment specifically the 9 g of RBDPO with 5 g glycerol (A), RBDPO (B) and RBDPO with 0.7 g lipase enzyme Thermomyces lanuginosus immobilized (TLIM). The concentration of glycerol, ester, mono- and diglyceride was tested by the gas chromatography method. The data will be analyzed by using a descriptive method with a boxplot and histogram. The results showed that the highest concentration of glycerol, ester, mono- and diglyceride, respectively were shown in treatment B (1.5922%), C (9.5699%), C (0.1783%), C (3.3329%). The boxplot graphic described that there was statistically significant difference among the treatments.

PROCESS PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL USING A MINI PLANT

Biodiesel is a type of alternative fuel to replace diesel. Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) is a raw material that has the potential to be processed into biodiesel because of its abundant availability and easy to obtain. The focus of this research is to carry out the biodiesel production process using a mini biodiesel plant with a capacity of 50 liters/batch, and the catalyst used is NaOH. The results showed that the portable factory can produce biodiesel with a yield of 90.86%. The characteristics of the biodiesel produced were analyzed and the following values were obtained: density 0.89 g/mL, viscosity 4.69 CSt, acid number 1.68 mg KOH/g, and saponification number 179.52 mg KOH/g.

Investigation on the Electrical Properties of Palm Oil Under Different Concentration of Recycle Organic Material (Pepper Seed) Doping in Transformer Application

Many researchers nowadays are looking to find another alternative to replace the use of mineral oil as an insulation fluid used in transformer due to the amount of minerals oil that are depleted. One of the alternatives is by using palm oil as an insulation fluid. However, something must be done to improve the breakdown voltage of palm oil if it wants to replace the use of mineral oil as an insulation fluid. One of approved methods to improve the dielectric strength of palm oil is by inserting another particle inside the oil. In this study, an investigation will be carried out to observe the effect of recycling organic material (black pepper) doping on Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) for AC breakdown voltage application will be carried out. It is concluded that, 2.5 mm gap between two electrodes produce the highest breakdown voltage compared with 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm. Other than that, the smallest size of black pepper which is 150 mm shows having the highest breakdown voltage compared to 300 mm and 600 mm. A test with different concentration of pepper seed with 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.5% were conducted and shows that the breakdown voltage starts to increase as the concentration increases from 0.01% until 0.15% and start decreasing from 0.02% until 0.5%. Black pepper doping inside the palm oil does increase the performance of palm oil up to 13% from 49.66 kV to 57.4 kV

Techno-economic analysis of co-production of bio-hydrogenated diesel from palm oil and methanol

A bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD) or green diesel is produced from refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) via a heterogeneous catalytic reaction which requires high hydrogen to oil volumetric ratio for a complete conversion of oil. In this regard, a hydrogen recovery process is required to reduce a high amount of hydrogen loss in a gas by-product. This work proposes coupling the conventional BHD process with a production of methanol, a valuable co-product, and performs its techno-economic evaluation in comparison with the stand-alone BHD process. The results showed that the BHD process coupled with the methanol synthesis can recover by 46.3% of discharged hydrogen and reduce 14% of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions from the production process. Furthermore, methanol synthesis could improve the internal rate of return (IRR) by 23.2%, shorten the payback period by 2.81 years, and increase the net present value (NPV) by 54.41 million USD relative to the BHD process. Finally, environment potential impact of both processes are analyzed. The most significant on the environment is hydro-processing stage and both processes provide same environmental results.

The effect of low temperature in enzymatic glycerolysis on monoglyceride concentration production using green emulsifier based refined bleached deodorized palm oil

The palm oil is a main commodity of plantation in Indonesia. It should be a good potential to produce many downstream products based on palm oil. But the reality is the export rate of crude palm oil is higher than the processing rate of downstream product. The aim of this study was to analyse one of downstream i.e., green emulsifier. The production used the enzymatic glycerolysis method without anorganic catalyst. The independent variables were reaction temperature 5, 10, 20, 35 and 55°C. The dependent variable was glyceride content (mono-, di- and triglyceride) that analysed by Gas Chromatography method. Before reacting, the first step was characterization of refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) as the based material. The regression was determined using ANOVA with SPSS 2.0. If the result was significant, it would be continued with partial analysis and graphically trending. The results of this study showed that the glycerolysis temperature had significant on the monoglyceride but had no significant effect to the di- and triglyceride at alpha 10%. They show the lower temperature of glycerolysis, the higher monoglyceride was obtained. The advantage was able to produce high monoglyceride emulsifier but need the very strict control in processing.

PERBEDAAN KADAR GLISEROL, ESTER, MONO- DAN DIGLISERIDA PADA VARIASI PERLAKUAN REFINED BLEACHED DEODORIZED PALM OIL

Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) is a derived product of crude palm oil that has two fraction (olein and stearin) in ambient temperature. This research aim to analyze the variation of treatment on RBDPO. The design of research was non-factorial with three variable of treatment such RBDPO with glycerol (A), RBDPO (B) and RBDPO with lipase enzyme. The concentration of glycerol, ester, mono- and diglyceride was tested by Gas Chromatography method. The data will be analyzed by using descriptive method with boxplot and histogram. The result showed that the highest concentration of glycerol; ester; mono- and diglyceride respectively were showed in treatment B (1,5922%); C (9,5699%); C (0,1783%); C (3,3329). The boxplot graphic described the differences among the treatment. 

PERBEDAAN KADAR GLISEROL, ESTER, MONO- DAN DIGLISERIDA PADA VARIASI PERLAKUAN REFINED BLEACHED DEODORIZED PALM OIL

The Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) is a derived product of crude palm oil that has twofraction (olein and stearin) in ambient temperature. This research aim to analyze the variation of treatmenton the RBDPO. The design of research was non-factorial completely randomized with three variable oftreatment such the RBDPO with glycerol (A), the RBDPO (B) and the RBDPO with lipase enzyme. Theconcentration of glycerol, ester, mono- and diglyceride was tested by Gas Chromatography method. The datawere analyzed by using descriptive method with boxplot and histogram. The result showed that the highestconcentration of glycerol; ester; mono- and diglyceride respectively were showed in treatment B (1,5922%);C (9,5699%); C (0,1783%); C (3,3329). The boxplot graphic described the differences among the treatmentthat the RBDPO with lipase enzyme had the most extensive concentration of glycerol, ester, mono- anddiglyceride.

Analysis of Crude Palm Oil Production Yield Results at AA Company

Company can not be separated from the production process in carrying out its business activities. Therefore, the company strives for the production process to be carried out properly, economically, and to prevent obstacles to the company’s operations. In the production process carried out by AA Company, production operations are the responsibility of the Refinery and Fractionation division. Observations were made at the Refinery Plant 1, where the division has an interest in carrying out a production schedule related to the processing of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) into Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) with Grade Commerce. Based on field observations, one of the problems that occurred was the RBDPO yield target that was not reached. The company set an RBDPO yield target of 94.50%. But in practice, the yield of RBDPO produced is still below the target set. The idea of problemsolving provided is to analyze the root cause of the problem with Cause and Effect Diagrams, analyze the magnitude of potential failures in the process by using Failure Mode Effect Analysis and provide alternative corrective actions using the 5W + 1H method.

Determination of Gossypol in Hamid and Bt (Seeni 1) Cottonseed Oil using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

This study was conducted to determine the gossypol content in Bt cottonseed (Seeni-1) oil by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with an Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) element. The wavelengths used were selected by spiking refined, bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) to gossypol concentrations of 0-5% and noting the regions of maximal absorbance. Absorbance values of the wavelength regions 3700-2400 & 1900-750 cm-1 and a partial least squares (PLS) method were used to derive calibration models for Hamid cottonseed oil, Seeni-1 cottonseed oil, and gossypol-spiked RBDPO. The coefficients of determination (R2) for the calibration models were computed for the FTIR spectroscopy results against those found by using the wet chemical method AOCS method Ba 8�78. The R2 was 0.8916, 0.9581, and 0.9374 for Hamid cottonseed oil, Seeni-1 cottonseed oil, and gossypol-spiked RBDPO, respectively. The standard error (SE) of the calibration was 0.053, 0.078, and 0.062, respectively. The calibration models were validated using the cross-validation technique within the same set of oil samples. The results of FTIR spectroscopy as a useful technique determining gossypol content in crude cottonseed oil showed that there is a significant difference (p <0.05) in the amount of gossypol content in Hamid and Bt Seeni-1 cottonseed oils.

Decision Tree to Predict the Color Quality of Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBPO)

There are many factors that can affect the quality of Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil produced. Every step in RBDPO processing must be mastered very precisely in terms of process conditions such as temperature, flowrate, dose, pressure, etc. This condition can vary from one facility to another and therefore requires the company’s own specifications / rules to implement and integrate all production process facilities until the product is produced. The focus of the study on this particular task is the quality problems faced by companies in the Refinery section where research is carried out using data mining concepts to predict data logsheets that are written every 24 hours by refinery operators. The data can be used as a tool to predict the color quality of Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBPO). The use of Data Mining in this study is to facilitate operators in managing machine settings to achieve the quality required by the company directly. So that the Refinery section does not need to wait for the results of laboratory tests which require approximately 2 hours to find out the RBDPO quality results.

Gasoline Yield Enhancement in Fluid Catalytic Cracking by Coprocessing of Petroleum Gasoil with Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil and Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

Gasoline is liquid hydrocarbon fuel used for spark-ignition engine. Most of gasoline production is carried out in the petroleum oil refinery through several stages of process and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is an important process that can convert some of heavy oil fractions like vacuum gasoil (VGO) and residue to be cracked into gasoline and lighter products. Consumption of gasoline for transportation fuel in Indonesia is higher than its production capability, so this gap has compelled to search the alternative process route using renewable feedstock. Coprocessing of petroleum gasoil with crude palm oil in fluid catalytic cracking had been investigated previously resulting in lower value of conversion as well as gasoline yield when applying co-feeds at higher level of vegetable oils. Cracking feedstock containing triglyceride and fatty acid from vegetable oil is supposed to be the other possibility as a reason of conversion and yield changes. The research work is aimed to find out another way for gasoline yield upgrading in fluid catalytic cracking process using available catalyst by coprocessing of VGO with refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) and small amount of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). The experimental work of cracking reaction was performed on fluid-bed reactor of ACE unit at temperature of 530 °C, nearly atmospheric pressure and catalyst-oil ratio of 5.5 g/g. Three kind of oil feeds were tested namely VGO, VGO mixed with 5% RBDPO and VGO added with 5% RBDPO-PFAD of mixing ratio 9:1. The cracking reaction results in gaseous and liquid products. The gaseous phase product was analyzed using online gas chromatography to detect light hydrocarbon components of C1, C2 and H2 as dry gas and hydrocarbon components of C3 and C4 as LPG. The liquid item was investigated through gas chromatography of simulated distillation to separate fluid components including gasoline, light cycle oil (LCO) and slurry oil. Carbon material placed on catalyst through cracking reaction was analyzed at regeneration step of spent catalyst passed through catalytic converter by online Infrared method. Coprocessing of VGO with 5% RBDPO and VGO with 5% RBDPO-PFAD can alter conversion and product yields. The presence of triglyceride and fatty acid in oil feeds during cracking reaction influence signifi- cantly to gasoline enhancement. Although this coprocessing work has shown initial phenomenon in accordance with hypothesis, further investigation is necessary to explore deeper in order to obtain an optimized process condition by various levels of coprocessing feed.

Effect of Heating on Lard Adulteration in RBD Palm Oil Using Gas Chromatography and Chemometrics

Adulteration has gained much concern in the oils and fats industry due to health and religious issues. This study assesses the effect of heating on the profiling of lard (15% and 30% lard) spiked in refined bleached deodorized (RBD) palm oil at 120 oC, 180 oC and 240 oC for 1, 2 and 3 hours. The volatile compounds released were identified using (gas chromatography mass spectrometry headspace) GC-MS-HS method. Multivariate data from GC-MS-HS were mean centred prior to Principal Components Analysis (PCA) using Unscrambler software. The result obtained from the scores plot for 30% lard and 15% lard in the RBD palm oil showed the same pattern for heating temperature at 120 oC and 180 oC. At 240 oC, both sample and control were scattered in the scores plot. However, the GC-MS-HS technique did not differentiate between 0% lard with 15% or 30% lard in RBD palm oil.

Evaluation on safety and energy requirement of biodiesel production: Conventional system and microreactors

Commercial biodiesel production through transesterification of refined bleached & deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) with methanol is commonly performed in macroscale reactors. This work focused on the comparison of biodiesel production system in terms of production efficiency and safety evaluation for both conventional and microreactor systems based on the industrial production capacity of 20,589.29L/h. Our demonstration of the laboratory biodiesel production provided high quality of biodiesel comparable to the commercial biodiesel. Design of microreactor system for scaling-out to industrial capacity was performed. The simple layout of microreactor system provided great flexibility for operation and maintenance. Less energy consumption and a small number of operators relative to the conventional biodiesel production plant are required. Safety evaluation based on HAZOP and FMEA suggested that the microreactor system was relatively safer than that of the conventional one. The risk can be further reduced by regularly maintaining and calibrating equipment according to preventive maintenance schedule.

Optimization of Bio-Hydrogenated Kerosene from Refined Palm Oil by Catalytic Hydrocracking

In this work, hydro-processing was used as an alternative route for producing bio-hydrogenated kerosene (BHK) from refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RPO) in the presence of a 0.5 wt% Pd/Al2O3 catalyst. The Box-Behnken Design was used to determine the effects of reaction temperature, H2 pressure, and reaction time in terms of liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) on BHK production. The kerosene selectivity was used as the response for staticial interpretation. The results show that both temperature and LHSV produced significant effects, whereas H2 pressure did not. The optimal conditions were found to be 483 °C, 5.0 MPa, and 1.4 h−1 LHSV; these conditions provided approximately 57.30% kerosene selectivity and a 47.46% yield. The BHK product had a good heating value and flash point. However, the mass percentage of carbon and hydrogen was 99.1%, which is just below the minimum standard (99.5%), according to the carbon loss by the reaction pathway to form as CO and CO2. Water can be produced from the reaction induced by oxygen removal, which results in a high freezing point.