Reference Picture Research Articles

Effects of color-flavor association on visual search process for reference pictures on beverage packaging: behavioral, electrophysiological, and causal mechanisms.

The visual search for product packaging involves intricate cognitive processes that are prominently impacted by learned associations derived from extensive long-term experiences. The present research employed EEG technology and manipulated the color display of reference pictures on beverage bottles to explore the underlying neurocognitive pathways. Specifically, we aimed to investigate the influence of color-flavor association strength on the visual processing of such stimuli as well as the in-depth neural mechanisms. The behavioral results revealed that stimuli with strong association strength triggered the fastest response and the highest accuracy, compared with the stimuli with weak association strength and the achromatic ones. The EEG findings further substantiated that the chromatic stimuli evoked a more pronounced N2 component than achromatic ones, and the stimuli with strong association strength elicited larger P3 and smaller N400 amplitudes than the ones with weak association strength. Additionally, the source localization using sLORETA showed significant activations in the inferior temporal gyrus. In conclusion, our research suggests that (1) color expectations would guide visual search process and trigger faster responses to congruent visual stimuli, (2) both the initial perceptual representation and subsequent semantic representation play pivotal roles in effective visual search for the targets, and (3) the color-flavor association strength potentially exerts an impact on visual processing by modulating memory accessibility.

Exploiting Bidirectional Quality Impulse for Reference Picture Resampled Gaming Video Coding

Exploiting Bidirectional Quality Impulse for Reference Picture Resampled Gaming Video Coding

Implementation Paper on Automated 2D Image to 3D Model Generation

With the rise of digital world, traditional learning methods, while time-tested, often fall short in meeting the dynamic educational needs of today’s learners. They are constrained by several drawbacks that impede effective comprehension and engagement. This abstract sheds light on the limitations of traditional learning approaches and introduces how the integration of 3D model reconstruction can mitigate these challenges, thereby enhancing the learning experience. We proposed deep Conventional techniques, which create a virtual view from a reference picture, use two distinct steps: depth image-based rendering (DIBR) with estimated depth and depth (or disparity) estimation for the reference image and based on these steps we can create 3D model. Which allows educators to create immersive and interactive learning environments that engage students on a profound level. By converting abstract concepts into tangible and visually stimulating representations, 3D models bridge the gap between theory and practice, making complex subjects more accessible. Keywords: 2D Image, 3D Model, CNN, DIBR

A new multi-picture architecture for learned video deinterlacing and demosaicing with parallel deformable convolution and self-attention blocks

Despite the fact real-world video deinterlacing and demosaicing are well-suited to supervised learning from synthetically degraded data because the degradation models are known and fixed, learned video deinterlacing and demosaicing have received much less attention compared to denoising and super-resolution tasks. We propose a new multi-picture architecture for video deinterlacing or demosaicing by aligning multiple supporting pictures with missing data to a reference picture to be reconstructed, benefiting from both local and global spatio-temporal correlations in the feature space using modified deformable convolution blocks and a novel residual efficient top-k self-attention (kSA) block, respectively. Separate reconstruction blocks are used to estimate different types of missing data. Our extensive experimental results, on synthetic or real-world datasets, demonstrate that the proposed novel architecture provides superior results that significantly exceed the state-of-the-art for both tasks in terms of PSNR, SSIM, and perceptual quality. Ablation studies are provided to justify and show the benefit of each novel modification made to the deformable convolution and residual efficient kSA blocks. Code is available: https://github.com/KUIS-AI-Tekalp-Research-Group/Video-Deinterlacing.

Perancangan Panel Pompa 2 HP dengan Metode Pengasutan Direct On Line di PT. Tiga Kreasi Indonesia

Electrical energy is the main energy required for electrical equipment, to distribute this electrical energy requires an electrical panel. PT. Tiga Kreasi Indonesia is a company engaged in the manufacture of electrical panels with one of its products being a 2 HP pump panel which functions to activate and control a pump. This research uses observation method and literature study. The data collection method in this study was a direct observation system and literature study. The design process for the 2 HP pump panel has several stages, such as preparing the panel box first to place the appropriate components in the panel box construction drawings, then preparing a single line diagram and wiring drawings to serve as a reference to be connected between components, then preparing the components used, then arranging the components in the panel box match those in the panel box construction, then they are connected between the components according to the reference picture in the single line diagram and wiring diagram. Then simulate whether the DOL circuit is functioning, and the result is that the DOL circuit is functioning.

The riddle of deliberate self-harm: Physiological and subjective effects of self-cutting cues in patients with borderline personality disorder and healthy controls.

Self-harming behavior is a core symptom of borderline personality disorder. Self-report studies show a correlation between a lack of self-reported negative feelings toward self-cutting cues and the likelihood of future self-destructive behavior. Despite these findings, there has so far been insufficient investigation into the implicit emotional processes evoked by this stimulus type. Forty patients with borderline personality disorder and 35 healthy controls between 20 and 50 years of age were confronted with pictures of self-cutting cues and affective reference pictures. A startle reflex paradigm was used for measuring implicit emotional responses, and the Self-Assessment Manikin was used for subjective responses. In line with previous studies, the patients rated the self-cutting pictures significantly less negatively than healthy individuals. On the physiological level, a significant startle inhibition was observed, indicating an activation of the behavioral approach system. A more detailed analysis showed that this startle inhibition effect was specific to scary pictures, whereas no such effect was observed for bloody wounds and self-cutting instruments. For pleasant standard pictures, in contrast, no startle reflex inhibition and no increase in emotional arousal parameters were found. The data replicate the findings of previous studies, demonstrating a generally diminished emotional reactivity to pleasant stimuli in patients with borderline personality disorder. In addition, a physiological approach reaction to self-cutting pictures was found, especially for the scary pictures. These results might indicate a positive identification with the long-lasting consequences of self-cutting behavior in the patients. Implications for therapy are discussed.

An approach to pseudocoloring of grey scale image using deep learning technique

Image pseudo colorization is the process of adding RGB colours to grayscale images to make them more appealing. Deep learning technology has made progress in the field of automatic colouring. In general, we divide automatic colouring methods into three groups based on where the colour information comes from: colouring based on what you already know and on reference pictures. The colouring method can meet the needs of most users, but there are some drawbacks. For example, users can’t colour different reference graphs for the different things in a picture. In order to solve this problem by recognising several objects and background regions in a picture and combine the final colouring results, the proposed method uses the deep learning approach that regional mixed colours be used more and the method be mastered by using deep learning. Qualitative results (visual perception) validate the effectiveness of pseudocolorisation which split into foreground colour based on a reference picture and background colour based on prior knowledge. Quantitative results such as Structural Similarity (SSIM), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Image Matching Error and Entropy validates the effectiveness of strong edge strength, visually appealing quality and retention of maximum information without disturbing quality of image.

User perception for dynamic video resolution change using VVC

We define experiments that measure user perception when video resolution changes dynamically. Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard was recently finalized and it includes a reference picture resampling (RPR) tool. VVC RPR supports changing spatial resolution in a coded video sequence on a per picture basis. VVC RPR defines the downsampling and upsampling filters to be used when changing resolution. This paper provides results from subjective evaluation when VVC RPR is used for part of the video sequence to dynamically change resolution. The experiments use different QP values (or bitrates), different RPR scale factors and different highest original spatial resolutions. The results compare how users perceive video coded using VVC RPR for some pictures compared to an anchor which does not use RPR. In addition to the subjective results, we also describe performance of various metrics including PSNR, VMAF and MS-SSIM. Our results can help choose the highest RPR scale factor that can be used to achieve/ maintain certain perceived quality when using RPR (for example for bitrate reduction). The study also confirms that MS-SSIM and VMAF match subjective test results more closely compared to PSNR.

SINGLE-VALUED NEUTROSOPHIC SET WITH QUATERNION INFORMATION: A PROMISING APPROACH TO ASSESS IMAGE QUALITY

Diminished estimate techniques for image quality assessment examine the overall quality using only partially retrieved features from the reference image. The main goal of these methods is to make objective evaluation flexible enough to accommodate the influence of any new visual distortion. The research provides a rapid approach for quality assessment of color photographs based on this concept by altering the structural similarity index measure (SSIM) index in a neutrosophic environment. The SSIM family is a set of parameters that have demonstrated a promising approach in the analysis of reference picture tasks. The current study deals with the exploitation of the concept to use Single-Valued Neutrosophic Sets (SVNSs) for evaluating image quality. Neutrosophic divergence was being constructed for an image and its comparison with other SSIM is presented. Resultantly, a correlation was observed between the proposed divergence and SSIM, which gave accurate informatics. Additionally, the results were presented on a real line which reflects clear information on image convergence and divergence. The uncertainty in the allocation of membership is called the hesitation degree, fuzzy sets have gained a lot of traction in numerous domains of signal and image processing. Based on generalized exponential fuzzy entropy, a trustworthy Image Quality Assessment is proposed.

Reference picture selection with decreased temporal dependency for HEVC error resilience

The high level of compression efficiency achieved by the High-Efficiency Video Coding standard (HEVC) decreases the robustness of the encoded bitstreams. This increased susceptibility to network errors leads to end video quality degradation. Moreover, due to the high computational complexity of HEVC, high-resolution video transmission with time constraints over hostile channels such as wireless networks becomes more challenging. This paper proposes a reference picture selection-based error-resilient method to reduce the temporal error propagation due to high-trip delay and frame-copy concealment error. First, the encoder selects the reference pictures based on the error status received from the feedback channel, taking into consideration the Rate-Distortion-Optimization (RDO). Second, the temporal information mismatch prediction resulting from the error concealment is reduced by decreasing the temporal dependency between adjacent frames based on new motion-estimation tools. Results show a PSNR gain of about 6.13 dB, 5.20 dB and 4.72 dB for 1080p, 720p and 480p resolutions respectively.

An Efficient Framework of Reference Picture Resampling (RPR) for Video Coding

In Versatile Video Coding (VVC), reference picture resampling (RPR) is supported to change resolution without inserting an instantaneous decoder refresh (IDR) picture or intra random access picture (IRAP). The introduction of RPR enables VVC to adapt to unstable network conditions, which benefits real-time application scenarios a lot. However, the existing bitrate leap and the low quality of the upsampled frames are the bottlenecks of promoting its application. In this paper, we propose an efficient framework to alleviate bitrate surges and further improve the coding performance. The contributions of this paper mainly include the following three aspects. Firstly, it is proved theoretically and statistically that the temporal long-distance high-resolution (HR) reference pictures can provide better prediction than temporal short-distance low-resolution (LR) reference pictures when the temporal distance between them is less than a threshold. Secondly, motivated by the theoretical analysis, existing HR reference pictures in the reference pictures list (RPL) are used to replace LR reference pictures and an adaptive decision on the number of HR reference pictures kept in RPL is applied. Thirdly, an adaptive upsampling filter (AUF) is proposed to restore pictures with the original resolution more accurately. Simulation results show 15.09% BD-rate savings on average can be achieved for the 2:1 scaling ratio under RPR configurations. For the 1.5:1 scaling ratio, the BD-rate saving is 8.14%. Besides, the bitrate surge in RPR is reduced greatly. About 25% bits reductions on average at the leaping point can be observed and the bits decrease rate is up to 50% for sequences with little and slow motion.

Pathway integration and annotation: building a puzzle with non-matching pieces and no reference picture.

Biological pathways are a broadly used formalism for representing and interpreting the cascade of biochemical reactions underlying cellular and biological mechanisms. Pathway representation provides an ontological link among biomolecules such as RNA, DNA, small molecules, proteins, protein complexes, hormones and genes. Frequently, pathway annotations are used to identify mechanisms linked to genes within affected biological contexts. This important role and the simplicity and elegance in representing complex interactions led to an explosion of pathway representations and databases. Unfortunately, the lack of overlap across databases results in inconsistent enrichment analysis results, unless databases are integrated. However, due to absence of consensus, guidelines or gold standards in pathway definition and representation, integration of data across pathway databases is not straightforward. Despite multiple attempts to provide consolidated pathways, highly related, redundant, poorly overlapping or ambiguous pathways continue to render pathways analysis inconsistent and hard to interpret. Ontology-based integration will promote unbiased, comprehensive yet streamlined analysis of experiments, and will reduce the number of enriched pathways when performing pathway enrichment analysis. Moreover, appropriate and consolidated pathways provide better training data for pathway prediction algorithms. In this manuscript, we describe the current methods for pathway consolidation, their strengths and pitfalls, and highlight directions for future improvements to this research area.

Automatic Gray Image Coloring Method Based on Convolutional Network.

Image coloring is a time-consuming and laborious work. For a work, color collocation is an important factor to determine its quality. Therefore, automatic image coloring is a topic with great research significance and application value. With the development of computer hardware, deep learning technology has achieved satisfactory results in the field of automatic coloring. According to the source of color information, this paper can divide automatic coloring methods into three types: image coloring based on prior knowledge, image coloring based on reference pictures, and interactive coloring. The coloring method can meet the needs of most users, but there are disadvantages such as users cannot get the multiple objects in a picture of different reference graph coloring. Aiming at this problem, based on the instance of color image segmentation and image fusion technology, the use of deep learning is proposed to implement regional mixed color more and master the method. It can be divided into foreground color based on reference picture and background color based on prior knowledge. In order to identify multiple objects and background areas in the image and fuse the final coloring results together, a method of image coloring based on CNN is proposed in this paper. Firstly, CNN is used to extract their semantic information, respectively. According to the extractive semantic information, the color of the designated area of the reference image is transferred to the designated area of the grayscale image. During the transformation, images combined with semantic information are input into CNN model to obtain the content feature map of grayscale image and the style feature map of reference image. Then, a random noise map is iterated to make the noise map approach the content feature map as a whole and the specific target region approach the designated area of the style feature map. Experimental results show that the proposed method has good effect on image coloring and has great advantages in network volume and coloring effect.

RefFaceNet: Reference-based Face Image Generation from Line Art Drawings

The flexible artistic creation of painting using deep neural networks has attracted lots of attention recently. Existing image-to-image translation approaches show powerful capabilities in producing photos between various domains. However, little attention has been paid to reference - based and line-based tasks simultaneously. In this paper, we introduce a novel network, RefFaceNet, to synthesize face portraits by utilizing reference face photos and line art drawings that only consist of the outlines of principal facial components. Our model can provide those people who have no experience in painting with the freedom to create. We utilize two separate encoders to focus on learning better feature representations for the line domain and the reference domain. An Attention-based Face Transfer Module composed of several sub-modules is built to capture the spatial correspondence between the two types of features. To construct a more robust encoding ability for our generator, we first learn a direct mapping from the line drawings to their ground truth color images and then take some distortions on the reference examples. With the assistance of optimal transport, we further propose to keep Spatial Distortion Consistency between the reference pictures in different geometric shapes by aligning features in high-dimensional space. A series of experiments have been conducted, and the results demonstrate the superiority of our method in generating more pleasing images compared with state-of-the-art models.

Sequence-Level Reference Frames in Video Coding

The proliferation of low-cost DRAM chipsets now begins to allow for the consideration of substantially-increased decoded picture buffers in advanced video coding standards such as HEVC, VVC, and Google VP9. At the same time, the increasing demand for rapid scene changes and multiple scene repetitions in entertainment or broadcast content indicates that extending the frame referencing interval to tens of minutes or even the entire video sequence may offer coding gains, as long as one is able to identify frame similarity in a computationally- and memory-efficient manner. Motivated by these observations, we propose a “stitching” method that defines a reference buffer and a reference frame selection algorithm. Our proposal extends the referencing interval of inter-frame video coding to the entire length of video sequences. Our reference frame selection algorithm uses well-established feature descriptor methods that describe frame structural elements in a compact and semantically-rich manner. We propose to combine such compact descriptors with a similarity scoring mechanism in order to select the frames to be “stitched” to reference picture buffers of advanced inter-frame encoders like HEVC, VVC, and VP9 without breaking standard compliance. Our evaluation on synthetic and real-world video sequences with the HEVC and VVC reference encoders shows that our method offers significant rate gains, with complexity and memory requirements that remain manageable for practical encoders and decoders.

Preliminary Report of a One-stage Technique in Failed Hypospadias Surgery

Background and Objective: Hypospadias failure is a challenging problem requiring much expertise and perseverance for repair. Most of the time a healthy tissue must be grafted in the place of scarred tissue. These techniques are usually accomplished in multiple surgical sessions since primary graft tubularization has been linked with increased complications Materials and Methods: A total of 11 patients with the mid shaft to distal hypospadias underwent repair. Each patient had undergone two or three unsuccessful surgical attempts for hypospadias repairs. All salvage reconstructive operations were performed on the chief responsibility of a single surgeon. The average follow-up was 2.5 years. The surgical technique was improvisatory called Buccal inlay, Skin Onlay (BISO). Results: In this study, nine patients had tip meatus and straight voiding. In two cases, glandular regression and spraying of urine stream were observed. In both of these cases, Perimeatal-based rhomboid flaps had been used. No fistula or stricture happened during follow-up. In all nine cases, the parents were consent although we did not apply any scoring system, standardized questionnaire, or reference pictures with which parents could compare cosmetic results. Conclusion: It can be concluded that BISO is a viable option in distal hypospadias cases with scarry plate sparing them a second session of surgery in many instances.

Sliding-Window Forward Error Correction Based on Reference Order for Real-Time Video Streaming

In real-time video streaming, data packets are transported over the network from a transmitter to a receiver. The quality of the received video fluctuates as the network conditions change, and it can degrade substantially when there is considerable packet loss. Forward error correction (FEC) techniques can be used to recover lost packets by incorporating redundant data. Conventional FEC schemes do not work well when scalable video coding (SVC) is adopted. In this paper, we propose a novel FEC scheme that overcomes the drawbacks of these schemes by considering the reference picture structure of SVC and weighting the reference pictures more when FEC redundancy is applied. The experimental results show that the proposed FEC scheme outperforms conventional FEC schemes.

Kripke against Kripkenstein

What was Saul Kripke’s personal stance on the sceptical challenge that he famously attributed to Ludwig Wittgenstein? It will be argued that despite his statements to the contrary, we can, in fact, outline at least a rough sketch of Kripke’s own views on the challenge and its aftermath on the basis of the remarks he left in the text. In summary, Kripke (a) rejected the sceptical solution to the challenge and (b) leaned towards a non-sceptical primitivist solution. If this is correct, it follows that there is a way in which Kripke's view makes his causal-historical picture of reference potentially able to solve the sceptical challenge.

HEVC Video Encryption With High Capacity Message Embedding by Altering Picture Reference Indices and Motion Vectors

A high capacity message embedding in encrypted HEVC video is proposed in this paper. The challenges addressed in this paper include keeping the encrypted video compliant with standardized decoders, correctly decrypting the video and finally, correctly extracting the message bits. The message embedding is achieved by altering the values of reference picture indices and motion vectors which results in scrambled video. Sixteen picture references are used in this work and therefore, combined with alteration of motion vectors, a maximum of six message bits can be embedded per coding unit. Motion vectors are altered by swapping their <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$x$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$y$ </tex-math></inline-formula> components and/or changing their signs. This is achieved with full compliance with the HEVC video syntax. To extract message bits, an authorized decoder builds a classification model per video sequence and uses it for predicting the true values of the reference indices and motion vectors. As such, message bits are extracted and the video is correctly reconstructed to its unscrambled state. Coding units that result in misclassification are identified at the encoder and excluded from message embedding. This results in slightly lower embedding rates but ensures accurate video reconstruction. Using nine video sequences of various resolutions that are compressed using four different quantization parameters, the experimental results revealed that the true average message embedding rate is 2.7 bits per coding unit or 173 kbit/s. This is achieved with accurate video reconstruction at the expense of increasing the bitrate of the encoder by 3%. Comparison with existing work shows that the proposed solution is superior in terms of embedding capacity whilst reducing the excessive bitrate of the encoder.

Обеспечение испытаний бортовых блоков управления стартерами-генераторами

There are described the results of the creation by the developer of the on-board equipment – JSC "Element" – improved specialized test equipment for checking the parameters of the on-board control units of DC starter-generators – a stand-simulator of the starter-generator. The previously developed version improvement was carried out to increase the tests automatization because of preparation for control units' serial production stage. In addition, during the improvement process, the list of simulated starter-generators has been expanded, namely, to the starter-generators produced in France (THALES), Russia (STG9M-1, STG-3), and Ukraine (8260-12UD, 8260-9UD, STG-150UD) for the AI-450M engine and its modifications (with which the BZG-450 unit worked, providing control of start-up and generation) the STG-12TMO-1000 starter-generator was added. This STG-12TMO-1000 works with the AI-25TLT engine, for which Element JSC is currently developing an SGU-25 unit for control of start-up and generation. Stand-simulator improvement was based on an additional experimental study of the interaction between mentioned control units and real objects. The interaction was studied during the test process on the engine stand and aircraft of the State Enterprise "Ivchenko-Progress" and JSC "Motor Sich". The results achieved are shown. There are shown the structural diagram of improved stand-simulator and working screen of specialized software installed on a personal computer and providing the operator with the ability to control the test process. A list of simulated analog and frequency signals with ranges and errors indication is given. In addition to the stand-simulator description, attention is also paid to the quality checking method of the installation of printed circuit boards of control units by thermography means under electrical load and comparison with a specially prepared reference picture of temperature distribution. The need for such especially careful control during acceptance tests is due to the level of flowing currents – up to 20 A.