Reference Phrases Research Articles

Multilingualism in Periodical studies — A Social History Perspective

Multilingualism in Periodical studies — A Social History Perspective

РАСПОЗНАВАНИЕ РЕЧЕВЫХ СООБЩЕНИЙ РАДИООБМЕНА В АВИАЦИИ НА БАЗЕ КОРРЕЛЯЦИОННОГО АНАЛИЗА

The paper considers the problem of speech messages recognition in phraseological radio exchange for tasks of civil aviation. The introduction substantiates the relevance of this problem. The following are research methods based on correlation analysis. Finally, a description of the experiment and the results of the recognition algorithms based on correlation analysis are given. Various variants were recorded for five speech messages and spectral representations of such signals were constructed. Spectral transform can be obtained either using specialized software or based on the Fourier transform of the signal in the time domain. To obtain a more universal reference signal and eliminate the influence of interference, the spectral components of the same speech message recorded several times were averaged. In fact, three spectra of the same speech message were used for averaging. This spectrum averaging over three training components provided a reference sample of phrases or patterns for each phrase, and reduced the influence of additive white Gaussian noise in the reference. Later, on the basis of correlation analysis, the connections between test phrases and all patterns were calculated. On the basis of these connections, a correlation matrix of reference phrases is built. Research has shown that phrases spoken by one person were highly correlated. The analysis showed that the choice of the class (the content of the speech message) when solving the recognition problem corresponding to the value of the correlation coefficient closest to one provides over 90% of correct recognitions on a test sample containing a total of 100 phrases, 20 for each phrase. It should be noted that, when recording test messages, an additive white Gaussian noise was additionally present as a background, reproduced by another audio device. In the case of information analysis without artificially generated noise, the probability of correct recognition for a test sample of 100 phrases, 20 for each phrase, is 100% when using correlation analysis.

THE EVALUATION OF NATIONAL EXAMINATION OF ENGLISH SUBJECT AT SECONDARY SCHOOL

The implementation of National Examination in Indonesia always becomes an interesting discussion both in education field and social life. One of the debates in the implementation of National Examination is about the fairness, many experts stated that the implementation of National Examination is unfair because the threeday exam is used to determine the success or failure of a student’s three years of high school. The second issue is about the quality of education in Indonesia’s school is gravely uneven. Some schools have luxury facilities and infrastructure, while others barely have a school building. So, to apply and expect the same standard from all of them is harsh and unrealistic. This study would like to analyze the questions in National Examination. The writer takes English test for science students as the primary data to answer the questions. The writer focuses on the principle of language assessment implemented in construction of English test in National Examination and the appropriateness of English test questions in National Examination based on the standardize of language assessment. The result shows that National examination in this case English test has been designed accordance to the principle of assessment. For standardized test of national examination, there are some types of test items are hardly to be found in the test. In terms of reading test items, multiple choices which are indicating to find reference words, phrase or sentence are not given in English test. It is dominated by finding out the detail or specific information about the text, implicit and general description about the text. Overall the English test in national examination has been design according to the standardized test. Only for several things need to be improved in term of test items variety in reading skill.

Lexical entrainment and lexical differentiation in reference phrase choice

Speakers reuse prior references to objects when choosing reference phrases, a phenomenon known as lexical entrainment. One explanation is that speakers want to maintain a set of previously established referential precedents. Speakers may also contrast any new referents against this previously established set, thereby avoiding applying the same reference phrase to refer to different referents, a complementary phenomenon I call lexical differentiation. This study provides evidence for lexical differentiation in the context of lexical entrainment. Both phenomena are present when speakers and addressees interact, when speakers imagine addressees, and when speakers simply name objects. This indicates that lexical entrainment and lexical differentiation may be products of speaker-centered processes. However, the magnitudes of these effects differ when speakers have different audience demands, indicating that audience-centered processes may also be involved.

Contrastive emphasis in elicited dialogue

Phrase level characteristics of F0 and their interactions with duration patterns for a set of contrastively emphasized digits in elicited dialogues are examined. Phrases consisting of three digits plus a street name were elicited in a dialogue format designed to have the speaker repeat the same correction on one of the digits up to five or six times. Perception tests determined which phrases where ‘‘best perceived’’ and ‘‘worst perceived’’ as to emphasis. Onset, offset, and peak F0 within the sonorant portion of each digit of those phrases ‘‘best perceived,’’ ‘‘worst perceived,’’ and the reference phrases, with no corrective emphasis, were measured. Results suggest that speakers produce well-perceived contrastive emphasis by lengthening the duration of the emphasized word, shortening the duration of the other words within the phrase, and producing an extensive pitch drop between the emphasized word and the following words in the phrase. In an elicited dialogue situation in which the speaker is forced to produce repetitively the same item with contrastive emphasis, different combinations of these two cues are used, presumably in an attempt to maximize the chance that emphasis will be perceived.

Manifestations of contrastive emphasis in jaw movement

Measurements of area, duration, excursion, position, and velocity of mandible motion from x-ray microbeam pellet traces were examined [K. Lenzo and D. Erickson, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. (1994)]. Three American English speakers read sentences of the types, ‘‘Is it 599 Pine Street? No, it’s 59FIVE Pine Street,’’ with contrastive emphasis on each of the initial, medial, and final numbers, and also without contrastive emphasis [J. Westbury and O. Fujimura, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 85, S98 (1989)]. Composite reference phrases were created and a set of difference measures between the reference phrase and each token on the emphasis conditions was calculated. A ‘‘1’’ was assigned to the word with perceived contrastive emphasis and ‘‘0’’ to the other words in order to determine which articulatory measure correlated most highly with the presence of contrastive emphasis. Excursion in the final part of the syllable shows the highest correlation with contrastive emphasis for all three speakers, suggesting that the VC portion of the syllable is more sensitive to contrastive emphasis than the CV portion or the CVC as a whole. The implications of these findings to a model of speech production are discussed. [This work has been supported in part by a research fund from ATR International, given to O. Fujimura.]

Are All the Abbreviations Really Necessary?

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —When did we begin to abbreviate in medical journal articles? And why? I have just finished reading the January 1986 issue of theArchives, an issue full of informative and useful articles. I was moving along well beginning with the first editorial until I came to "Barrett's Esophagus" (BE). Okay, BE means barium enema to most of us, but I could accommodate. Then I kept reading about GER and SCE and looking back for the antecedent reference phrases. (For the rest of you general internists, they mean gastroesophageal reflux and specialized columnar epithelium.) I then went on to the other articles. There are at least 40 more abbreviations, most of which I would bet the majority of your readers could not identify out of context and probably could not remember while reading the articles. Try these: MABP, PMC, MVAMC, CCFA, SAT, STT, RAIU, CoNS, MPGN, FLD, BAL,

Changes in reference phrases as a function of frequency of usage in social interaction: a preliminary study

Pairs of subjects interacted in a problem-solving task which required them to communicate about ambiguous figures. The length of the reference phrase for each figure was calculated. A negative relationship was found between the frequency with which a figure was referred to and the mean length of its reference phrase.