Reference Intervals For Biochemical Analytes Research Articles

Reference intervals of biochemical analytes in healthy adults from northern China: A population-based cross-sectional study.

Reference intervals (RIs) of laboratory testing play a fundamental role in medical activities. RIs vary greatly for populations in different areas This study aimed to evaluate the age- and sex-specific reference intervals for a healthy population in a typical city of northern China. A cross-sectional study was performed in 4 tertiary care centers of Shijiazhuang of China, biochemical analytes were analyzed using a Beckman Coulter AU5800 (Beckman Coulter Inc., Brea, CA). A total of 42,979 healthy individuals were involved in this study. Grouped by age- and sex-specific, reference intervals of all the measures have been established. We found that different age groups of males and females have significant differences (all P < .001) in levels of various biochemical analytes. We provided a comprehensive age- and sex-specific RIs for biochemical analytes, which showed dynamic changes with both age and sex. For the local population, the reference intervals established here can be adopted in other clinical laboratories after appropriate validation.

Reference intervals for biochemical analytes in transgender individuals on hormone therapy.

Hormone therapy in transgender individuals may impact processes that lead to changes in biochemical analytes, and therefore reference intervals. Currently, few reference interval studies are available for the transgender population. We determined biochemical reference intervals for transgender individuals receiving hormone therapy. Our retrospective, laboratory-based, observational study included healthy transgender males (N = 24) and transgender females (N = 84) on hormone therapy. Various biochemical reference intervals were established for each cohort and compared to their cisgender counterparts. We detected significant differences in reference intervals for sodium, 139-142mmol/L vs. 136-145mmol/L when comparing transgender males (TM) with cisgender males (CM). The following significant changes in upper reference limits (URL) for TM versus CM were detected, ALP (URL: 96 U/L vs. 128 U/L), GGT (URL: 27 U/L vs. 67 U/L) and testosterone (URL: 46.7nmol/L vs. 29.0nmol/L), respectively. Moreover, when comparing transgender female (TF) to cisgender female (CF), significant differences in creatinine (URL: 117μmol/L vs. 90μmol/L), albumin (lower reference limit: 41g/L, vs. 35g/L), AST (URL: 50 U/L vs. 35 U/L), ALP (URL: 118 U/L vs. 98 U/L) and oestradiol (URL: 934 pmol/L vs. 213 pmol/L) were noted, respectively. Significantly higher LDL-C was observed for TM on hormone treatment, compared to baseline (2.9mmol/L vs. 2.2mmol/L, p <0.01). Biochemical results for TM and TF receiving hormone therapy can be evaluated against our transgender-specific reference intervals for some analytes, while others can be compared to their identified gender reference intervals.

Establishment of reference intervals of biochemical analytes for South African adults: a study conducted as part of the IFCC global multicentre study on reference values

Objective: This study was conducted as a part of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) global study for establishing reference intervals (RIs) of common laboratory tests for the South African population considering gender, ethnicity, age and body mass index (BMI). Methods: The researchers recruited 1 143 apparently healthy volunteers aged 18–65: 551 African (Afr) and 592 non-African (NAfr) (comprising 383 Caucasian and 209 Mixed Ancestry). Serum samples were measured for 40 chemistry and immunochemistry analytes. The standard deviation ratio (SDR) guided the need for partitioning reference values according to gender, ethnicity and age using a threshold of ≥ 0.4. The latent abnormal values exclusion (LAVE) method was applied to reduce influences of latent diseases before deriving RIs using both parametric and non-parametric methods. Results: Based on SDRsex, males showed higher albumin, uric acid, creatinine, AST, CK and ferritin. Based on SDRRC, Afr compared to NAfr showed (i) higher total protein, amylase, CRP, immunoglobulin G and A and (ii) lower total bilirubin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), ALT and cholinesterase. Both age-related changes in glucose and LDL-C, and BMI-related changes in ALT, ALP and LDH were more prominent in NAfr. RIs were determined according to gender, age and ethnicity. The LAVE method was effective in lowering the upper RI limits (UL) of nutritional markers such as γGT and CRP. Compared to the non-parametric method, the parametric method gave narrower confidence intervals of ULs for analytes with skewed distributions. Conclusion: Establishing RIs by considering ethnicity was essential in many analytes in South Africa. Age and BMI-related changes differed greatly between Afr and NAfr.

Establishment of variation source and age-related reference interval models for 22 common biochemical analytes in older people using real-world big data mining.

the ageing population has increased in many countries, including China. However, reference intervals (RIs) for older people are rarely established because of difficulties in selecting reference individuals. Here, we aimed to analyse the factors affecting biochemical analytes and establish RI and age-related RI models for biochemical analytes through mining real-world big data. data for 97,220 individuals downloaded from electronic health records were included. Three derived databases were established. The first database included 97,220 individuals and was used to build age-related RI models after identifying outliers by the Tukey method. The second database consisted of older people and was used to establish variation source models and RIs for biochemical analytes. Differences between older and younger people were compared using the third database. sex was the main source of variation of biochemical analytes for older people in the variation source models. The distributions of creatinine and uric acid were significantly different in the RIs of biochemical analytes for older people established according to sex. Age-related RI models for biochemical analytes that were most affected by age were built and visualized, revealing various patterns of changes from the younger to older people. the study analysed the factors affecting biochemical analytes in older people. Moreover, RI and age-related RI models of biochemical analytes for older people were established to provide important insight into biological processes and to assist clinical use of various biochemical analytes to monitor the status of various diseases for older people.

Establishment of reference intervals of biochemical analytes for healthy Chinese volunteers during the screening process in clinical pharmacology trials.

Laboratory reference intervals (RIs) play a key role in clinical pharmacology trials, both in the screening process and in evaluating drug safety. However, RIs tend to be confined to the general population, and data about RIs for the trial population are limited. The purpose of this study was to determine appropriate RIs for use when screening a defined special subgroup of a healthy Chinese population in clinical pharmacology trials. A total of 773 healthy Chinese volunteers (552 men and 221 women) who sought to participate in clinical pharmacology trials were included in this study. Sixteen different biochemical analytes were measured by a Beckman Coulter Unicel DxC 800 automatic analyzer. RIs were partitioned by gender using Harris and Boyd's method and calculated using a non-parametric method. The RIs of 16 biochemical analytes for healthy Chinese volunteers during the screening process in clinical pharmacology trials are reported in this study. Noticeable differences between the RIs in this study and RIs provided by our laboratory or existing literature were also observed. Compared to our institutional RIs, the newly established RIs were more applicable to the current trial population. The RIs in this study can serve as a powerful clinical tool during the screening process in clinical pharmacology trials. However, these RIs should be re-verified if any condition changes. The results also emphasize the importance re-establishing RIs which are more applicable to local trial populations.

Comparison of neonatal reference intervals for 23 biochemical analytes in the cord blood-A single center study in South Korea.

Choi SJ, Lee S, Lee B, Jang JY, Cho J, Uh Y. Comparison of neonatal reference intervals for 23 biochemical analytes in the cord blood-A single center study in South Korea. Turk J Pediatr 2019; 61: 337-344. Reference intervals for laboratory tests are important in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. However, due to difficulty in recruiting sufficient numbers of reference subjects, studies regarding reference intervals for biochemical analytes in neonates is lacking. The aim of this study was to compare and validate the reference intervals for 23 biochemical analytes in the cord blood of neonates. From August to December 2017, 79 consecutive neonates born at the Wonju Severance Christian Hospital (Wonju, Korea) with C-reactive protein concentration less than 0.05 mg/dL were included in this study. All of 23 biochemical analytes were measured by the cobas 8000 c702 (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland). Mean ± 2 standard deviations (SD) were calculated if the values were normally distributed, and median and the range of 2.5-97.5 percentile were described when the values were not normally distributed. We compared the neonatal reference intervals for 23 biochemical analytes. Alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transferase showed significant differences according to sex, and direct bilirubin revealed significant differences depending on the delivery mode. These compared reference intervals of 23 biochemical analytes will be useful for clinical decision-making in the management of neonates.

Reference intervals for biochemical analytes of captive Black-Fronted Piping-Guan (Aburria jacutinga).

Black-Fronted Piping-Guan (Aburria jacutinga) is considered one of the most threatened bird species on the American continent. Ex situ conservation efforts have been developed in Brazil, and monitoring the health status of these populations is essential to ensure reproductive success in captivity. Reference intervals (RI) for biochemistry analytes from a larger population of Black-Fronted Piping-Guan are unavailable. This study was aimed at establishing RI for biochemical analytes of captive Black-Fronted Piping-Guan for future improved health assessments in these animals. Blood samples were collected from 32 adult Black-Fronted Piping-Guans for serum and plasma separation. Liver and kidney function markers, and concentration of protein and lipids were measured. Reference intervals were determined using an Excel program with Reference Value Adviser (version 2.0). The RI of the analytes were: AST 20.7-188.0 U/L; CK 713.7-4741.4 U/L; LDH 360.7-1173.7 U/L; γ Glutamyl Transferase 1.1-5.4 U/L; total plasma protein 3.5-6.2 g/dL; total serum protein 1.7-4.7 g/dL; uric acid 0.9-19.2 mg/dL; urea 7.0-25.3 mg/dL; cholesterol 71.8-232.2 mg/dL; triglycerides 25.6-183.4 mg/dL. The RI are similar to the ones published for other avian species. Only CK and uric acid values were in discordance with the usually reported avian ranges. This could be due to different methods of capture and physical restraint. Alternatively, some differences could be species-specific. In general, physical restraint should be limited to a minimum and without stress to prevent capture myopathy and death.

Blood clinical biochemistry and packed cell volume of the Chinese three-striped box turtle, Cuora trifasciata (Reptilia: Geoemydidae).

Reference intervals for blood biochemical analytes and packed cell volume are useful to veterinarians and conservation programs for monitoring the health of threatened species. Populations of the critically endangered Chinese three-striped box turtle, Cuora trifasciata (Bell, 1825), are heavily depleted in the wild because of overharvesting; and many individuals are now maintained in captive breeding programs. Reference intervals of biochemical analytes and packed cell volume were established for individuals of this species held in a captive breeding program at Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Hong Kong. Blood samples were obtained from 86 healthy individuals from a captive population during annual health examinations between 2006 and 2010. Packed cell volume and 17 biochemical analytes were measured, and data were analyzed using both multivariate and univariate statistical analyses. Significant differences in eight analytes between males and females were identified. Ten analytes were found to increase or decrease significantly with the body weight of the turtles. The reported plasma reference intervals, based on 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles, may serve as benchmarks for clinical assessment and conservation of this critically endangered species.

Breed‐specific biochemical reference intervals for the adult Dogue de Bordeaux

Breed-specific reference intervals are of increasing interest in veterinary medicine. The health monitoring of the Dogue de Bordeaux, a breed predisposed to familial juvenile glomerulonephropathy and hypothyroidism, would benefit from specific reference intervals. The purpose of this study was to establish breed-specific biochemical reference intervals for the Dogue de Bordeaux in accordance with the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. One hundred and twenty Dogues de Bordeaux from France and Belgium were recruited. Complete urinalysis and chemistry panels, venous blood gas variables, total thyroxin and thyroid stimulating hormone, and fibrinogen and antithrombin were measured for each dog. Reference intervals were determined using the non-parametric method. Confounding variables such as sex, age and color of facial mask were analyzed. Due to pre-defined criteria for exclusion, 62 healthy dogs were finally selected for the reference intervals determination. Using the instrument manufacturer's generic canine RI for most analytes did not have a significant impact on potential clinical decisions, except for total proteins, ALT, AST, total cholesterol, lipase and total thyroxin, for which possible clinically relevant differences were noted. Specific reference intervals for biochemical analytes in the Dogue de Bordeaux were determined under controlled pre-analytical and analytical conditions, and according to international recommendations. The use of these breed-specific reference intervals is recommended when using the specified analytic instruments, especially for the 6 analytes for which the reference intervals differed considerably from those provided by manufacturers.

Reference intervals for biochemical analytes in serum and heparinized plasma and serum protein fractions in adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos)

Species-specific reference intervals for laboratory tests are required for diagnosis and management of disease. Few reports of reference intervals for biochemical analytes and protein fractions are available for alpacas. The aims of this study were to establish reference intervals for biochemical analytes measured in both serum and plasma and in serum protein fractions, and to determine the influence of herd and sex on test results in a population of alpacas. Blood was collected from 74 healthy male and female adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from 5 herds into tubes with no anticoagulant or with sodium heparin and analyzed within 4 hours. Biochemical analytes and ionized calcium were measured using a Hitachi P modular automated chemistry analyzer and an ABL-800 Flex blood-gas analyzer, respectively, and protein fractions were measured by agarose gel electrophoresis of serum. Nonparametric statistical methods were used to determine reference intervals, results obtained from serum and plasma were compared, and effects of herd and sex were examined. Serum and plasma samples from 71 and 74 alpacas, respectively, were used to establish reference intervals for serum and plasma biochemical analytes. Intervals were similar, although clinically relevant differences between creatine kinase activity and phosphate concentration were found in individual animals. Serum proteins from 60 alpacas were analyzed by electrophoresis. There were significant herd- and sex-associated differences in some biochemical analytes and protein fractions; however, most had minimal impact on reference interval determination, with the exception of herd-associated effects on concentrations of urea nitrogen, ionized calcium, and bile acids and transferrin saturation. Serum and plasma reference intervals are interchangeable; however, consistency of sample type is imperative when performing serial testing. Use of laboratory- and instrument-specific reference intervals is optimal; however, intervals reported here may be used as a guide for interpreting laboratory results from alpacas, especially when test methods are the same.

Determination of serum biochemistry reference intervals in a large sample of adult greyhounds

As large breed, highly muscled dogs, greyhounds are regarded as physiologically different to other breeds. Biochemistry reference intervals have previously been determined using small numbers of greyhounds or based on the observations from racing dogs. The purpose of this study was to develop statistically defined reference intervals for biochemical analytes in healthy non-racing greyhounds. Partitioning according to gender was also examined. Biochemical analytes from a population of non-racing healthy greyhounds, including 269 males, 202 females and 28 dogs where gender had not been recorded, were examined using a non-parametric statistical approach. The dogs were aged between one and nine years old. Total protein, albumin, globulin and creatinine reference intervals differed from generic reference intervals used for dogs. The reference intervals for greyhounds in this study are similar to those obtained by other studies of greyhounds, but often had a narrower range of values, likely reflecting more accurate estimation associated with larger numbers of reference individuals. Recommended methods for assessment of partitioning do not indicate a need to partition according to gender.