Reference Frequency Research Articles

Reference frequency variance-based rapid identification method for vortex flow rate under mixed vibration interference

Reference frequency variance-based rapid identification method for vortex flow rate under mixed vibration interference

Negative effects on oral motor function after submandibular and parotid botulinum neurotoxin A injections for drooling in children with developmental disabilities.

To evaluate negative effects on oral motor function after concurrent submandibular and parotid (four-gland) botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) injections as a treatment for paediatric drooling. This was a retrospective cohort study of 125 children (median age 7 years 7 months [interquartile range 4 years 5 months]) with developmental disabilities, including cerebral palsy, treated with four-gland injections. Most children (90.4%) were previously exposed to submandibular injections. Frequency, severity, and duration of negative effects on oral motor function (i.e. saliva swallowing, eating, drinking, articulation) were evaluated and compared to a reference cohort treated with submandibular injections. Negative effects on oral motor function were reported in 45 children (36.0%), predominantly manifesting as eating-related problems (64.4%). Most negative effects (62.2%) were classified as mild and resolved within 4-weeks post-injunction (53.3%). Compared to the reference cohort, frequency (36.0% vs 33.0%) and duration (53.3% vs 53.6% resolving within 4 weeks) of negative effects were comparable, although problems were more often moderately severe (33.3% vs 10.1%). While negative effects on oral motor function were relatively common after four-gland BoNT-A injections, most problems were mild and resolved promptly. No substantial differences to a reference cohort treated with submandibular injections were observed, although further research should establish the generalizability of these findings in a treatment-naive population. Nevertheless, when submandibular injections prove ineffective, clinicians can confidently consider four-gland injections.

A low-cost and wide-applicability method for zero-crossing temperature measurement of ultralow expansion cavity

We present a low-cost and wide-applicability method for measuring the zero-crossing temperature (ZCT) of a ultralow expansion (ULE) cavity by using a scanning transfer cavity. As a demonstration of our method, we leverage a low-fineness scanning confocal Fabry-Pérot interferometer (FPI) and a Helium-Neon (He-Ne) laser as a frequency bridge and reference respectively to characterize the frequency of cavity mode. Combined with a LabVIEW based data acquisition (DAQ) card, we can easily and visually quantify the wavelength of ULE-based stabilized laser relative to the reference laser, further quickly and accurately derive ZCT value by monitoring its dependence on temperature. The total measurement uncertainty is analyzed in detail and determined to be 0.27 °C. Our represented method shows a wide range of applicable wavelength by extending the number of FPI with complementary coating ranges and flexibly selecting frequency references.

A low power low phase noise wide frequency range PLL

This paper presents a low-noise, low-power, wide output frequency range phase-locked loop (PLL) for WLAN/WiFi transceivers. By employing a dual-symmetric CMOS cross-coupled pair differential inductor voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), the design achieves low phase noise. In addition, an improved phase frequency detector (PFD) and a programmable low-mismatch charge pump (CP) with feedback compensation bias control are used to mitigate bandwidth and noise variations caused by different reference frequencies. The improved charge pump PLL (CPPLL) is designed in 65 nm CMOS process, and the chip layout occupies an area of 0.28 mm2. Post-layout simulation results indicate that the PLL has a tuning range of 4.6 GHz to 6 GHz, a phase noise of 111.7 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset at 5 GHz, a total power consumption of 7.14 mW, and a lock time of about 9μs.

Multi-Wavelength Narrow-Spacing Laser Frequency Stabilization Technology Based on Fabry-Perot Etalon

Classical frequency-stabilized lasers have achieved high-frequency stability and reproducibility; however, their extensive wavelength spacing limits their utility in various scenarios. This study introduces a novel frequency-stabilized laser scheme that integrates a Fabry-Perot etalon (FPE) with digital control technology and wavelength modulation techniques. The FPE, characterized by multiple transmission peaks at minimal frequency intervals, provides stable frequency references for different lasers, thereby enhancing the system’s flexibility and adaptability. An error signal is derived from the first-order differentiation of the FPE’s transmission curve. A 180° phase difference was observed in the feedback output signal when the laser’s central frequency diverged from the reference, determining that the direction of the frequency control was accordingly determined.Employing feedback control, the laser’s output frequency is stabilized at the transmission peak frequency of the FPE. Experimental results demonstrate that this stabilization scheme effectively locks the laser’s output wavelength to different transmission peak frequencies of the FPE, achieving 25 GHz wavelength spacing. The frequency stability is improved by two orders of magnitude on a second-level timescale, maintained within hundreds of kHz, equating to a frequency stability level of 10−10.

Aspect ratio optimization of piezoelectric extensional mode resonators for quality factor and phase noise performance enhancement

Abstract This study focuses on optimizing the resonator geometry via the aspect ratio design of a width-extensional mode resonator to improve its quality factor (Q), which is one of the critical performance parameters for resonators in either sensing (Allan deviation) or frequency reference (phase noise) applications. The proposed approach uses finite element analysis to reduce the strain energy at anchor supports by altering the resonator geometric structure, thereby reducing energy loss through anchors. Moreover, process limitations on feature sizes are used as constraints to find aspect ratios that can not only increase the Q but also reduce spurious modes near the targeted frequency. The devices were fabricated using AlN thin film piezoelectric on a substrate (TPoS) process. The simulated energy dissipation trends for specific length-to-width (L/W) ratios closely match the measured changes in the resonator Q values in vacuum. In vacuum, the highest Q-factor achieved by the device is close to 8816, with a motional resistance of a few tens of ohms. Additionally, a board-level oscillator realized using a commercial low-noise amplifier exhibits phase noise performance of −141.21 dBc Hz−1 and −164.25 dBc Hz−1 at 1 kHz and 1 MHz frequency offsets, respectively. The calculated figures of merit for these offsets are 204 and 168, respectively.

Identifiable Information Value of Standard Autosomal STR in Indigenous Populations of Russia for Determination of First-Degree Relatedness

The effects of the demographic history of mankind have led to the fact that the indigenous peoples of Dagestan and Siberia are inferior in terms of genetic diversity to the populations of Europe, which affects the level of identification informativeness of standard forensic autosomal markers in these populations. In our study, we evaluated the effectiveness of two standard sets of autosomal STRs (13 CODIS, 20 CODIS, Combined DNA Index System) for the genetic testing of parent-child relatedness in four highly inbred populations of the Russian Federation and the Russian population, using two types of reference frequencies. The results of the study confirmed the assumption that the level of identification informativity of standard autosomal markers in highly inbred populations of Siberia and Dagestan is lower than in the Russian population. The total information content of markers of the new CODIS standard exceeds the threshold values required in the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation (No. 346n). At the same time, the probability of a false positive result increases with an increase in the inbreeding coefficient in the population.

The crossover frequency of acoustic simulation for small-scale enclosures by wave and statistic based methods

In the field of room acoustic simulation, wave-based and statistical numerical methods are pivotal for acquiring sound field characteristics. Although the Schroeder Frequency has been utilized to deduce the suitable frequency range of these methods in large enclosures, the crossover frequency warrants further investigation for the small-scale enclosures with complicated inner structures, such as car cabins. This work aims to explore the applicable frequency range of these acoustic simulation methods for a small-scale model, which means identifying the crossover frequency between wave-based Finite Element Method (FEM) and statistical Ray Tracing Method (RTM). First, the crossover frequency was analyzed by the Schroder Frequency equation and modal density estimated from the room transfer functions (RTFs) in a simplified car model, which considering the interior with and without seat occlusion. Further, the crossover frequency was validated by comparing the magnitude spectra of RTFs simulated by FEM and RTM. This work provides a foundational frequency reference for applying statistical acoustic methods in small-scale enclosures.

Preliminary study of coda wave attenuation around Yogyakarta based on Meramex temporary stations data

Abstract The tail of a seismogram record, the coda, usually comes from the high-order scattered waves from some heterogeneities in the earth’s crust. Coda waves can be used to estimate the earthquake attenuation, site amplification and to determine the magnitudes. This preliminary study investigates the seismic attenuation property around the Yogyakarta region, Indonesia, from the Meramex temporary network. The Meramex network was installed from May to October 2004. We estimated the coda wave attenuation using the back-scattering model. We presented results from two station measurements (AJ1 and AI1) in this preliminary study. We analyzed shallow earthquakes (<40km) with distances less than 3 degrees. We bandpass filter the data with central frequencies of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 Hz. The coda window begins from twice the S-wave arrival time with a window length between 20 and 80 seconds. We estimated the coda quality factor (Qc) for each central frequency. The Qc at reference frequency 1 Hz yields the estimation for Q0 and the frequency-dependent factor (η) of 64 - 134 and 1.14-0.95, respectively. The Q0 value increased significantly in the window length of 20 to 30 seconds and was relatively stable in the window length of 30 seconds, but the η value is the contrary. The rise of the Q0 and decrease of η is apparently due to the heterogeneity of the earth’s crust, and the flat may be associated with the uniformity of the upper mantle.

Novel Quantitative Liver Steatosis Assessment Method With Ultrasound Harmonic Imaging.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most prevalent liver disorder in Western countries, with approximately 20%-30% of the MASLD patients progressing to severe stages. There is an urgent need for noninvasive, cost-effective, widely accessible, and precise biomarkers to evaluate liver steatosis. This study aims to assess and compare the diagnostic performance of a novel reference frequency method-based ultrasound attenuation coefficient estimation (ACE) in both fundamental (RFM-ACE-FI) and harmonic (RFM-ACE-HI) imaging for detecting and grading liver steatosis. An Institutional Review Board-approved prospective study was carried out between December 2018 and October 2022. A total number of 130 subjects were enrolled in the study. The correlation between RFM-ACE-HI values and magnetic resonance imaging proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF), as well as between RFM-ACE-FI values and MRI-PDFF were calculated. The diagnostic performance of RFM-ACE-FI and RFM-ACE-HI was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, as compared to MRI-PDFF. The reproducibility of RFM-ACE-HI was assessed by interobserver agreement between two sonographers. A strong correlation was observed between RFM-ACE-HI and MRI-PDFF, with R = 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83-0.92; P < .001), while the correlation between RFM-ACE-FI and MRI-PDFF was R = 0.65 (95% CI: 0.50-0.76; P < .001). The area under the ROC (AUROC) curve for RFM-ACE-HI in staging liver steatosis grades of S ≥ 1 and S ≥ 2 was 0.97 (95% CI: 0.91-0.99; P < .001) and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.93-1.00; P < .001), respectively, and 0.76 (95% CI: 0.65-0.85) and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.70-0.88) for RFM-ACE-FI, respectively. Great reproducibility was achieved for RFM-ACE-HI, with an interobserver agreement of R = 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94-0.99; P < .001). The novel RFM-ACE-HI method offered high liver steatosis diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility, which has important clinical implications for early disease intervention and treatment evaluation.

Photonics-assisted high-precision free space RF synchronization technology

In this paper, a high-precision frequency synchronization scheme in free space based on microwave photonic architecture is proposed, which can be used between multi-nodes in relative motion or in a motionless state. The reference frequency is modulated to high frequency through microwave photon up-conversion, and the reference signal is recovered at the receiver through photonics self-mixing technology. The experiment over free space in the laboratory in 4m, shows that the performance of Allen variance is s under the noise floor is s, and it is better than that of the electrical generation method with the Allen variance is s. The impact of system signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on frequency stability is analyzed, and the experimental results are consistent with the theoretical value. At the same time, a functional experiment based on free space RF synchronization is conducted, compared to the direct synchronization method, the phase degradation of this method is only 0.25 rad, and the degradation of peak side lobe ratio (PLSR) of pulse compression loss is 0.29 dB. The good, coherent result further verifies the correctness of this synchronization method.

Expanding the Russian allele frequency reference via cross-laboratory data integration: insights from 7452 exome samples.

Population allele frequency is crucially important for accurate interpretation of known and novel variants in medical genetics. Recently, several large allele frequency databases, such as the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), have been created to serve as a global reference for such studies. However, frequencies of many rare alleles vary dramatically between populations, and population-specific allele frequency is often more informative than the global one. Many countries and regions, including Russia, remain poorly studied from the genetic perspective. Here, we report the first successful attempt to integrate genetic information between major medical genetic laboratories in Russia. We construct RUSeq, an open, large-scale reference set of genetic variants by analyzing 7452 exome samples collected in two major Russian cities-Moscow and St. Petersburg. An ∼10-fold increase in sample size compared to previous studies allowed us to characterize extensive genetic diversity within the admixed Russian population with contributions from several major ancestral groups. We highlight 51 known pathogenic variants that are overrepresented in Russia compared to other European countries. We also identify several dozen high-impact variants that are present in healthy donors despite being annotated as pathogenic in ClinVar and falling within genes associated with autosomal dominant disorders. The constructed database of genetic variant frequencies in Russia has been made available to the medical genetics community through a variant browser available at http://ruseq.ru.

HLA-Cw6 Polymorphism in Autoimmune Blistering Diseases.

Autoimmune blistering diseases of the pemphigus and pemphigoid groups are immune-mediated disorders due to circulating pathogenetic autoantibodies. Multiple human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have been associated with predisposition to these disorders. HLA-Cw6 is involved in antigen presentation processes and has been linked to psoriasis. The aim of our study was to investigate the association between the presence of the HLA-Cw6 allele and susceptibility to pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. A genetic study in vitro with a cross-sectional design was performed enrolling forty patients with pemphigus vulgaris and forty patients with bullous pemphigoid. The detection of HLA-Cw6 was performed through the EUROArray test on DNA obtained from whole blood samples. The polymorphism was detected in 3/40 genotypes in the pemphigus vulgaris group and in 4/40 genotypes of patients with bullous pemphigoid, unveiling a non-statistically significant different frequency in pemphigus (p = 0.6368) and in pemphigoid (p = 0.62) compared to the reference frequency from the literature of 0.086. Further research is needed to better investigate the role of HLA-Cw6 in immune-mediated diseases and to identify novel genetic markers associated with susceptibility to autoimmune blistering diseases and with disease severity and response to immunosuppressive therapies.

Intraoperative monitoring of visual evoked potentials: experience of 240 operations

Background. Intraoperative monitoring (IOM) of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) is used to inform surgeons about impacts on the visual system in order to prevent iatrogenic visual impairment. The VEP monitoring use become widespread only in the last decade; nowadays, there is no generally accepted methodology for its implementation, and the effectiveness of VEP monitoring and the factors determining it have not been sufficiently studied.Aim. The aim of the study was to investigate the factors influencing the VEP monitoring feasibility and effectiveness.Materials and methods. Data from 240 consecutive neurosurgical operations performed using VEP monitoring were retrospectively reviewed. IOM data (registration parameters, presence and type of VEP changes), patient characteristics (gender and age, tumor type and location, presence of preoperative visual dysfunctions), anesthesia parameters and postoperative changes in vision were studied. Statistical analysis was performed using χ2 and Mann–Whitney tests.Results. VEPs were obtained in 91.3 % of eyes with completely or partially preserved vision. The main factors reducing the chances to record VEPs successfully are preoperative visual disorders and the use of inhalation anesthesia. A personalized approach to the selection of reference electrodes and frequency filtering parameters makes it possible to reduce the number of averagings required for VEP recording and accelerate informing surgeons. With successful monitoring 59.1 % of eyes had no noticeable VEP changes; 5.8 % of eyes had signs of intraoperative improvement; 35.1 % had signs of deterioration. Among the last category, 60.7 % of eyes had full VEPs recovery afterwards. After surgery, new visual disorders were detected in 2.6 % of eyes without signs of intraoperative deterioration, in 6.7 % – with temporary deterioration, and in 19.3 % – with signs of deterioration persisted until IOM is finished. Assessing the sensitivity and specificity of VEP monitoring is hampered by the possibility of complications in the early postoperative period and IOM influence on the course and results of the operation. The proportion of total resections was maximal when VEP monitoring was successful. In the subgroup without preoperative visual impairments, the alarms during monitoring were associated with decrease in proportion of total resections proportion due to increase in proportion of subtotal resections.Conclusion. VEP monitoring with a personalized approach allows effective monitoring of visual functions preservation during neurosurgical operations.

Pengelolaan Cache pada Aplikasi Pencatatan Penjualan Menggunakan Fuzzy Page Replacement Algorithm

The challenges faced in website development are becoming increasingly diverse, particularly in delivering a responsive website that aligns with user preferences. Progressive Web App (PWA) is an advanced web technology that combines the advantages of mobile applications with the ease of access provided by browsers. With features such as offline access and responsiveness across various devices through the utilization of web caching, PWA can offer a better and more interactive user experience. This study aims to develop a sales recording application based on PWA, optimized using an algorithm with a fuzzy approach, namely the Fuzzy Page Replacement Algorithm (FPRA) in cache management. FPRA is applied to enhance cache efficiency through the clustering of pages based on recency, access frequency, and page reference levels using the Fuzzy C-Means algorithm. The research was conducted with a case study on the sales recording application for a fried chicken business, employing the Rapid Application Development (RAD) method for the design and construction of the application. The results indicate that FPRA successfully reduced page load time significantly, achieving up to 37% faster performance based on the average results of five tested scenarios. The implementation of FPRA in the service worker also increased the average performance score of the application by 15 points, from 56 to 71, as evaluated using the Lighthouse testing tool. Thus, the utilization of caching and the application of FPRA in cache management have been proven to enhance application performance.

Additively Manufactured Ceramics for Compact Quantum Technologies

AbstractQuantum technologies are advancing from fundamental research in specialized laboratories to practical applications in the field, driving the demand for robust, scalable, and reproducible system integration techniques. Ceramic components can be pivotal thanks to high stiffness, low thermal expansion, and excellent dimensional stability under thermal stress. Lithography‐based additive manufacturing of technical ceramics is explored, especially for miniaturized physics packages and electro‐optical systems. This approach enables functional systems with precisely manufactured, intricate structures, and high mechanical stability while minimizing size and weight. It facilitates rapid prototyping, simplifies fabrication and leads to highly integrated, reliable devices. As an electrical insulator with low outgassing and high temperature stability, printed technical ceramics such as and AlN bridge a technology gap in quantum technology and offer advantages over other printable materials. This potential is demonstrated with CerAMRef, a micro‐integrated rubidium D2 line optical frequency reference on a printed micro‐optical bench and housing. The frequency instability of the reference is comparable to laboratory setups while the volume of the integrated spectroscopy setup is only . Potential for future applications is identified in compact atomic magnetometers, miniaturized optical atom traps, and vacuum system integration.

AC Zeeman effect in microfabricated surface traps.

Quantum processors and atomic clocks based on trapped ions often utilize an ion's hyperfine transition as the qubit state or frequency reference, respectively. These states are a good choice because they are insensitive in first order to magnetic field fluctuations, leading to long coherence times and stable frequency splittings. In trapped ions, however, these states are still subject to the second order AC Zeeman effect due to the necessary presence of an oscillating magnetic field used to confine the ions in a Paul trap configuration. Here, we measure the frequency shift of the 2S1/2 hyperfine transition of a 171Yb+ ion caused by the radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field used to create confinement in several microfabricated surface trap designs. By comparing different trap designs, we show that two key design modifications significantly reduce the AC Zeeman effect experienced by the ion: (1) an RF ground layer routed directly below the entire RF electrode, and (2) a symmetric RF electrode. Both of these changes lead to better cancellation of the AC magnetic field and, thus, overall reduced frequency shifts due to the AC Zeeman effect and reduced variation across the device. These improvements enable a more homogeneous environment for quantum computing and can reduce errors for precision applications such as atomic clocks.

Design of a LiDAR ranging system based on dual‐frequency phase modulation

AbstractPhase‐based light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology is emerging in the fields of industrial mapping, autonomous driving, and robotics, but the traditional phase‐based ranging technology generally suffers from the problem that the ranging accuracy is inversely proportional to the measurement range under a single measurement frequency, the system structure is complicated, and the performance is unstable, and so forth. In this article, a new type of LiDAR system design based on phase ranging is proposed. The system adopts a 100 + 1 MHz double measuring ruler modulation light source, uses the laser to control the phase difference detection method of the same frequency reference, optimizes the structure of the transceiver optical system, and the design of AD8302 high‐resolution signal phase discriminator circuit, builds a high‐precision laser ranging system, and carries out the experiments on the measurement accuracy of the LiDAR ranging system. The experimental results show that the measurement accuracy of the system is millimeter level, which is simple, practical, and can meet the needs of a wide range of practical applications. This study provides a feasible and innovative solution for LiDAR technology in high‐precision distance measurement.

A global view on star formation: The GLOSTAR Galactic plane survey

Context. The GLObal view on STAR formation in the Milky Way (GLOSTAR) survey studies star formation with the Very Large Array (VLA) and the Effelsberg 100 meter radio telescope in the Galactic plane between −2° &lt; ℓ &lt; 60° and |b| &lt; 1°, and the Cygnus X region (76° &lt; ℓ &lt; 83° and −1° &lt; b &lt; 2°), with unprecedented sensitivity in both flux density (1σ ~50 μJy beam−1) and the capability of detecting emission with angular scales in the range from 1.″0 to the largest radio structures in the Galaxy on the order of a few degrees in size. Aims. Here, we provide a complete GLOSTAR-VLA D-configuration radio source catalog for the part of the Galactic disk covered. A catalog for the “pilot region” between 28° &lt; ℓ &lt; 36° has been published in a previous paper and here we present the complementary catalog for the area within 2° &lt; ℓ &lt; 28°, 36° &lt; ℓ &lt; 60° and |b| &lt; 1°. Methods. Observations were taken with the VLA in a 4–8 GHz band to image 100 square degrees of the inner Galactic disk at a reference frequency of 5.8 GHz, using a total of 260 h of telescope time. We determined spectral indices (α; Sν ∝ να) inside the observed band and in the frequency range of 1.4–5.8 GHz by complementing our results with those from The HI/OH/Recombination line survey of the inner Milky Way (THOR), which covers 1–2 GHz. Results. The final images have an angular resolution of 18″ and an average sensitivity of 123 μJy beam−1. The sensitivity is better (~60 μJy beam−1) in areas free of extended emission. The complementary Galactic disk catalog presented in this work consists of 11 211 radio sources. Of these, 1965 are known large-scale structure sources such as star-forming region complexes, well-known supernova remnants (SNRs), SNR candidates, or parts thereof. The remaining 9227 are discrete individual sources. Source parameters–namely flux densities, sizes, spectral indices, and classifications-are reported. We identify 769 H II region candidates, 359 of which have been newly classified as such. The mean value of spectral indices of 225 H II regions is +0.14 ± 0.02, consistent with most of them emitting optically thin thermal radio emission. Combining our results with the previously published catalog of the pilot region, the final GLOSTAR-VLA D-configuration catalog contains 12 981 radio sources.

A study on the effect of print parameters on the internal structural quality of 316 L samples printed via laser powder bed fusion: Experimental and algorithmic approach

AbstractThis work aims to establish a quality assurance methodology for additively manufactured (AM) samples, produced from laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) method. The method incorporates resonance frequency method (RFM), where reference samples from wrought 316 L will be used to establish a data‐base with a set of reference frequencies. The data‐base is enhanced further with simulated frequencies, via FEM method, which was carried out on samples with the same dimensions and material properties as those of the reference. The quality of LPBF samples were benchmarked against this database. Four sets of LPBF samples (termed as A, B, C, and D) were printed with different parameters, and their densities were measured to understand deviations from the reference database. It was observed that Set‐C had the least drop in density of approx. 0.65% when compared to the wrought samples. Microscopic analysis revealed that the melt pools were clearly visible in all the samples, with no significant effect from different print parameters. Subsequently RFM was performed on all the sets and clear shifts in frequencies observed. Set‐C had the least deviation when compared to the reference (averaged at 200 Hz), whereas it was 250, 300, and 400 Hz for Set‐D, Set‐A and Set‐B respectively. There are several reasons for the frequency shift, the presence of porosity being one of them. Set‐B had the highest concentration of porosity in the ‐YZ plane. An algorithm was developed to sort the samples based on the frequency shifts seen from those of the samples from wrought 316 L. The sorting methodology was based on the shift frequencies, and the farther the sift is from the wrought the worst it get in terms of quality. The algorithm, which is programmed based on this methodology, was tested on a new set of LPBF samples and its effectiveness validated.