Refeeding Research Articles

Fasting/refeeding: an experimental model to study the impact of early thermal manipulation on hepatic metabolism in mule ducks.

An increase in egg incubation temperature was previously shown to enhance the metabolism of mule ducks and increase liver fattening after overfeeding, through a metabolic programming mechanism. Here, we examined whether fasting (F) followed by refeeding (RF) in 11-wk-old mule ducks could become an accelerated model to study the mechanisms of metabolic programming following embryonic thermal manipulation. This study investigated the hepatic response of mule ducks subjected to 23 h of fasting and 1 h of refeeding, in control or thermally programmed animals (with an increase of 1°C, 16 h per day from days 13 to 27 of embryogenesis). Liver weight and energy composition, hepatocyte structure, plasma parameters, and gene expression levels were measured at 1, 2, and 4 h after RF. All these parameters were strongly affected by RF, whereas significant impacts of embryonic programming were measured in cell size (+1 µm on average), lipid composition (+4.2% of saturated fatty acids 4 h after the meal), and relative gene expressions (including HK1, SCD1, ELOVL6, and FASN). In addition to confirming previously identified molecular targets of thermal manipulation, this study revealed new ones, thanks to kinetic sampling after RF. Finally, the detailed description of the impact of the F/RF challenge on the liver structure, composition, and gene expression, but also on plasma parameters allowed us to draw a parallel with these same traits measured during overfeeding. This comparative analysis suggests that this protocol could become a pertinent model to study the mechanisms involved in embryonic liver thermal programming, without overfeeding.

Effects of a single-phase fasting period and subsequent re-feeding on compensatory growth, digestive enzyme activities, and antioxidant capacity of sobaity (Sparidentex hasta) and yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus)

Abstract An eight-week research was carried out to examine the influence of fasting (FA) and refeeding (RF) episodes on the compensatory growth responses (CGR) in sobaity (Sparidentex hasta, 10 g) and yellowfin seabreams (Acanthopagrus latus, 4.3 g) juveniles. Fish were fed with a commercial feed (contained 500 g kg−1 crude protein and 150 g kg−1 crude lipid) as following regimes: control (C, fish were fed three times every day), T1 (two weeks of feeding, one week of FA, and five weeks of RF), T2 (one week of feeding, two weeks of FA and five weeks of RF) and T3 (three weeks of FA and five weeks of RF). Two hundred and forty S. hasta juveniles were stocked into twelve 300-L tanks (20 fish tank−1), and 360 A. latus juveniles were allocated into other 12 tanks (30 fish tank−1). Each treatment was carried out in triplicates for each species, and each tank held only one of the species. The experiment was carried out for both species simultaneously. The weight and length of fish from the four groups were measured individually after the third week (after FA episode) and after eight weeks (after RF episode). After finishing the RF episode (eighth week), six fish of each tank were sacrificed with an overdose of 2-phenoxyethanol (1000 mg L–1), and the liver and the whole gut of the sacrificed fish were sampled, dissected, and then kept in a freezer (−80°C) until further analyses. Survival rate was decreased in S. hasta juveniles with increasing the FA period mainly due to their cannibalistic behavior, which was triggered by starvation, but it was not affected in A. latus. The fasted groups in both species significantly lost their weight after FA episodes. After five weeks of RF, S. hasta showed full compensatory growth response; meanwhile A. latus had a partial compensatory response (P<0.05). Hepatosomatic index value decreased after the FA period in both species, but it was restored to the normal level after RF phase. The activities of liver catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase were increased in T2 group in S. hasta, but liver antioxidant enzymes were not affected in A. latus. In both species, the amount of the lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in the liver of fish groups subjected to T2 or T3 compared to T1 and control groups (P<0.05). Liver alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in S. hasta fasted for two weeks were higher than the other groups. The activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, α-amylase, and lipase in S. hasta fasted for a week (T1) were higher than control. In addition, the activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin in A. latus fasted for two or three weeks were lower than C and T1 groups. The activity of ALP was increased with increasing FA period in both species. The findings of the present study showed that single-phase FA episodes reduce survival and induce oxidative stress in S. hasta juveniles; meanwhile A. latus juveniles did not show complete compensatory growth after RF episode.

Effects of Essential Amino Acid Deficiency on General Control Nonderepressible 2/Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 Signaling and Proteomic Changes in Primary Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells.

We hypothesized that the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) signaling pathway and intracellular protein synthesis (PS) are regulated to maintain milk PS in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (MECs) under essential amino acid (EAA) starvation conditions. We cultured MECs with 0%, 2% (depletion), and 100% (control) EAA for two exposure times (8 and 24 h), followed by three refeeding (RF) times with 100% EAA (0, 8, and 24 h). Subsequently, we measured cell viability, total protein concentration, and proliferation. Western blotting was used to quantify the levels of casein and the expression of total GCN2 and eIF2, as well as phosphorylated GCN2 (GCN2P) and eIF2 (eIF2P). The ISOQuant method was used to assess MEC proteomes, and the resultant data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, nonpaired Wilcoxon rank post-hoc test, and ANOVA–Tukey test, as well as principal component analyses and multiple regressions models. Differences in cell viability were observed between the control versus the depleted and repleted MECs, respectively, where 97.2–99.8% viability indicated low cell death rates. Proliferation (range, 1.02–1.55 arbitrary units (AU)) was affected by starvation for 12 and 24 h and repletion for 24 h, but it was not increased compared with the control. Total protein expression was unaffected by both depletion and repletion treatments (median 3158 µg/mL). eIF2P expression was significantly increased (p < 0.05) after treatment with 2% EAA for 8 and 24 h compared with 2% EAA with 8 h + 24 h RF and 2% EAA with 24 h + 8 h RF. GCN2P also showed significantly increased expression (p < 0.05) after treatment with 2% EAA for 24 h compared with the control and 2% EAA with 24 h + 8 h RF. Intracellular casein/α-tubulin expression was unaffected by 2% EAA compared with control (0.073 ± 0.01 AU versus 0.086 ± 0.02 AU, respectively). We studied 30 of the detected 1180 proteins, 16 of which were differentially expressed in starved and refed MECs. Cells faced with EAA deficiency activated the GCN2P/eIF2P pathway, and the lack of change in the levels of casein and other milk proteins suggested that the EAA deficit was mitigated by metabolic flexibility to maintain homeostasis.

Assessing nonoperative management of blunt pancreatic trauma in children: a study of 40 cases

Introduction: Blunt pancreatic trauma (BPT) in children is uncommon but has a high morbidity. Nonoperative management (NOM) is still very controversial. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of NOM and describe the morbidity associated with it. Methods: We analysed retrospectively the records of 40 consecutive children hospitalized in the University Hospital of Lille for BPT treated conservatively from 1997 to 2017. Use of surgery during treatment and discovery of pancreatic morphological abnormalities after the trauma were considered cases of NOM failure. Results: Pancreatic lesions were grade I (n=15), grade II (n=5), grade III (n=19), and grade IV (n=1). The median overall length of stay (LOS) was 28.0 days [4.0 to 106.0] and the median time to refeeding after trauma was 11.5 days [2.0 to 98.0]. Main short-term complications included introduction of parenteral nutrition for a median period of 21.5 days [5.0 to 102.0] (n=30) and onset of pancreatic pseudocysts (n=18). The pseudocysts were associated with increased morbidity concerning the LOS, the time to refeeding, the introduction of parenteral nutrition and its duration. However, they received conservative first-line treatment in 80% of cases, by watchful waiting (n=4), percutaneous drainage (n=1), or endoscopic drainage (n=10). Only 15% of cases of NOM resulted in failure, with use of surgery (n=4) and/or existence of pancreatic morphological abnormalities after the trauma (n=3). No patients had clinical signs of pancreatic insufficiency by the end of follow-up. Conclusion: NOM is safe and effective for of all forms of BPT, despite the initial high morbidity associated with it. Long-term follow-up could be necessary to assess the incidental impact in cases of morphological abnormalities existing more than 6 months after the trauma.

84. A Weighty Issue: Refeeding a Patient on Dialysis

84. A Weighty Issue: Refeeding a Patient on Dialysis

The Reproductive Strategy of the Rare Minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) in Response to Starvation Stress.

Food abundance plays an important role in the reproduction of fish, especially multiple spawners. Multiple spawners can exhibit various biological strategies when under starvation stress. However, the reproductive strategy used in these fish species remains unknown. To explore whether rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) prioritize survival over current reproduction under starvation conditions, paired adult rare minnows were starved for 0, 5, 10, 15 d and their spawning activities were recorded. Anatomical and histological characteristics of unpaired adult rare minnows were examined during starvation and following re-feeding. It was found that only 30-70% of paired rare minnows spawned within 5 d after deprivation of food. Though spawning activity was suppressed by starvation, rare minnows starved for 0, 5, 10, and 15 d waited 3.89 ± 0.78 d, 5.57 ± 3.36 d, 5.83 ± 5.15 d and 6.57 ± 4.50 d, respectively, after re-feeding to resume spawning. The average inter-spawning interval and length until egg production of those starved for 15 d was 4.60 ± 2.37 d and 139.1 ± 67.9 d, respectively, when they spawned with rhythm, which were significantly different from those starved for 0 d (P < 0.05). Anatomical and histological data further revealed that late maturing oocytes degraded after 8 d of starvation, but the gonadosomatic index recovered to initial levels after 8 d of re-feeding. Thus, reproduction of rare minnows was markedly affected by starvation, but rapidly returned to normal upon re-feeding. These observations demonstrated that paired rare minnows prioritize survival by channeling energy from the liver and absorbing late maturing oocytes instead of continuing to reproduce under food deprivation condition.

Geriatric refeeding syndrome: a case report

Geriatric refeeding syndrome: a case report

Glucose Restriction Plus Refeeding in Vitro Induce Changes of the Human Adipocyte Secretome with an Impact on Complement Factors and Cathepsins.

Adipose tissue is a major endocrine organ capable of secreting adipokines with a role in whole-body metabolism. Changes in the secretome profile during the development of obesity is suspected to contribute to the risk of health complications such as those associated with weight regain after weight loss. However, the number of studies on weight regain is limited and secretome changes during weight regain have hardly been investigated. In an attempt to generate leads for in vivo studies, we have subjected human Simpson Golabi Behmel Syndrome adipocytes to glucose restriction (GR) followed by refeeding (RF) as an in vitro surrogate for weight regain after weight loss. Using LC-MS/MS, we compared the secreted protein profile after GR plus RF with that of normal feeding (NF) to assess the consequences of GR plus RF. We identified 338 secreted proteins of which 49 were described for the first time as being secreted by adipocytes. In addition, comparison between NF and GR plus RF showed 39 differentially secreted proteins. Functional classification revealed GR plus RF-induced changes of enzymes for extracellular matrix modification, complement system factors, cathepsins, and several proteins related to Alzheimer’s disease. These observations can be used as clues to investigate metabolic consequences of weight regain, weight cycling or intermittent fasting.

Meta-analysis of the clinical effect and safety of early oral feeding in patients with acute pancreatitis

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect and safety of early oral feeding versus delayed feeding in patients with acute pancreatitis using Meta-analysis. Methods An electronic search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang database and VIP database were retrieved from their inception to March 2019 to identify relevant literatures, by taking 'acute pancreatitis, oral, food intake, refeeding, feeding, diet’ as the keywords for retrieval. The evaluation indexes included hospitalization time, incidence of abdominal pain after feeding, incidence of nausea and vomiting after feeding, incidence of hyperglycemia and leucocyte level after feeding. To select literatures and extractdata strictly according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, then conducted data analysis by Revman 5.3 provided by Cochrane collaboration. Results A total of 9 articles, involving 856 patients, were included with 425 in the early feeding group and 431 in the delayed feeding group. The length of hospitalization in early feeding group was shorter than that in delayed feeding group (MD=-2.37, 95%CI: -3.45--1.28, P<0.000 1). The incidence of abdominal pain (P=0.67), nausea and vomiting (P=0.77), hyperglycemia (P=0.54), and leukocyte level (P=0.26) were not significantly different between two groups. Conclusion Early oral feeding is safe and effective for patients with acute pancreatitis, which can significantly shorten the hospital stay without increasing the incidence of adverse reactions. Key words: Pancreatitis; Eating; Meta-analysis

Vulnerability of gastric and small intestinal mucosa to ulcerogenic action of indomethacin in C57/BL6/J mice and transient receptor potential channel vanilloid type 1 knockout mice.

Capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves are densely distributed in the gastrointestinal system and involved in maintenance of gastrointestinal mucosal integrity. capsaicin selectively stimulates nociceptive neurons and its action is mediated through the transient receptor potential channel vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor. Activation TRPV1 receptors that play a fundamental role in pain signaling, may also exert protective effects against gastrointestinal injury. The present study was performed to investigate and compare the vulnerability of gastric as well as small intestinal mucosa to ulcerogenic action of indomethacin (IM) in mice with genetically deleted TRPV1 receptor (TRPV1 KO) and in C57/BL6/J mice. IM-induced injury was assessed macroscopically as well as histologically; the somatic pain sensitivity was estimated by tail flick latency (tail flick test); plasma corticosterone levels and body weight were also monitored. A single IM administration (35 mg/kg, subcutaneously) into pre-starving (24 h) mice caused the formation of gastric erosions 4 h later and, then, after refeeding, induced formation of the small intestinal injury which was visible 24, 48, 72 h after IM administration. Although IM-induced gastrointestinal injury was detectable in both C57/BL6/J and TRPV1 KO mice, area of gastric damage was greater in C57/BL6/J than in TRPV1 KO mice, whereas the small intestinal injury (48 and 72 h after IM injection), on the contrary, prevailed in TRPV1 KO mice compared to C57/BL6/J mice. In 24 h after IM injection, the total area of intestinal injury did not differ in C57BL6/J and TRPV1 KO mice, however histological score was higher in TRPV1 KO mice than C57BL6/J mice. TRPV1 KO mice showed the increased tail flick latencies and the lacking IM-induced corticosterone rise. The data suggest that in TRPV1 KO mice the gastric mucosa is less vulnerable to ulcerogenic action of IM compared to C57/BL6/J mice, however, their small intestinal mucosa, on the contrary, is more vulnerable to the ulcerogenic action than in C57/BL6/J mice.

Hypophosphatemia in Adults with Nutritional Support, a Literature Review

Hypophosphatemia is a common event in clinical practice. Although it appears in the context of diverse clinical and pharmacological situations, the refeeding syndrome stands out for its relevance. Identifying and treating patients at risk of refeeding syndrome will significantly limit the incidence of complications, including the potential mortality. In this work we offer a review on hypophosphatemia, based on the reading and analysis of scientific works published in the main databases throughout the last decade.

Adipocyte abundances of CES1, CRYAB, ENO1 and GANAB are modified in-vitro by glucose restriction and are associated with cellular remodelling during weight regain

ABSTRACTLong-term weight loss maintenance is a problem of overweight and obesity. Changes of gene expression during weight loss (WL) by calorie restriction (CR) are linked to the risk of weight regain (WR). However, detailed information on genes/proteins involved in the mechanism is still lacking. Therefore, we developed an in-vitro model system for glucose restriction (GR) and refeeding (RF) to uncover proteome differences between GR with RF vs normal feeding, of which we explored the relation with WR after WL. Human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel Syndrome cells were subjected to changing levels of glucose to mimic the condition of CR and RF. Proteome profiling was performed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. This in-vitro model revealed 44 proteins differentially expressed after GR and RF versus feeding including proteins of the focal adhesions. Four proteins showed a persistent up- or down-regulation: liver carboxylesterase (CES1), mitochondrial superoxide dismutase [Mn] (SOD2), alpha-crystallin B-chain (CRYAB), alpha-enolase (ENO1). In-vivo weight loss-induced RNA expression changes linked CES1, CRYAB and ENO1 to WR. Moreover, of these 44 proteins, CES1 and glucosidase II alpha subunit (GANAB) during follow up correlated with WR. Correlation clustering of in-vivo protein expression data indicated an interaction of these proteins with structural components of the focal adhesions and cytoplasmic filaments in the adipocytes.

Risk of refeeding syndrome. Case report

Introduction: Refeeding syndrome is an acute metabolic disorder that occurs during nutritional repletion. Although it has been known for years, the early detection of risk factors for its onset and the implementation of measures to prevent it are not common in nutritional care. Case presentation: 48-year-old male patient, in critical care for 6 days, with suspected Wernicke-Korsakoff encephalopathy and high risk of refeeding syndrome according to criteria of the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence. The subject received enteral nutrition with 14 kcal/kg for the first 3 days, with subsequent increases aiming to achieve a nutritional goal of 25 kcal/kg on day 5. He also received daily supplementation of thiamine 600mg, folic acid 5mg and pyridoxine 50mg. Blood phosphorus decreased from 3 mg/dL to 2 mg/dL the day after initiating the nutritional plan and normalized by day 3. Discussion: The patient did not present severe hypophosphatemia or clinical manifestations of refeeding syndrome. Hypophosphatemia was resolved by maintaining a stable caloric restriction during the first days. Some professionals consider this restriction as very conservative, and others think that it may lead to achieve significant improvements in mortality reduction. Conclusions: The strategy for assessing the risk of refeeding syndrome, nutritional management and implemented follow-up were successful in preventing the patient from developing a refeeding syndrome.

The effects of feeding with non-nutritional sucking and simultaneous transoral tube feeding on the quality of life of very low birth weight infants

Objective To analyze the effects of feeding with non-nutritional sucking and simultaneous transoral tube feeding on the quality of life of very low birth weight infants. Methods A total of 84 cases of very low birth weight infants from January 2017 to December 2017 in NICU of children′s hospital of Soochow University were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group, 42 cases in each group. Children in the observation group were fed with non-nutritional sucking and simultaneous transoral tube feeding and those in the control group were fed by transoral tube alone. The clinical manifestations of front, middle and after feeding and before refeeding of the two groups were observed. Results The breathing and heart rate along with percutaneous oxygen concentration during and after eating of the two groups had no statistically significant differences (all P>0.05). the sucking appetite, the frequency of the oral movement, the expression of the facial musclar tension, the state of quiet sleep, complications of feeding intolerance such as stomach retention with vomiting, abdominal distension, fecal occult blood and necrotizing enterocolitis during and after feeding and before refeeding of the observation group were 83.33% (35/42), 85.71% (36/42), 92.86% (39/42), 95.24% (40/42), 4.76% (2/42), the control group was 54.76% (23/42), 61.90% (26/42), 64.29% (27/42), 69.05% (29/42), 21.43% (9/42), the difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.126-10.182, P<0.05). The feeding volumes and mean relative growth rate during hospitalization, the time of extracting gastric tube, the average hospital stay of the observation group were (3.10±1.23) ml, (20.00±2.50) g, (19.06±2.23) d, (41.50±4.23) d, and it had more advantages than the control group (1.50±1.15) ml, (13±1.33) g, (36.45±4.31) d, (52.03±4.21) d, the difference was statistically significant (t=6.16-23.22, P<0.01). Conclusions Feeding with non-nutritional sucking and simultaneous transoral tube feeding for very low birth weight infants is safe and effective, it can reduce complications and promote feeding tolerance and achieve the desired growth target and shorten the hospital stay, and finally improve the quality of life. Key words: Quality of life; Non-nutritive sucking; Synchronously; Transoral tube feeding; Very low birth weight

A Meta analysis on Rehabilitation effect of early non-liquid diet in patients with mild acute pancreatitis

Objective To evaluate the effect of early non-liquid diet for patients with mild acute pancreatitis by using Meta-analysis. Methods The randomized controlled trials(RCT) on early non-liquid diet intake for patients with mild acute pancreatitis were collected by computer searching the database of China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), Wanfang Periodical Database, CBM, Elsevier Scien Direct, cochrane library and PubMed from inception to February 2017, and analyzed by RevMan 5.2 software. Results Five RCTs were included in the study. The results of Meta-analysis revealed that both the length of hospitalization after eating [MD=-1.48, 95%CI-2.50~-0.47, P=0.004] and the total length of hospitalization [MD=-1.99, 95%CI-(0.99-2.99), P=0.0001] in liquid diet group were less than that of non-liquid diet group,and the differences were statistically significant. There was no significant difference in the rate of the pain recurrence [RR=1.21, 95%CI 0.77-1.91, P=0.40] and the rate of the elimination of oral feeding[RR=1.02, 95%CI 0.45-2.30, P=0.96] because of pain, nausea or vomiting after refeeding, although all that rate in non-liquid diet was not lower than that of liquid diet group. Conclusions compared with liquid diet, early non-liquid diet intake for mild acute pancreatitis can shorten their hospitalization time, and it cannot be concluded that the non-liquid diet will increase the pain recurrence rate, and most patients have a better tolerance to non-liquid diet, and non-liquid diet can promote rehabilitation. Key words: Non-liquid diet; Mild acute pancreatitis; Meta-analysis

A Metabolomic Signature of Acute Caloric Restriction.

Context:The experimental paradigm of acute caloric restriction (CR) followed by refeeding (RF) can be used to study the homeostatic mechanisms that regulate energy homeostasis, which are relevant to understanding the adaptive response to weight loss.Objective:Metabolomics, the measurement of hundreds of small molecule metabolites, their precursors, derivatives, and degradation products, has emerged as a useful tool for the study of physiology and disease and was used here to study the metabolic response to acute CR.Participants, Design, and Setting:We used four ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods to characterize changes in carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and steroids in eight normal weight men at baseline, after 48 hours of CR (10% of energy requirements) and after 48 hours of ad libitum RF in a tightly controlled environment.Results:We identified a distinct metabolomic signature associated with acute CR characterized by the expected switch from carbohydrate to fat utilization with increased lipolysis and β-fatty acid oxidation. We found an increase in ω-fatty acid oxidation and levels of endocannabinoids, which are known to promote food intake. These changes were reversed with RF. Several plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamines (endogenous antioxidants) significantly decreased with CR (all P ≤ 0.0007). Additionally, acute CR was associated with an increase in the branched chain amino acids (all P ≤ 1.4 × 10−7) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (P = 0.0006).Conclusions:We identified a distinct metabolomic signature associated with acute CR. Further studies are needed to characterize the mechanisms that mediate these changes and their potential contribution to the adaptive response to dietary restriction.

Advanced lung cancer combined with refeeding syndrome: report of one case

Advanced lung cancer combined with refeeding syndrome: report of one case

Expression of small glutamine-rich tetratrico peptide repeat-containing protein alpha and clinical significance in breast cancer

Objective To study the expression of small glutamine-rich tetratrico peptide repeat-containing protein alpha (SGTA) in human breast cancer and its relationship with clinicopathological features. Methods The SGTA expression in breast cancer was detected by Western blotting in 8 paired fresh tissues and immunohistochemistry on 128 parffin-embedded slices, and the relationship of SGTA and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (Ki-67) with the clinical parameters was analyzed. Serum starvation and refeeding was performed on MG-132 cells to study the role SGTA played in cell cycle. Results SGTA was highly expressed in breast cancer. The results showed that the expression of SGTA was low in well-differentiated breast cancer tissues, which was consistent with the Ki-67 expression. Multivariate analysis showed that SGTA protein in breast cancer was significantly correlated with histological grade (P=0.000), pTNM staging (P=0.000) as well as Ki-67 (P=0.021), but not with other parameters such as age, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermalgrowth factor receptor-2 (Her-2), histological type, lymph node metastasis and tumor size. Cox’s proportional hazards model showed that SGTA [Hazard ratio (HR)=2.410, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.075-5.408, P=0.033] might be an independent indicator for breast cancer. Besides, survival curve analysis also showed that high SGTA expression was correlated with a poor prognosis (42.9% vs. 84.5%, P=0.000). Conclusion SGTA may play a role in breast cancer cell proliferation. The abnormal expression of SGTA may be closely related to the initiation and progress of breast cancer. Key words: Breast cancer; Small glutamine-rich tetratrico peptide repeat-containing protein alpha; Prognosis; Proliferation

Interpretation of expert consensus on clinical application of vitamin preparations 2016 and prevention of refeeding syndrome

Interpretation of expert consensus on clinical application of vitamin preparations 2016 and prevention of refeeding syndrome

Refeeding Hospitalized Patients with Eating Disorders: Does Gender Matter?

Refeeding Hospitalized Patients with Eating Disorders: Does Gender Matter?