Reed Bed System Research Articles

ROOT ZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT

In India, the primary cause of surface and ground water pollution is the discharge of untreated sewage, according to a 2007 study by the Central Pollution Control Board. In India, there is a significant delay between the generation and treatment of household wastewater. India's insufficient treatment capacity is not the only issue; there are also sewage treatment plants that exist, but they are not being maintained or operated. Because of poor design, inadequate maintenance, unreliable electricity supplies, absentee staff, and incompetent management, the majority of government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed for the most part of the year. Usually, the wastewater produced in these places evaporates or percolates into the soil. Uncollected waste builds up in urban areas, releasing pollutants that seep into surface and groundwater and creating unsanitary conditions. Furthermore, industrialists prefer not to treat the waste produced and instead to dump it untreated into rivers in the areas where these treatment plants are located because the cost of treatment is so high.The Root Zone Treatment System (RZTS), sometimes referred to as the reed bed system or the constructed wetland system, is a sealed filter bed that is planted with vegetation that can grow in wetlands and is made up of a sand, gravel, and soil system, sometimes with a cohesive element. The wastewater flows through the filter bed, where biodegradation of the wastewater occurs, after the coarse and floating material has been removed. Complex physical, chemical, and biological processes that are the outcome of the interaction of wastewater, wetland plants, filter bed material, and microorganisms define the functional mechanisms in the soil matrix that are in charge of the mineralization of biodegradable matter.

Municipal Wastewater Characterization and Natural Treatment Using Reed Beds

Domestic wastewater, if not correctly disposed of, is a cause of pollution for water-based bodies. The reed bed system is a sort of phytoremediation method used to remove toxins from the environment. This system has a high potential for application in the treatment of household wastewater (WW) because it has good performance as a whole, low operating and maintenance costs, and is not harmful to the environment. This research aimed to study characteristics variation of Grdarasha area WW (located in the left side of Erbil-Kirkuk main road) before and after reed beds. The reed bed system was proven to have a good efficiency in removing Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (15. 91-71. 07) %, Total Solid (TS) (8.33-50) %, Total volatile Solid (TVS) (18.8-50) %, and chloride (2.5 – 82.98%). In furtherance of transferring oxygen from the environment, the interplay between pollutant-plants-medium-microbes is critical in pollutant removal utilizing the reed bed technique.

OVERVIEW OF ROOT ZONE TECHNOLOGY

Central Pollution Control Board (2007) study found that discharge of untreated sewage is sthe single most important cause for surface and ground water pollution n India. There is a large gap between the generation and treatment of domestic wastewater in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the existing sewage treatment plants are not operated and are not maintained. Most of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed due to improper design, poor maintenance, or lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants, absentee employees, and poor management. The wastewater generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions and release pollutants that leach to surface and groundwater. Moreover, where these treatment plants exist, the cost of treatment is so high that industrialists favour not treating the waste generated and directly dumping the untreated waste into the rivers.The Root Zone Treatment system (RZTS) also known as the reed bed system or constructed wetland system is a sealed filter bed consisting of a sand/gravel/ soil system, occasionally with a cohesive element, planted with vegetation that can grow in wetlands. After removing coarse and floating material, the wastewater passes through the filter bed where biodegradation of the wastewater occurs. The functional mechanisms in the soil matrix responsible for the mineralization of biodegradable matter are characterized by complex physical, chemical and biological processes resulting from the combined effects of the filter bed material, wetland plants, micro-organisms and wastewater. The root zone treatment system also known as the reed bed or constructed wetland system is a sealed filter bed consisting of a sand /gravel/soil system.

Combined treatment of sludge from a wastewater treatment plant and wastewater from a stormwater basin in a Sludge Treatment Reed Bed System during >25 years

A review of treatment of stormwater and dewatering of sludge in a Sludge Treatment Reed Bed system (STRB) during operation and emptying of the basins over >25 years of operation. Kallerup Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) was designed with mechanical, biological, and chemical treatment including nitrification and denitrification and since 2009, the sludge production has stabilized to 160–200 tons DS yr−1, which resulted in an area load of 24.7–40.9 kg DS m−2 yr−1. Four-to-six-time yearly wastewater has been pumped from the stormwater basin to the STRB system representing volumes in the order of magnitude that corresponds to 64–383 loads of 70 m3. During the operation period (2003−2022), approximately up to 1.40 m of sludge residue, equivalent to an accumulation rate of 0.06–0.10 m yr−1, had accumulated in the basins. During the operation period 2012–2016, the maximum runoff rates have been very stable with maximum runoff rates of up to 0.018–0.024 l sec−1 m−2 and 0.011–0.024 l sec−1 m−2 for the first and last batch, respectively.

A review of sewage sludge dewatering and stabilisation in reed bed system: towards the process-based modelling

AbstractThe sludge treatment reed bed is a sustainable sewage sludge management technology that offers promising sludge dewatering and stabilisation, due to its low energy and labour requirements, and minimal operating and maintenance costs. Despite numerous existing studies and increasing applications of sludge treatment reed bed in both developed and developing countries, the lack of standard system configurations and operating regimes led to several operational problems, including bed clogging and poor dewatering and mineralisation efficiency. Sludge dewatering and stabilisation in STBRs are complex processes governed by system- and operation-related factors such as the substrate media, macrophytes, loading regime, sludge characteristics, and climate conditions. Rather than the complex experimental study, process-based modelling has become a promising approach to investigating the influence of specific factors on the efficiency of sludge dewatering and stabilisation. This paper presents an overview of the critical system and operating parameters in sludge treatment reed beds and a summary of the interactions between the factors. Then, a framework of process-based modelling is proposed, which provides a useful platform to study the interactions of operating parameters and other factors in the complex processes of sludge dewatering and stabilisation, which supports the system design and optimisation of sludge treatment reed beds.

A TESTING STUDY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT USING REED BED SYSTEM

Following industrialisation, a number of companies generate poisonous waste materials are carelessly dumped into streams and rivers, harming both aquatic and terrestrial life. In this study, a reed bed system for harmful metal removal from industrial waste water was examined. In the Amrutha water treatment plant, a vertical subsurface flow wetland was created to remove hazardous metals from industrial effluent. For the Wetland system, phragmites Karka was employed, and the substrates used were granite and washed sand. Hydraulic retention times of 5, 9, 10, 14, and 18 days were used to record treatment performance. You can create a waste water treatment facility in your own garden with a reed bed sewage system. It must be used in conjunction with a septic tank in order to function as a sewage system. Two reed beds are required for a reed bed sewage system to function properly. One bed must fill for a while while the other drains, and then the process must be reversed. The results indicated that the hazardous metals gradually decreased as the retention times increased. The reed bed rate removal ranges from 36.8% to 61.5%. These findings support the phragmites karka reed plant's ability to effectively treat industrial effluent.

A feasibility study for the treatment of 1,2-dichloroethane-contaminated groundwater using reedbed system and assessment of its natural attenuation

A reedbed system planted with Phragmites australis was implemented to treat chlorinated hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater in an industrial plant area. Reedbed commissioning was conducted from July 2016 to November 2016 to treat contaminated groundwater via a pump-and-treat mechanism. Combination of horizontal and vertical reedbed systems was applied to treat 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2 DCA) under four parallel installations. The 2-acre horizontal and vertical reedbed systems were designed to treat approximately 305 m3/day of pumped groundwater. Initial concentration of 1,2 DCA was observed at 0.362 mg/L to 4320 mg/L, and the reedbed system successfully reduced the concentration up to 67.9%. The average outlet concentration was measured to be 2.08 mg/L, which was lower than the site-specific target level of 156 mg/L. Natural attenuation analysis was conducted using first-order decay kinetics, showing an average natural attenuation rate of 0.00372/year. Natural attenuation of 1,2 DCA was observed in shallow monitoring wells, which was indicated by the reduction trend of 1,2 DCA concentration, thereby confirming that the reedbed system worked well to remove 1.2 DCA from contaminated groundwater at the shallow profile.

Endurance of Phragmites karka in removing colour and suspended solids from industrial coffee processing effluents in a continuous reed bed system

Industrial coffee processing effluents are acidic and have high contents of organic matter and dissolved solids. These effluents can subsequently cause several adverse effects to human health and aquatic life if discharged directly. Unfortunately, very limited research attention has been focused on the treatment of coffee wastewater. This study highlights the application of phytoremediation as a sustainable approach to treat coffee processing wastewater using local plants in Malaysia, namely, Phragmites karka. A continuous reed bed system with a hydraulic retention time of 3 d is operated for 34 d to observe the efficiency of phytoremediation treatment in removing the total suspended solids (TSS) and colour concentration of industrial coffee effluents. This system effectively reduces the concentration of TSS and colour by 95 % and 76 %, respectively. It is proved that the rooting system of the plants helps in terms of removal performance for both parameters when compared to the unplanted system.

Assessment of diversity and composition of bacterial community in sludge treatment reed bed systems

Due to their low emission of odours and lack of the need to apply additional chemical agents, sludge treatment reed beds (STRBs) constitute an economically feasible and eco-friendly approach to sewage sludge management. Correctly designed and operated STRBs ensure effective reduction of the dry matter content coupled with the mineralisation of organic compounds. Successful operation of STRBs relies on complex interactions between the plants and microorganisms responsible for the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling. While the biocenoses of wetland systems dedicated to wastewater treatment have been intensively investigated, in the case of sludge treatment applications, there is a deficit of available microbial data. The aim of this study was to explore the diversity and spatial distribution of the bacteria in three distinct STRBs which differ in maturation and feeding patterns. Analyses of the dry mass and organic matter content showed the general trend of the sludge stabilisation processes advancing through the bed depth, with the best performance in the Matured Continuous Feed (MCF) bed being noted. Samples from the MCF bed showed the statistically greatest biodiversity in relation to the other beds. Moreover, increased biodiversity of microorganisms was observed on the surface of the STRBs and the bottom zone of the MCF equipped with a passive aeration system, which proves the application of such solutions in order to enhance the performance of the process. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes contributed approximately 80% of all identified sequences read. Network analysis revealed dominant role of Bacteroidetes in the formation of interspecies co-existence patterns. Nitrospira was the most abundant organism responsible for nitrogen metabolism in the STRBs.

Precipitation of struvite by sustainable waste materials and use as slow release fertilizer – A circular economy approach

The increased concern on the quantity of wastewater generation subsequent degradation in the quality of surface water sources, especially through eutrophication has urged many researchers to find sustainable ways to recover the nutrients and reuse as a natural fertilizer. Precipitation and simultaneous removal of struvite, otherwise called as magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MgNH4PO4.6H2O), from the wastewater using natural coagulants will be a better alternative. In the present study, the wastewater rich in ammonia was treated using sustainable modus operandi and nutrient-rich struvite was recovered. The objective of the research was to (i) optimize the quantity and struvite precipitation rate and study the effect of pH and (ii) germinate the seed (cereals) with optimal struvite dosage. Initially, the wastewater obtained from the hostel was characterized and subsequently coagulated using natural coagulants like pumpkin seeds and fish bones to precipitate the struvite. The raw wastewater found to have a pH of 6.64±0.32, the turbidity 304±28 NTU, ammoniacal nitrogen 32±3.9 mg/L, total solids 2240±72 mg/L and total alkalinity as 950±25 mg/L. The struvite with varied dosages in the order of 0.25 to 1.5 grams per 500 grams of soil was used for seed germination. At an optimal dosage of 0.5 grams per 500 grams of soil showed an effective plant growth and increased yield. Additionally, the wastewater after recovering struvite can be treated with a reed-bed system providing a circular economical solution for the modern agriculture industry.

Performance of a reed bed system for faecal wastewater treatment: case study

Abstract Reed bed systems (RBS) have potential to treat wastewater, and being interested in such green wastewater infrastructures, an RBS has been installed for the first time in Bangladesh to treat faecal wastewater, which comes from a low-cost community latrine at a refugee camp in Cox's Bazar area. An anaerobic baffle reactor was set followed by the RBS, which was operated continuously for four months at five different retention times (3–7 days). The RBS was found to retain, on average, about 92% of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), 69% of and 52% of . Importantly, the effluent concentration met the national environmental standard for all except for . Thus the optimum hydraulic retention time in RBS has been selected to be 3 days when the ion has been reduced at maximum rate. High positive correlation () was observed between and concentrations in effluent water as well. The results of this study, thus, partly support the RBS as an effective green solution for faecal wastewater treatment.

Evaluation of short-term pilot reed bed performance for real domestic wastewater treatment

Abstract Domestic wastewater is one of the sources of pollutant for water bodies if not disposed properly. Reed bed system is very potential to be used to treat domestic wastewater as it is good in terms of overall performance, low in operation and maintenance costs, and environmentally friendly. This study examined the overall performance of pilot reed bed system planted with two native Malaysian plants of Scirpus grossus and Lepironia articulata in treating real domestic wastewater under short term batch reactor. Four systems were used in this experiment, in which first system planted with S. grossus, second system planted with L. articulata, third system planted with 50% S. grossus + 50% L. articulata, and the fourth system was left unplanted as control reactor. A total of 5 days of parameters observation and two sampling points (on the top of medium and at the bottom of medium) were chosen to analyse the effect of the treatment period and the contribution of rhizosphere area to the overall reed bed performance. The planted system performed very well in removing pollutant reaching up to 99% for TSS, 99.7% for BOD, 96.6% for COD, 100% for ammonium, and 99.6% for phosphate. The addition of plants significantly increased the DO concentration inside reed bed. Both plants showed no significant difference performance in terms of the removal efficiencies. There was a significant difference in terms of removal between both sampling points (up and down) at day 0 and day 1, indicating that rhizosphere area played a very important role in the treatment of wastewater which provide lower pollutant concentration in shorter period of time. There are no significant differences obtained for measured parameter at day 3 and day 5 in all reactor, indicating that the systems already achieved the steady state at day 3 of the observation.

The Removal of Salinity in a Reed Bed System Using Mangroves and Bacteria in a Continuous Flow Series Reactor

The Removal of Salinity in a Reed Bed System Using Mangroves and Bacteria in a Continuous Flow Series Reactor

Design of a Reed Bed System for Treatment of Domestic Wastewater using Native Plants

Design of a Reed Bed System for Treatment of Domestic Wastewater using Native Plants

Waste Water Treatment by Using Reed Bed System

The waste water generated from the boys hostel and girls hostel SIT campus were collected andanalyzed. Conventional treatment method and the method of purification using Reed bed for the treatment of effluent were compared. The plant used for this purpose was Setaria italica and ornamental plant which is locally known as Foxtail millet (Thinai) and Flax lily. The experiment was conducted with the Primary treated sewage taken from the Sewage Treatment Plant (SIT STP) of our campus. From the experiment it is found that the one with Reed Bed system givesa better quality treated water vis-à-vis the campus STP treated water. Hence, the filter bed of SIT STP is planted with Setaria italica and ornamental plant as a trial run. The project presents the method of construction of root zone bed and the effectiveness of removal of various contaminants using this root zone treatment process. The results for raw water and treated water samples were compared and discussed

Reed Bed System for the Improvement of Laguna Lake Waters

Laguna lake is the biggest lake and considered one of the most important inland bodies of water in the Philippines due to its many uses. However, the lake has faced growing pressures (i.e., population expansion, urbanization, industrialization, deforestation, and land conversion) on its ecosystems over the past decades. These activities have led to the degradation of the lake’s water quality and ecosystem.The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) provided a water quality standard for freshwater in determining trends and in the evaluation of stages of deterioration or enhancement in quality of water which include 1) Class AA (Public Water Supply Class I); 2) Class A (Public Water Supply Class II); 3) Class B (Recreational Water Class I); Class C (Propagation and growth of fish class); and Class D (Navigable Waters). The classification of Laguna Lake falls under Class C, which means it is suitable for fishery. With this, intervention for the improvement of the water in Laguna Lake is highly needed. This study aims to design and assess the effectiveness of the reed bed system for the improvement of Laguna Lake. Results show that using reed bed water treatment; the total coliform will meet the standards of DENR after three years of treatment, which can be used as a source of water for irrigation, recreational area, and propagation of fishes. The concentration of ammonia will meet the standards of DENR after two and a half years by using reed bed water treatment, and inorganic phosphate will meet the standards of DENR after three years by using reed bed water treatment.

REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED METHANE AND OTHER CONTAMINANTS FROM LANDFILL LEACHATES IN ENGINEERED WETLANDS

This paper will present detailed design and operational data for a full-scale horizontal flow reed bed system, specifically designed for removal of dissolved methane from leachates at a closed landfill in the UK Midlands, near to the city of Birmingham. Since commissioning during the summer of 2013, as reeds have grown, extensive operational data have demonstrated successful and complete removal of dissolved methane to below required concentrations, for safe disposal into the public sewer. The Shirley reed bed is very successful at removing high initial levels of dissolved methane (>95% removal), as per the intended requirements. This ensures that methane within the discharged effluent remains below the 0.14mg/l consent concentration. Removal of methane has been achieved consistently for over 5 years from summer 2014 despite occasional increases in leachate flow rates above the design capacity for the reed bed. Additional removal of further contaminants is achieved by the reedbed, where the successful removal of high levels of iron and suspended solids from the leachate is observed. Monitoring has also noted significant seasonal nitrification of ammoniacal-N, although this was not part of the original purpose of the bed. Design, operational and monitoring data are presented and discussed, with discussion of how various practical issues were overcome during the six years of operation. The technology has wide application for many closed landfill sites throughout the world, and design loading data have been derived that will be valuable for operators to size reed beds appropriately at their sites.

The Ability of Avicennia marina to Uptake Ions of Sodium and Chloride in Reed Bed System Reactor

Many technologies can be used to solve the clean water crisis. One of the technologies is desalination, but this technology is expensive. So that, it is necessary to find cheaper desalination technology and easier to operate. Bio-desalination is a technology that utilizes bacteria to remove sodium and chloride ions in seawater. In this research, the application of the phytotechnology concept for bio-desalination reactors was carried out. Bio-desalination technology used the uniqueness of mangrove plants (Avicennia marina) in a reed bed system reactor that adapted from a reed bed system commonly used in constructed wetlands (CWs). The aim of the research was to determine the uptake of sodium and chloride ions by Avicennia marina in a reed bed system bio-desalination reactor. The namely of reactor were AM15‰, AM25‰, AMVA15‰ and AMVA25‰. The VA code was shown that Vibrio alginolyticus addition in this reactor. The artificial saline water with initial salinity of 15‰ and 25‰ was chosen based on our previous study. Parameter of salinity was determined using salinometer. Concentration of sodium and chloride ions were analyses using ion chromatography. Based on the results, the concentration of sodium and chloride ions in Avicennia marina at AM15‰ were 843.18 mg/kg and 4959.96 mg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, those were 1410.01 mg/kg and 5292.64 mg/kg at AM25 ‰, respectively. The concentration of sodium and chloride ions in AMVA15‰ were 1003.39 mg/kg and 3186.96 mg/kg, and it were 8036.43 mg/kg and 9783.91 mg/kg at AMVA25‰. The value of Bio-concentration Factor (BCF) and Translocation Factor (TF) were greater than 1, it indicated that Avicennia marina was as an hyperaccumulator plant for sodium and chloride ions. In conclusion, the Avicennia marina can be used in reed bed system bio-desalination reactor to reduce salinity.

Kinetic of on Nutrient Removal in Low-Strength Domestic Wastewater under Continuous Operation of Pilot Scale of Hybrid Reed Bed System (SF-VF-HF)

Kinetic of on Nutrient Removal in Low-Strength Domestic Wastewater under Continuous Operation of Pilot Scale of Hybrid Reed Bed System (SF-VF-HF)

Reed Bed System: An Option for Reclamation of Polluted Water Resources: A Review

At present, India is facing the worst water shortage in its history. According to a report by Niti Aayog, about 600 peoples are suffering with high to extreme water shortage and also states that around 200,000 lives of Indians are losing every year owing to the contamination of water or inadequate water supply. Here comes, the need for the safeguard of water resources in our country. But the fact is that Indian rivers are polluting at an alarming rate of 80% due to untreated wastewater flowing into water bodies have almost doubled in recent years. To reduce the contamination level of water resources, wastewater treatment will play a predominant role. Conventional wastewater treatment technique, i.e., activated sludge, were used to reduce the concentration of the pollutants in sewage water. However, there are still some confines especially that they operate at a higher cost. The objective of this review paper is to elaborate on how the reed bed system can act as a better alternative technology to conventional system for wastewater treatment.