Reduction Of Ridges Research Articles

Comparative evaluation of relationship between reduction of residual ridges in edentulous patient and systemic osteoporosis in Bathinda (Punjab) region: An in vivo pilot study

In rural India, the overall health of the patient is compromised be it male or female. Systemic osteoporosis is a common occurrence. It is found worldwide that systemic osteoporosis influences resorption of residual ridge. Resorption of residual ridge influences the treatment outcome or prognosis, be it fixed or removable or implant retained prosthesis. Study was carried out in rural areas surrounding Bathinda region to find out the prevalence of systemic osteoporosis. The bone density check through ultrasound and measuring ridge height by OPG with mental foramen as reference point also helps to access bone height where there is no availability of Dentascan. The result was at par with the other studies conducted in different parts of the world i.e. Osteoprosis is more prevalent in female than in male population.

Fronto-orbital feminization technique. A surgical strategy using fronto-orbital burring with or without eggshell technique to optimize the risk/benefit ratio

The demand for facial feminization is increasing in transsexual patients. Masculine foreheads present extensive supraorbital bossing with a more acute glabellar angle, whereas female foreheads show softer features. The aim of this article is to describe our surgical technique for fronto-orbital feminization. The mask-lift technique is an upper face-lift. It provides rejuvenation by correcting collapsed features, and fronto-orbital feminization through burring of orbital rims and lateral canthopexies. Depending on the size of the frontal sinus and the thickness of its anterior wall, frontal remodeling is achieved using simple burring or by means of the eggshell technique. Orbital remodeling comprises a superolateral orbital opening, a reduction of ridges and a trough at the lateral orbital rim to support the lateral canthopexy. Frontal, corrugator and procerus myectomies, plus minimal scalp excision, complete the surgery. Our technique results in significant, natural-looking feminization. No complications were observed in our series of patients. The eggshell technique is an alternative to bone flap on over-pneumatized sinus. Fronto-orbital feminization fits into a wider surgical strategy. It can be associated to rhinoplasty, genioplasty, mandibular angle remodeling, face lift and laryngoplasty. Achieving facial feminization in 2 or 3 stages improves psychological and physiological tolerance.

Residual Ridge Resorption– Revisited

AbstractThe Residual Ridge Resorption (RRR) is a major unsolved oral disease with unidentifiable characteristics and unwanted squealae causing physical, psychologic, and economic problems for millions of people all over the world. RRR is basically a term used to describe a condition that affects the alveolar ridge after tooth extractions even after healing of the wounds. RRR is a chronic, progressive, irreversible, and disabling disease, probably of multifactorial origin. The possible etiological factors could be divided into four categories: anatomic, metabolic, functional, and prosthetic. The primary structural change in the reduction of residual ridges is the loss of bone or reduction in the size of bony ridge under mucoperiosteum. The reduction in the ridge mainly occurs labially, lingually and on the crest. The reduction of the residual ridge leads to a variety of stages of ridge form, including high well-rounded, knife-edge, low well-rounded, and depressed forms. Alveolar bone atrophy is cumulative and irreversible, since alveolar bone cannot regenerate. It differs from one individual to the other. It also varies at different times and different sites. Some authors feel RRR as a normal physiologic process and not a disease but the cost in economic and human terms makes RRR as a major oral disease that can be described in terms of its pathology, pathophysiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, etiology, treatment and prevention.

The first instar larva of two species of Miltogramminae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from the Middle East – examples of peculiar morphology

AbstractThe first instar larva is described for two species of Miltogramminae flesh flies representing the genera Miltogramma Meigen and Phrosinella Robineau‐Desvoidy. Using a combination of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, the habitus is documented along with all important exoskeletal and cephaloskeletal structures. The described first instar larvae show substantial modifications of their morphology in comparison with the saprophagous ground plan defined for calyptrate flies. Miltogramma (Miltogrammidium) efflatouni Rohdendorf possesses the general set of derived character states shared with other species of Miltogramma and shares larval synapomorphies with species representing the subgenera Anacanthothecum Rohdendorf, Cylindrothecum Rohdendorf and Miltogrammidium Rohdendorf. Unique character states of the first instar larva of this species are the spine‐like shape of antennal complex, laterally compressed apical part of mouthhooks and an extreme elongation of the sensilla of the maxillary palpus. Phrosinella (Asiometopa) ujgura (Rohdendorf) possesses a pair of retractable, robust processes on the ventral margin of the first thoracic segment and a very strong, elongated labrum. Both character states are present in other known first instar larvae of genus Phrosinella. A reduction of cuticular ridges on dorsal and lateral surfaces of abdominal segments supports a monophylum consisting of the subgenera Asiometopa Rohdendorf and Caspiomyia Rohdendorf within genus Phrosinella.

Residual ridge resorption: A major oral disease entity in relation to bone density

Residual ridge resorption (RRR) is a common and often incapacitating problem, particularly for persons with edentulous mandible. Reduction of residual ridges needs to be recognized for what it is: A major unsolved oral disease that causes physical, psychologic, and economic problems for millions of people all over the world. RRR is a chronic, progressive, irreversible, and disabling disease, probably of multifactorial origin. Most resorption occurs in the alveolar process, whereas the basal portion remains relatively intact. At present, the relative importance of various cofactors is not known. Not only does the volume of the ridge decrease, but also the density of the basal portion decreases as a result of the diminished function. After the age of 40 years, the bone mineral density of the skeleton decreases, so that by the age of 65 years approximately one-third of the bone minerals have been lost. This article reviews the literature on RRR and components that may affect the rate of resorption. The following article presents information from English peer-reviewed journals identified by a Medline search covering the years from 1960 to 2010 and attempts to integrate information available in the dental literature.

Longitudinal and retrospective study has demonstrated morphometric variations in the fingerprints of elderly individuals

Dermatoglyphics can be found in the thick skin of both hands and feet which make the identification process possible, however morphological changes throughout life can affect identification in elderly individuals. Considering that dermatoglyphics is an important biometric method, due to it being practical and inexpensive, this longitudinal and retrospective study was aimed to evaluate the morphological variations in fingerprints obtained from men and women (n=20) during their adult and elderly stages of life; the time between obtaining the two fingerprints was 33.5±9.4 years. For the morphometric analysis, an area of 1 cm2 was selected to quantify the visible friction ridges, minutiae, interpapillary and white lines, and later side-by-side confrontation was used to determine the identity of the individuals. Our results showed a reduction of friction ridges, an increase in the number of white lines for the group (men and women) and a decrease in the number of interpapillary lines in the group of women. It also showed that the selection of compatible fingerprints by the automated AFIS/VRP system allowed the identification of 23 individuals (57.5%), but when the identification was made by the automated AFIS/VRP system, followed by the analysis of archived patterns to eliminate incompatible fingerprints, determination of the identity of 28 individuals (70.0%) was possible. The dermatoglyphics of the elderly suffered morphometric changes that prevented the identification of 30% of them, probably due to the aging process, and pointed to the importance of improving the methods of obtaining fingerprints to clarify issues related to the identification of the elderly.

Systemic non-malignant osteoporosis and reduction of edentulous alveolar ridges

Introduction. Systemic osteoporosis damages skeletal bones to different degrees. The aim of this study was to determine the intensity and correlation of the osteoporotic changes in the bone density of the skeleton and body mass index (BMI) with a reduction in edentulous mandibles, and to assess possibility of reparation of layers of mandibles with increase of mineral content in jaws of patients affected by osteoporosis. Material and Methods. In this study, 99 edentulous patients with decreased bone density comprised the experimental group, and 48 edentulous patients with normal bone densities formed the control. The age of the examined patients was 69.02 ± 7,9, range 53-74 of females and 69.11 ± 7.1, range 59-76 years. Radiographs of the hands and panoramic radiographs were done for all the patients. The values of BMI, metacarpal index, density of lumbar spine (L2-L4), in the phalanx and in segments of the mandibles as well as the edentulous alveolar ridges heights were measured, assessed and calculated. Results. The lowest value of the total skeletal density was established in the osteoporotic patients on the basis of the average T-score of- 2.5 in men, and - 2.6 in women. Minimum values of the edentulous ridges heights (right/left, in mm) were measured in both osteoporotic females (21.84/22.39) and males 24.90/24.96) patients. By comparison of the densities of the metacarpal bones, proximal phalanx, segments of the edentulous mandibles and based on the numerical values of the edentulous ridges heights, x2 = 3.81 was found in men and x2 = 4.03 was found in women with normal bone densities; x2 = 5.92 was found in men and x2 = 6.25 was found in women with osteopenia; x2 = 2.63 was found in men and x2 = 3.85 was found in women with osteoporosis, on the level of probability of 0.05. After application of calcium and calcitonin in solutions, moderate increment of density (p < 0.05; p < 0.01) was verified, compensating up to 4% of total loss of mass, minerals and solidity of denture bearing areas of osteoporotic mandibles. Conclusion. Systemic osteoporosis leads to decrease of densities of bones of mandibles and causes reduction of edentulous ridges.

A double-blind controlled clinical trial assessing the effect of topical gels on striae distensae (stretch marks): a non-invasive imaging, morphological and immunohistochemical study

Striae distensae (SD) are cutaneous lesions often presenting post-pregnancy with atrophy and flattening of the epidermis. SD is poorly understood and treatment remains ill-defined. Our aim was to assess the effect of topical application of silicone gel compared with placebo on SD using non-invasive devices and by immunohistochemical analysis of sequential tissue biopsies in a double-blind controlled trial. Twenty volunteers massaged silicone and placebo gels into separate sides of the abdomen, daily for 6 weeks. Objective non-invasive imaging plus subjective self-assessment of SD were performed on days 0, 21, 42, 90, in addition to tissue biopsies on days 0 and 42. Non-invasive imaging demonstrated an increase in melanin and a decrease in haemoglobin, collagen and pliability over the 6-week period on both sides. Additionally, collagen levels in SD were significantly higher (p value = 0.001) and melanin levels lower (p value = 0.048) with silicone gel compared with placebo. Histological analysis revealed epidermal flattening with a reduction of rete ridges in SD on both sides. Vascular count significantly decreased with placebo gel (p = 0.002). Corroborating the clinical results, melanin levels increased, whilst collagen type 1 and elastin decreased on both sides. Non-invasive techniques showed that the application of silicone gel increased collagen levels and reduced pigmentation compared with placebo. However, both clinical and histological data revealed that melanin increased whilst collagen, elastin and pliability decreased over the 6-week period with both gels. Furthermore, vascularity significantly decreased with placebo gel. These findings provide preliminary evidence of the utility of topical gels in the clinical management of SD.

The Genus Guerrerostrongylus (Nematoda: Heligmonellidae) in Cricetid Rodents from the Atlantic Rain Forest of Misiones, Argentina: Emended Description of Guerrerostrongylus zetta (Travassos, 1937) and Description of a New Species

Two species of Guerrerostrongylus Sutton and Durette-Desset, 1991, are reported in cricetid rodents from the Atlantic rain forest of Misiones, Argentina. Guerrerostrongylus zetta (Travassos, 1937) is redescribed on the basis of material collected from Oligoryzomys nigripes from Argentina and material loaned by CHIOC from Brazil. It is characterized by a synlophe with about 40-45 (35-48) well-developed cuticular ridges, caudal bursa with long rays 6 and dorsal ray divided at mid-length, and well-sclerotized spicules with marked twisting. It was found with a prevalence of 100% in O. nigripes (14 hosts examined); however, it was not found in its type host Nectomys squamipes (4 hosts examined). Guerrerostrongylus ulysi n. sp., which is described from Sooretamys angouya , differs from the remaining species in the genus mainly by a synlophe with a strong reduction of the cuticular ridges and struts on the right side, and by a heart-shaped caudal bursa, with short rays 6 and a dorsal ray divided distally. It was found with a prevalence of 100% in 5 hosts examined.

Prediction of further residual ridge resorption by a simple biochemical and radiographic evaluation: A pilot study

Background and Objective: The success of a removable denture is measured by its retention and stability which rely on the structural integrity exhibited by the underlying residual ridge. However the residual ridge undergoes a progressive resorption, causing a reduction in its size. The multifactorial etiology of the reduction of residual ridges makes it significant for the operator to try and understand as well as to predict the rate of resorption prior to fabrication of dentures. The objective of the study was to evaluate a simple, fast and cost effective diagnostic tool to study and anticipate ridge resorption. Materials and Methods: 17 completely edentulous male patients were selected for the study. Standardized orthopantomographs were made for all the subjects and measurements were made on them. The resorption index was calculated for each patient. A random urine sample was taken from each patient to investigate the 24 hours urinary calcium-creatnine ratio. Results: A direct relation was seen between patients with lower resorption index and lower 24 hours urinary calcium-creatnine ratio. Clinically these cases had undergone a marked amount of reduction in the residual alveolar ridges with respect to the width and height. Also, a direct relation was seen when the patients presented with higher 24 hours urinary calcium-creatnine ratio and greater resorption index. These patients presented with good height and width of the residual ridges. Conclusion: Our study shows a direct relation between the resorption of the bone and the calcium-creatinine levels of the edentulous subjects. The calcium-creatnine ratio in conjunction with the resorption index can be used as a simple and cost effective diagnostic tool.

The continuing reduction of the residual alveolar ridges in complete denture wearers: a mixed-longitudinal study covering 25 years

The effect of the wearing of complete dentures on facial morphology has been the object of a series of longitudinal studies by the present author. 1 Tallgren A. Changes in Adult Face Height Due to Ageing, Wear and Loss of Teeth and Prosthetic Treatment; A Roentgen Cephalometric Study Mainly on Finnish Women, Acta Odont. 24. Suppl, Scand. 151957: 1-122 Google Scholar , 2 Tallgren A. The Reduction in Face Height of Edentulous and Partially Edentulous Subjects During Long-Term Denture Wear; A Longitudinal Roentgenographic Cephalometric Study, Acta Odont. Scand. 1966; 24: 195-239 Google Scholar , 3 Tallgren A. The Effect of Denture Wearing on Facial Morphology; A 7-Year Longitudinal Study, Acta Odont. Scand. 1967; 25: 563-592 Google Scholar , 4 Tallgren A. Positional Changes of Complete Dentures; A 7-Year Longitudinal Study, Acta Odont. Scand. 1969; 27: 539-561 Google Scholar The resorption of the residual alveolar ridges during a seven-year period of denture wear was found to have caused a pronounced reduction of the pre-extraction morphologic face height and an accompanying although less marked reduction in the rest face height. 2 Tallgren A. The Reduction in Face Height of Edentulous and Partially Edentulous Subjects During Long-Term Denture Wear; A Longitudinal Roentgenographic Cephalometric Study, Acta Odont. Scand. 1966; 24: 195-239 Google Scholar In subjects provided with complete upper and partial lower free-end dentures, the decrease in facial height was, on the average, only half that noted in the complete denture group. The adaptive changes in the rest face height to the alterations in the morphologic face height have been confirmed in several other studies. 5 Atwood DA. A Cephalometric Study of the Clinical Rest Position of the Mandible. Part I. The Variability of the Clinical Rest Position Following the Removal of Occlusal Contacts, J. Prosthet. Dent. 1957;6:504-519. Google Scholar , 6 Duncan ET and Williams ST. Evaluation of Rest Position as a Guide in Prosthetic Treatment, J. Prosthet. Dent. 1960;10:643-650. Google Scholar , 7 Swerdlow H. Roentgencephalometric Study of Vertical Dimension Changes in Immediate Denture Patients, J. Prosthet. Dent. 1964;14:635-650. Google Scholar , 8 Carlsson G.E. Ericson S. Postural Face Height in Full Denture Wearers; A Longitudinal X-Ray Cephalometric Study, Acta Odont. Scand. 1967; 25: 145-162 Google Scholar , 9 Nairn R.I. Cutress T.W. Changes in Mandibular Position Following Removal of the Remaining Teeth and Insertion of Immediate Complete Dentures, Br. Dent. J. 1967; 122: 303-306 Google Scholar , 10 Ismail YH, George WA, Sassouni V and Scott RH. Cephalometric Study of the Changes Occurring in the Face Height Following Prosthetic Treatment. Part I. Gradual Reduction of Both Occlusal and Rest Face Heights, J. Prosthet. Dent. 1968;19:321-330. Google Scholar

Fluoride-induced developmental changes in enamel and dentine of European roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus L.) as a result of environmental pollution

Using macroscopic, microradiographic and scanning electron-microscopic methods, the effects of increased fluoride exposure on enamel and dentine formation were studied in fluorosed mandibular premolars and molars of roe deer from the heavily industrialized Ruhr area, Germany. Macroscopically, fluorosed teeth were characterized by opaque and stained enamel and in more severe cases also by enamel surface lesions, reduction or loss of enamel ridges on their occlusal surfaces and increased wear. Microradiographically, fluorosed enamel exhibited different degrees of subsurface hypomineralization, in part apparently indicating a fluoride effect during enamel maturation. In some specimens, a pronounced but varying enhancement of the pattern of Retzius lines was observed throughout the enamel, denoting strongly intermittent fluoride exposure during enamel matrix secretion. This variation in exposure was also reflected histologically in dentine, by bands of interglobular dentine and marked accentuation of incremental lines. Microradiography of sections through enamel surface hypoplastic lesions showed the enamel forming the bottom and partly also the walls of the lesions to be highly mineralized. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the outer enamel along the more pronounced hypoplastic lesions consisted of stacked, thin layers of ‘aprismatic’ enamel, indicating that the ameloblasts in these areas had lost the distal (rod-forming) regions of their Tomes' processes. These observations demonstrate that the origin of enamel hypoplasias in deer clearly differs from that in rodents, where fluoride induces the formation of subameloblastic cysts. The differences in the degree of fluorotic alteration between the teeth of a single tooth row could be related to the developmental sequence of the dentition in roe deer. The roe deer is thus considered to be a very sensitive and useful bioindicator of environmental pollution by fluorides.

Reconstructive preprosthetic surgery: I. Anatomical considerations

When considering preprosthetic surgery of the edentulous jaws, it is important that the clinician fully understands the anatomical consequences of reduction of the residual ridges. Based on a classification of the edentulous jaws, changes in the relationship of the jaws to each other, in muscle relations and function, in the oral mucosa and in facial morphology have been measured relative to the stage of resorption of the edentulous jaws.

Systemic bone diseases and reduction of the residual ridge of the mandible; primary hyperparathyroidism. A preliminary report

Twenty-five edentulous patients with established hyperparathyroidism were evaluated to establish a possible relation between extreme reduction of the height of the mandible and systemic bone loss. As an important parameter of the severity of the systemic bone loss, the level of the intact biologically active molecule of the parathormone was used. In this study no relation between hyperparathyroidism and reduction of the residual alveolar ridge could be established. In only two patients the reduction could be classified as “severe.” Furthermore the level of the active, intact, circulating parathormone or the duration of the hyperparathyroidism could not be identified as an important factor in relation to the local phenomenon of reduction of the alveolar ridges.

The reduction of residual ridges (RRR) measured longitudinally in rats

The reduction of residual ridges (RRR) measured longitudinally in rats

Roentgen cephalometric analysis of ridge resorption and changes in jaw and occlusal relationships in immediate complete denture wearers.

In eighteen subjects assigned for immediate complete upper and lower dentures, roentgen cephalometric recordings were made before extraction of the residual anterior dentition and 3 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after denture insertion. The cephalometric analysis was based on electronic measurements of linear and angular morphological variables and computer head plots generated from 177 reference points (Walker, 1967), derived for each subject for each of the five observation stages. The reduction of the alveolar ridges was most rapid during the first 3 months of denture wear and particularly during the post-extraction period of 3 weeks. The reduction in anterior height of the lower ridge was on average twice as great as that of the upper ridge. The ridge resorption and the accompanying settling of the dentures on the basal seats, measured from lead shots inserted in the dentures, brought about an upward rotation of the mandible with a resulting decrease in occlusal vertical dimension and reduction in overjet of the dentures. In accordance with the amount of ridge reduction, these changes showed great individual variation.

Reduction of Residual Ridges in the Partially Edentulous Patient

Reduction of Residual Ridges in the Partially Edentulous Patient

The continuing reduction of the residual alveolar ridges in complete denture wearers: A mixed-longitudinal study covering 25 years

The continuing reduction of the residual alveolar ridges in complete denture wearers: A mixed-longitudinal study covering 25 years

Clinical, cephalometric, and densitometric study of reduction of residual ridges

1. A clinical, cephalometric, and densitometric study of the reduction of residual ridges (RRR) was carried out on 76 edentulous clinic patients (44 women and 32 men) with a mean age 65.2 years (range of 38 to 87 years). 2. In this group of patients with varying periods of time since extraction, a high proportion of maxillary ridges were high and well rounded (Order III), including 50 per cent of those 20 years or more after extraction. In contrast, only 24 per cent of the mandibular ridges were classified as high and well rounded, and of these, 80 per cent were 2 years or less postextraction with 54 per cent classified as knife-edge (Order IV). 3. The rate of total anterior RRR varied between individuals, being immeasurable in 23 per cent and 1 mm. or more per year in 20 per cent. The highest rate in one subject studied over 3 years was 2.2 mm. per year. The average rate was 0.5 mm. per year. 4. The rate of RRR varied between the upper and lower jaws averaging 0.1 mm. per year for the maxillae and 0.4 mm. per year for the mandible. Thus, the average rate for the lower jaw was four times that of the upper. Yet, 9 per cent of the subjects had a higher rate on the maxillae than on the mandible, while the rate was the same in 26 per cent. 5. There was a low correlation between the rate of RRR and several possible cofactors, including sex, age, and bone density. 6. An average rate of anterior vertical RRR of 0.5 mm. per year could represent an average loss of 5 mm. in anterior ridge height (considerably more in some patients) in 10 years, resulting in significant loss of vertical dimension, esthetics, and comfort. Such remarkable changes in millions of edentulous people represent a staggering need for prosthodontic care. 7. New methods of prevention and treatment of this disabling disease must be found.

Reduction of residual ridges: A major oral disease entity

1. Reduction of residual ridges (RRR) needs to be recognized for what it is: a major unsolved oral disease which causes physical, psychologic, and economic problems for millions of people all over the world. 2. RRR is a chronic, progressive, irreversible, and disabling disease, probably of multifactorial origin. At the present time, the relative importance of various cofactors is not known. 3. Much is known about the pathology and the pathophysiology of this oral disease, but we need to know much more about its pathogenesis, epidemiology, and etiology. 4. The ultimate goal of research of RRR is to find better methods of prevention or control of the disease. 5. Over 25 million Americans are estimated to be totally edentulous. The need for the delivery of more prosthodontic care in this country alone is staggering. 6. More research in RRR with new methods and new thinking are badly needed in order to provide the best possible oral health care for millions of edentulous patients.