Reduction Of Economic Inequality Research Articles

Economic and social impacts of the green energy transition: A pathway towards 100% renewable energy agenda

Despite the world economy's tremendous growth, significant environmental and sustainability concerns need adequate attention. Ecological, environmental conservation is facilitated by “green production” and the promotion of 100% renewable energy development goals.” The 100% renewable energy development goal is hailed in the developed economies as a fresh set of policy initiatives that, primarily via the use of renewable energy and resource efficiency, seek to achieve social objectives, including socio‐economic impacts and the reduction of economic inequality. This study examines the potential energy transition based on current technology and the green productivity of 40 industrialized nations from 1990 to 2020. In most industrialized nations, green growth is positive, efficiency change is negative and technology advancement is the primary factor behind economic and environmental improvement. Furthermore, our empirical findings show that trade between nations encourages green output in developed nations. The potential energy transition rate across industrialized nations is 5.21% on average. This suggests that, on average, 5.11% of each advanced nation's total energy usage can be changed from dirty to clean energy.

Economic inequality and carbon inequality: Multi-evidence from China's cities and counties

Despite economic inequality (EI) and carbon inequality (CI) are both core targets for sustainable development goals (SDGs), the current studies on EI and CI still lacks in-depth investigation, hindering to formulate policy towards better balancing social welfare improvement and carbon emission reduction. To address the gap above, the study comprehensively analyzed on the trends and drivers of EI and CI in a case of 262 cities over 2002–2019 and 1434 counties over 2005–2017 in China at individual level and aggregate level, respectively. Further, we explored the decoupling relationship between EI and CI and corresponding driver using an inequality-based decoupling decomposition model we proposed. We found that almost all cities, counties and corresponding sub-groups presented overall declining trends for EI and CI except for county groups over the period, where the within difference was the main driver. Further, the change of population proportion and the regional ranking have promoted the reduction of EI and CI at city- and county-levels. Decoupling analysis implied that the main decoupling state between EI and CI was weak negative decoupling for cities and counties, where the changes in regional ranking and per capita carbon emission were the negative and positive drivers, respectively. The study highlights the importance of reducing EI and CI simultaneously for policy implication.

СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН КОНКУРЕНТНОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ТРАНСНАЦІОНАЛЬНИХ БАНКІВ В США ТА КИТАЮ

The article analyzes transnational banks as the main subjects of the international financial system in the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China, investigates the trends of TNB functioning in the context of the chal- lenges of globalization processes, as well as the impact of their functioning on the world economy as a whole. To date, transnational banks have become the driver of the global financial sphere of activity, without which the majority of transactions are indispensable. In particular, the article presents the main merger and acquisition agreements of Chinese banks in foreign markets for the years 2002–2021, as well as an analysis of the current state of leading American financial companies and the peculiarities of the activities of these subjects of the international system of relations as a result of the pandemic, namely how the behaviour has changed banks and their transition to non-traditional activities. The largest global banks in recent years were also singled out and the reasons for the growth in demand for them were identified. For the past few years, the People’s Republic of China and the United States of America have been fighting for leadership in the economic race. Currently, it is impossible to unanimously assert the victory of one country over another, as their confrontation is only intensifying daily. China’s last chance to win this century’s economic race is to overcome its most significant weakness – technological backwardness and dependence on the US. Therefore, Beijing: 1) constantly increases investments in scientific developments – R&D. This has already borne fruit in the form of an increase in scientific publications and Chinese patents; 2) encourages young people to study applied sciences – the PRC is ahead of the USA in terms of the number of engineers; 3) comprehensively develops the creativity of people and their potential. America currently surpasses China: 1) in creating new technologies; 2) in terms of nominal GDP per capita – six times; 3) in the hegemony of the dollar as a global currency; 4) in better development of human capital; 5) higher labour productivity, organization and efficiency of investments. But the US has faced serious internal challenges, the strengthening of which endangers the stability and further development of America. The main issue is the socio-economic development of the country and the reduction of economic inequality.

Reforma poreske politike za održivi privredni rast u Srbiji

In the last two decades, the Serbian economy posted an average growth rate of 3.8 percent, which was above the average growth rate in the EU, Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) 1 and the Western Balkans 2 . Together with sharp decline in population, this has led to some economic convergence in terms of the GDP per capita, although the gap to the EU and CEE countries remains significant (57 and 42 percent respectively). To achieve full economic convergence with the European countries, Serbian economy needs to post long run growth rates of 4-6 percent per year, in a sustainable manner, which primarily refers to a more fair distribution of growth dividend (reduction of economic inequality) and limiting negative environmental footprint. In this sense, the reform of tax policy can make a contribution to the sustainable growth of the Serbian economy, through: i) a slight reduction in the overall tax burden, primarily through a significant cut in labour taxes, which may be financed by means of broadening the environmental taxes base, increase in consumption taxes and reducing unproductive public expenditures, ii) moderately increasing the progressivity of the personal income tax, recurring property tax and inheritance tax, and iii) broadening the environmental taxes base (with the focus on energy and pollution taxes) and introducing the tax incentives for households to switch to green energy sources.

Living standard of people with disabilities in the Republic of Moldova

An important index that reflects the efficiency of the state socio-economic policy is the population standard of living. This index represents the result of the country’s socio-economic development. No result of the development of individual sectors of the economy, regardless of how large and positive it is, have sufficient value without appropriate changes in the standard of living of the population. Increasing the living standards of the population, including people with disabilities, is a strategic priority in the state policy of the Republic of Moldova. One way to achieve this is to improve micro and microeconomic mechanisms for GDP growth. It is also important to ensure economic inclusion through the equitable distribution of income and the reduction of economic inequalities for the harmonious development of society as a whole. The purpose of the research is to highlight the essential aspects of the standard of living of people with disabilities in the Republic of Moldova in order to create adequate measures for their social protection.

Corona Crisis and Inequality: Why Management Research Needs a Societal Turn

As the world struggles to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, the stark inequalities in our societies have been laid bare, and the interplay between organizations and societies has also become evident yet again. This crisis underscores the need for management scholars to take a societal turn and examine how organizational practices interact with societal economic inequality. To illustrate this approach, we discuss organizational practices—corporate social responsibility, work design, recruitment and selection, and compensation management—that can contribute to the normalization, reinforcement, and reduction of economic inequalities in society. We conclude by calling on scholars of inequality, as well as of broader management research, to take a societal turn to enhance the relevance and impact of management research.

The Green New Deal in the United States: What it is and how to pay for it

The US Green New Deal (GND) resolution introduced by Congresswoman Ocasio-Cortez and Senator Markey is the first comprehensive program combining climate change mitigation and the elimination of economic inequality that could, conceivably, soon be adopted as policy in a major economy. We outline its main features, together with Senator Bernie Sanders’ more detailed, fully costed version, exploring its implications for policymaking and social science-based energy research. We focus on two of its most striking characteristics: its macroeconomics; and its inextricable linkage of climate change mitigation and the reduction of economic inequality. We find Sanders’ GND economically credible and argue that the GND's use of Keynesian demand-side macroeconomics challenges governments, policymakers and citizens to think anew about the nature of money. We suggest social scientists need to challenge neoclassical economic assumptions, which, we argue, enable both climate destruction and inequality to continue. We find the GND's combining of climate protection and equality credible, and argue that shifting the debate away from neoclassical understandings of public debt to careful assessments of inflationary impacts and resource needs will generate more productive analysis. We offer these insights as a first look at the GND and challenge others to join in this research.

Social Inclusion in Brazil from 2003 to 2014: Insights of Bolsa Família Program and the Brasil Sem Miséria Plan

ABSTRACT This article examines the Complementary Programs component of Bolsa Família Program (PBF) and the Brasil Sem Miséria Plan (BSM), implemented in Brazil from 2003 to 2014. The authors sustain that the cash-condition package offered may not have been enough to reduce all dimensions of social inequality. Data were collected from academic literature, official reports, laws and regulations. In Brazil, the PBF and BSM, linked to a minimum wage raise policy, contributed to the reduction of economic inequality, reducing the Gini Index from 2003 to 2014, and for dropping the levels of extreme poverty from 2003 to 2014, to 2.7 percent of the population living on less than R$70.00 (USD 29.8) per month. Our study finds that, according to the differentiated citizenship concept by Iris Young and the concept of justice developed by Nancy Fraser, the complementary programs of PBF and the multidimensional strategy of BSM were effective in reducing extreme poverty and social exclusion. It achieved this through an intersectorial and transversal approach, involving new interactions between State and society, the recognition of social needs, the leadership role played by the government, and a hyper focus strategy. This, in turn, made available to the poorest families a more expressive set of government actions and policies to overcome their economic and social vulnerability.

Microscopic models for the study of taxpayer audit effects

A microscopic dynamic model is here constructed and analyzed, describing the evolution of the income distribution in the presence of taxation and redistribution in a society in which also tax evasion and auditing processes occur. The focus is on effects of enforcement regimes, characterized by different choices of the audited taxpayer fraction and of the penalties imposed to noncompliant individuals. A complex systems perspective is adopted: society is considered as a system composed by a large number of heterogeneous individuals. These are divided into income classes and may as well have different tax evasion behaviors. The variation in time of the number of individuals in each class is described by a system of nonlinear differential equations of the kinetic discretized Boltzmann type involving transition probabilities. A priori, one could think that audits and fines should have a positive effect on the reduction of economic inequality and correspondingly of the Gini index G. According to our model, however, such effect is rather small. In contrast, the effect on the increase of the tax revenue may be significant.

A queda da desigualdade de renda corrente e a participação do 1% de domicílios de maior renda, 2000-2010

According to OECD, the recent process of deterioration of the income distribution chain in developing and developed countries has been marked by increased participation of 1% of households with higher income. In the past decade, Brazil has escaped the general trend of deterioration of the income distribution. This paper shows that the reduction of economic inequality was accompanying the reluctance of the participation of top 1%, arguing that the reproduction of the movement more generally requires that this participation has been reduced in the current decade, to enable sustained growth and development with social justice.

Progressive Reduction of Economic Inequality as a Macromarketing Task: A Rejoinder

SUMMARY This is a response to Capaldi's reflections on our article in the same volume. Since reduction of global inequality is a necessary condition for global sustainability, our rejoinder focuses on global in-equality. Accordingly, our response: (a) defines inequality generally and specifically, (b) determines that the macromarketing effects of global inequality are the inadequate consumption by many and an unacceptable quality of human life for many, and hence (c) argues that the progressive reduction of global inequality is a challenge for macromarketing.

Education, Jobs, and Inequality: Functional and Conflict Models of Social Stratification in the United States

This study examines two competing interpretations of the relation between formal education and the occupational structure, and the dynamics of social stratification in the United States. The techno-democratic model points to the rising requirements of technical skill for jobs and the pursuit of greater economic equality to explain the expansion of formal education. The class conflict model maintains that formal education has expanded in order to maintain the stability of work organizations and the class structure by imparting noncognitive characteristics encouraging existing social relationships. The findings suggest that: (1) The expansion of education cannot be explained by changing technical skill requirements of work. (2) While inequality in educational attainment has been reduced for the population as a whole and between whites and nonwhites, this has not led to a reduction of economic inequality. (3) The noncognitive attributes inculcated by schooling are rewarded in the occupational structure; this reflects employers' concern for social control within organizations. The major implication of this study is that the relationship between education, jobs, and social inequality can be better understood in terms of class structure rather than assumed differences in the characteristics (marginal productivity) of individuals who interact within the constraints of that structure. If a reduction of economic inequality is a policy objective, the focus of social policy should be on the structural determinants of inequality rather than on the education, training, or some other characteristic of individuals.