Reduction Of Damage Research Articles

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids protect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway

Nephrotoxicity is a prevalent side effect observed in patients undergoing chemotherapy. The pathogenesis of chemotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity involves various factors such as oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation, and apoptosis. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study investigated the effects of EPA and DHA, either alone or in combination, on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice, as well as their underlying mechanisms of action. The combined administration of EPA and DHA demonstrated superior efficacy in mitigating cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity compared to administration alone, including the reduction of oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis. Moreover, the combination of EPA and DHA suppressed inflammation and prevented the development of chronic kidney fibrosis during prolonged observations following repeated cisplatin administration. Mechanistically, ω-3 PUFAs enhance the expression of antioxidant genes by activating the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway. Furthermore, Nrf2 activation can inhibit the cisplatin-induced p53 apoptosis signal by upregulating the expression of MDM2 in renal tubular epithelial cells. Consequently, ω-3 PUFAs exert a protective effect against cisplatin-induced renal injury through activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway, suggesting that ω-3 PUFAs intake holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for combating cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Reduction of oxidative damage caused by Fusarium falciforme and Fusarium foetens in schefflera plants using chitosan nanoparticles loaded with l-proline or indole butyric acid

Abstract Background Root rot, wilt diseases, and rooting processes have been the major factors that constrain schefflera production. This study focuses on the impact of innovative applications of eco-friendly materials like chitosan nanoparticles loaded with l-proline or indole butyric acid to replace traditional chemical fungicides in controlling root rot and wilt diseases, as well as the vegetative propagation success of leafy stem schefflera cuttings. Results Fusarium foeten (strain 1) and Fusarium falciforme (strains 2 and 4) were first identified as root rot and wilt pathogens of schefflera in Egypt based on morphological features and confirmed with molecular analyses. Fusarium foetens (strain 1) and F. falciforme (strain 2) have the most aggressive action, as the infection percentages significantly increased in the pathogenicity test. The disease incidence reached 38.88 and 44.44%, respectively, whereas the disease severity was 18.51 and 26.84%, respectively. Chitosan nanoparticles at a concentration of 25 mg/L were the most effective dose, leading to a significant reduction in disease incidence to 25.00%, disease severity to 4.17%, and playing a vital role in activating plant defense, which correlates well with improved growth characteristics. The novel strategy of L-proline loaded on chitosan nanoparticles (LP-CSNPs) application occupied the first rank at protective influence against root rot and wilt disease-induced oxidative stress, signaling a defensive function that was freelance verified. L-proline loaded on chitosan nanoparticles (LP-CSNPs) at 0.125–0.25 g/L had a significant impact on reducing the incidence and severity of root rot and wilt diseases, as well as improving photosynthetic pigments and free radical scavenging activities, which included strengthening plant defense and further validating the findings from the biochemical trait analysis. The TT biplot graph was an influential statistical tool to study the impacts of treatments on schefflera production and its attributes and to discover the interrelationships among them. Conclusions Applying LP-CSNPs is one of the best techniques to manage schefflera root rot and wilt diseases, since it can be utilized as a growth stimulator and defense activator with sustainable increased efficiency. Graphical Abstract

DNAR-03. ONCOMAGNETIC TREATMENT KILLS GLIOMA CELLS BY INHIBITING MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND BY INDUCING OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DNA DAMAGE

Abstract A new noninvasive cancer therapeutic device developed in our laboratory called the Oncomagnetic device involves repeated stimulation with oscillating magnetic fields (sOMF) produced by spinning permanent magnets. It is technologically and mechanistically distinct from the Optune® device approved by the FDA and provides a novel approach for CNS tumor treatment. In 7 end-stage GBM patients, this device reversed the progression of recurrent tumors causing >30% reduction in their contrast-enhanced volumes within 4 – 8 weeks of treatment. Immune-competent mice with implanted mouse glioma cells in their brains also showed marked reduction in tumor size, increased survival (p< 0.05, n = 9) and greater DNA damage (γ-H2AX foci) in implanted tumor after sOMF treatment. Normal mice exposed to sOMF for 4 months had no adverse effects on the brain and other organs. In-vitro, sOMF inhibited mitochondrial ETC complex-I and markedly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in GBM cells. Detection of γ-H2AX and 53BP1 foci showed that sOMF caused significant DNA damage in GBM cells and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) cells but not in normal astroglial SVGp12 cells. GBM cells exposed to sOMF for 4 h caused cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and 30% - 40% loss of surviving colonies detected by clonogenic cell survival assay, while normal SVGp12 cells were not affected. This loss of survival in GBM cells was rescued by the antioxidant Trolox. These results indicate that sOMF stimulation has high anticancer potency comparable to low dose radiation therapy at the cellular level with an underlying mechanism of action that is substantially different from that proposed for Optune® TTF.

Suppression of CDK1/Drp1-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission Attenuates Dexamethasone-Induced Extracellular Matrix Deposition in the Trabecular Meshwork.

Aims: Deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the trabecular meshwork (TM), as induced by dexamethasone (Dex), is believed to play an important role in the onset of glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma (GIG). Abnormal ECM deposition is a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction. We aimed to clarify how mitochondrial dysfunction leads to ECM deposition within the TM and to support the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Results: In primary human TM cells (pHTMCs) and a Dex acetate-induced murine model of GIG, glucocorticoid administration stimulated both mitochondrial fission and ECM deposition. Excessive mitochondrial fission leads to dysfunction and the overexpression of ECM proteins in pHTMCs. Notably, when pHTMCs were treated with the dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) inhibitor Mdivi-1 or with Drp1 siRNA, we observed a marked reduction in Dex-induced mitochondrial damage and ECM proteins in vitro. Furthermore, in C57BL/6J mice, treatment with Mdivi-1 mitigated mitochondrial damage and blocked ECM deposition within the TM. We then used Ro3306 to inhibit the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)1-mediated phosphorylation of Drp1 at Ser 616, which restored mitochondrial function and diminished Dex-induced ECM protein expression in pHTMCs. Innovation: This study illuminates the pathogenic mechanism linking mitochondrial dysfunction to ECM deposition in GIG. Our innovative approach revealed that Dex stimulates mitochondrial fission via CDK1-mediated p-Drp1s616 overexpression, which drives ECM accumulation. It offered a novel therapeutic strategy for reducing ECM protein expression by inhibiting excessive mitochondrial fission and restoring mitochondrial function. Conclusion: By targeting the CDK1/Drp1-driven mitochondrial fission process, we can counteract Dex-induced ECM deposition in the TM both invivo and in vitro.

Neuroprotective potential of Alpinia calcarata and HPLC analysis of stigmasterol against cisplatin-induced neuropathy in rat model

Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent known for causing severe peripheral neuropathy as a side effect, impacting patients’ quality of life by damaging nerve tissues. This study aims to explore the neuroprotective effects of the ethanolic extract of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe rhizome (EEACR) and stigmasterol identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in a rat model of cisplatin-induced neuropathy. Male Wistar rats were divided into control, cisplatin-induced neuropathic, and two intervention groups receiving different concentrations of EEACR (250 and 500 mg/kg). Neuropathy was induced with cisplatin administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 2 mg/kg per week for five weeks. The intervention groups were treated orally with EEACR daily during the induction period. Treatment with EEACR showed a significant attenuation of neurotoxicity as evidenced by behavioural improvements in mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and cold allodynia. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of stigmasterol in EEACR, which may contribute to its therapeutic effects. Biochemical assessments revealed a significant decrease in oxidative stress markers and an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, in the nervous tissues of EEACR-treated rats. Histopathological examination indicated a reduction in nerve damage and enhanced preservation of myelin and axonal structures in the treatment groups. The findings from this study suggest that EEACR, enriched with stigmasterol, offers promising neuroprotective effects against cisplatin-induced neuropathy in rats.

The Efficacy and Safety of Green-Lipped Mussel Extract Plus Ginkgo Biloba on Anti-Inflammatory Status in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis

Background: Clinical research on the efficacy of nutraceutical compounds recommended for the relief of osteoarthritis (OA) symptoms has been largely disputed. In addition, no link has been established between its safety and efficacy in Kurdish population. The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of New Zealand green-lipped mussel extract + Ginkgo biloba (GLME+) in patients with OA, and analyze the effect of GLME+ on inflammation. Methods: In an open-label, single-group allocation study, 40 patients diagnosed with knee OA were administrated 1000 mg/day of New Zealand green-lipped mussel extract and 100 mg/day of Ginkgo biloba for eight weeks. The outcome measure was scored using Western Ontario and McMaster Universities arthritis index (WOMAC). The serum concentration of inflammatory chemokine (CCL3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured. An intention-to-treat analysis was employed and subject data at T0 and T8 weeks. Results: Results showed a significant improvement in WOMAC score in post-treated OA patients with GLME+ (P<0.001). In addition, CCL3 serum levels were significantly decreased after an 8-week intervention (P<0.001). Moreover, no statistical significance was observed within groups in MPO serum levels (P> 0.05). Conclusions: GLME+ improved knee joint pain, stiffness, and mobility in OA patients. Two of GLME+'s chondroprotective properties were the reduction of oxidative damage and the inhibition of inflammation, both of which have been linked to the etiology of OA cartilage destruction. The findings indicated that GLME+ may be useful in the treatment of OA patients.

The clinical efficacy of cGMP-specific sildenafil on mitochondrial biogenesis induction and renal damage in cats with acute on chronic kidney disease

BackgroundMitochondrial biogenesis (MB) induction has recently emerged as potential therapeutic approaches in kidney pathology and the mitochondria-targeted therapies should be investigated to improve treatment of animals with kidney diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effects of MB induction with sildenafil citrate on the cGMP/NO pathway, glomerular filtration, and reduction of kidney damage and fibrosis (TGF-β/SMAD pathway) in cats with acute on chronic kidney disease (ACKD). Thirty-three cats were divided into the non-azotemic (healthy) group (n:8) and the ACKD group (n:25), comprising different breeds, sexes, and ages. Sildenafil citrate was administered to the non-azotemic and ACKD groups (2.5 mg/kg, PO, q12 hours) for 30 days. Serum and urine NO, MDA, NGAL, KIM-1, TGF-β1, IL-18, FGF 23, PGC-1α and cGMP concentrations were measured.ResultsSerum cGMP concentrations increased (P < 0.05) in the non-azotemic group during the 2nd (median 475.99 pmol/mL) and 3rd (median 405.01 pmol/mL) weeks of the study, whereas serum cGMP concentrations decreased in the ACKD group during the 4th(median 188.52 pmol/mL) week compared to the non-azotemic group (P < 0.05). No difference was observed in serum biomarker concentrations except NO, which increased in the 4th week (P < 0.05). The urinary concentrations of NO, MDA, PGC-1α, TGF-β1, NGAL, KIM-1, IL-18, and FGF 23 in the ACKD group were found to be higher compared to those in the non-azotemic group from the 1st to the 4th week (P < 0.05). In the ACKD group, the urine PGC-1α concentration in the 2nd (median 6.10 ng/mL) week was lower compared to that in the 0 and 1st (median 7.65 and 7.21 ng/mL, respectively) week, and the NO concentration in the 3rd (median 28.94 µmol/mL) week was lower than that in the 0th (median 37.43 µmol/mL) week (P < 0.05).ConclusionsWhile sildenafil citrate has been determined to induce a low level of MB and to have a beneficial effect on glomerular filtration, it is observed to be ineffective in mitigating renal damage and fibrosis via the TGF-β/SMAD pathway in cats with ACKD.

Assessment of dynamic responses and impact resistance of corrugated plate-reinforced concrete tunnels under irregular rockfall scenarios.

This article presents a composite tunnel rockfall protection structure (CPRC) employing galvanized corrugated steel plates as the inner formwork for reinforced concrete structures. It addresses the threats posed by frequent rockfall disasters in mountainous regions with complex geology. The research investigates impact damage from various rockfall shapes through numerical simulations and experiments on five representative forms, comparing traditional reinforced concrete structures RC with CPRC. The study highlights both structures' dynamic responses and damage characteristics across different impact scenarios, introducing the Residual Resistance Index RRI as a measure of post-impact safety performance. Results show that the numerical simulations align with laboratory tests, with discrepancies within 10%, validating the simulation method's accuracy in predicting impact resistance. Following impacts, both structures primarily displayed brittle concrete damage; however, the CPRC structure demonstrated a 79.46% reduction in concrete damage and an 86.31% decrease in reinforcement damage. The energy-dissipating properties of the corrugated plates significantly lowered rockfall penetration depth and impact energy transfer ratio, with an RRI exceeding 0.88 post-event. Additionally, the study reveals varying damage effects from different rockfall shapes, further supporting the CPRC structure's superior impact resistance and its effectiveness in preventing secondary disasters in tunnel engineering within mountainous terrains.

Low-Velocity Impact Resistance and Compression After Impact Strength of Thermoplastic Nanofiber Toughened Carbon/Epoxy Composites with Different Layups.

This study investigates the effectiveness of polyether block amide (PEBA) thermoplastic elastomeric nanofibers in reducing low-velocity impact damage across three carbon fiber composite lay-up configurations: a cross-ply [0°/90°]2s (CP) and a quasi-isotropic [0°/45°/90°/-45°]s (QI) lay-up utilizing unidirectional plies, and a stacked woven [(0°,90°)]4s (W) lay-up using twill woven fabric plies. The flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength of the composites remained unaffected by the addition of nanofibers: around 750 MPa and 63 MPa for CP, 550 MPa and 58 MPa for QI, and 650 MPa and 50 MPa for W, respectively. The incorporation of nanofibers in the interlaminar regions resulted in a substantial reduction in projected damage area, ranging from 30% to 50% reduction over an impact energy range of 5-20 J. Microscopic analysis showed that especially the delamination damage decreased in toughened composites, while intralaminar damage remained similar for the cross-ply and quasi-isotropic lay-ups and decreased only in the woven lay-up. This agrees with the broad body of research that shows that interleaved nanofibers result in a higher delamination resistance due to toughening mechanisms related to nanofiber bridging of cracks. Despite their ability to mitigate delamination during impact, nanofibers showed limited positive effects on Compression After Impact (CAI) strength in quasi-isotropic and cross-ply composites. Interestingly, only the woven fabric composites demonstrated improved CAI strength, with a 12% improvement on average over the impact energy range, attributed to a reduction in both interlaminar and intralaminar damage. This study indicates the critical role of fiber integrity over delamination size in determining CAI performance, suggesting that the delaminations are not sufficiently large to induce buckling of sub-layers, thereby minimizing the effect of nanofiber toughening on the CAI strength.

Recent Advance of Sustainable Polymers for Packaging Applications

The extensive application of non-renewable polymers has brought about deep environmental concerns, demonstrating the immediate requirement for new biodegradable and biobased packaging choices. The work offers an in-depth look at a wide array of degradable and biobased polymers like Polylactic Acid (PLA), Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVOH), as well as starch and cellulose materials, discussing their qualities, uses, and the issues faced in food packaging. These types of green polymers, either in new ways or from renewable sources, offer great advances not only from decomposition into harmless parts but also from the reduction of environmental damage. The essay covers the exploitation side of this material, be it the role of PLA in enzymatic, hydrolytic, or microbial degradations, or the main tactical function of PHA in terms of a water barrier aimed at preserving the quality of stored food. Additionally, the multifunctionality of these substances is represented anew in packaging dairy goods, such as fruits, and vegetables, and specialized applications like edible films or water-soluble bags. The participation of compostable polymers has become increasingly vital in the area of food packaging to meet consumers’ demands and to upgrade the present science technologies aimed at guiding food producers who are looking for more sustainability in their business.

Impact of a prehospital mobile cloud ECG transmission system on door-to-balloon time, myocardial damage and mid-term all-cause mortality in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Abstract Background Guidelines recommend to establish a regional reperfusion strategy to maximize the efficiency of care for patients diagnosed with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). In Addition, the recently developed mobile cloud-based 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) transmission system enables the transmission of prehospital ECGs at a low cost. Medical staff can use electronic devices to access and review ECGs from anywhere. However, the effectiveness of the prehospital mobile cloud ECG system has not yet been clearly established. Objective This single-center study aims to evaluate the impact of the prehospital mobile cloud ECG system on reducing Door-to-Balloon Time (DTBT), myocardial damage, and mid-term all-cause mortality in patients with STEMI. Methods In June 2018, eight prehospital Mobile Cloud ECG Transmission systems were integrated into the regional Emergency Medical Service (EMS) in our region. This study examined and compared Door-to-Catheterization Laboratory Time (DTCT), DTBT, Onset-to-Reperfusion Time (OTRT), peak creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) levels, and one-year mortality rates of STEMI patients in the five years before and after introducing the prehospital mobile cloud ECG system. From June 2013 to May 2023, our institute received a total of 426 STEMI patients via ambulances from these two EMS departments. After excluding 23 patients with OTRT exceeding 24 hours and 76 patients who were transferred without the system post-introduction, 327 consecutive STEMI patients who underwent emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups: 169 patients before the prehospital mobile cloud ECG system introduction and 158 patients after that. Results There were no significant differences in age, gender, past medical history, and Killip Class IV between the two groups, except for the proportion of left main trunk (LMT) lesions, which was significantly higher in the ECG group. Significant reductions were observed in both DTCT and DTBT in the group after introduction, with differences noted as (DTCT: 42 min vs. 26 min; p &amp;lt; 0. 001, and DTBT: 74 min vs. 56 min; p &amp;lt; 0.001, respectively). However, the OTRT did not show a significant difference. Peak creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) levels did not differ between the two groups, and Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed no significant difference in one-year mortality between them. Multivariate Cox regression analysis, which included variables such as age, peak CK-MB levels, Killip Class IV, LMT lesions, OTRT and the prehospital mobile cloud ECG transmission system usage, revealed that only Killip Class IV was significantly associated with one-year mortality (hazard ratio of 2.82 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.61-4.94; p=0.0003). Conclusion The prehospital mobile cloud ECG transmission system significantly reduced DTBT, but did not lead to a reduction in myocardial damage or an improvement in mid-term prognosis.Effect of the ECG Transmission SystemKaplan-Meier analysis

Heterologous expressing melittin in a probiotic yeast to evaluate its function for promoting NSC-34 regeneration

Melittin is a bioactive peptide and the predominant component in bee venom (BV), studied for its many medical properties, such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis, nerve damage reduction, and muscle cell regeneration. Melittin is primarily obtained through natural extraction and chemical synthesis; however, both methods have limitations and cannot be used for mass production. This study established a heterologous melittin expression system in the probiotic yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus. This yeast was selected for its advantages in stress tolerance and high secreted protein yields, simplifying purification. A > 95% high-purity melittin (MET) and its precursor promelittin (ProMET) were successfully produced and purified at 1.68 μg/mL and 3.33 μg/mL concentrations and verified through HPLC and mass spectrum. The functional test of the NSC-34 cell regeneration revealed that MET achieved the best activity compared to ProMET and the natural-extracted BV groups. Growth-related gene expressions were evaluated, including microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), microtubule-associated protein Tau (MAPT), growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), and acetylcholine esterase (AChE). The results indicated that treating MET increased MAP2, GAP-43, and VAChT expressions, in which cholinergic signaling is related to neurological functions. A heterologously expressed melittin in a probiotic yeast and its potential for promoting NSC-34 regeneration described here facilitate commercial and therapeutic use.Key points• MET and its precursor ProMET were successfully hetero-expressed in K. marxianus• > 95% high-purity MET and ProMET were purified at 1.68 μg/mL and 3.33 μg/mL• MET has no cytotoxicity toward NSC-34 and significantly promotes NSC-34 growth

Rethinking asexuality: the enigmatic case of functional sexual genes in Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae)

BackgroundThe ubiquity of sex across eukaryotes, given its high costs, strongly suggests it is evolutionarily advantageous. Asexual lineages can avoid, for example, the risks and energetic costs of recombination, but suffer short-term reductions in adaptive potential and long-term damage to genome integrity. Despite these costs, lichenized fungi have frequently evolved asexual reproduction, likely because it allows the retention of symbiotic algae across generations. The lichenized fungal genus Lepraria is thought to be exclusively asexual, while its sister genus Stereocaulon completes a sexual reproductive cycle. A comparison of sister sexual and asexual clades should shed light on the evolution of asexuality in lichens in general, as well as the apparent long-term maintenance of asexuality in Lepraria, specifically.ResultsIn this study, we assembled and annotated representative long-read genomes from the putatively asexual Lepraria genus and its sexual sister genus Stereocaulon, and added short-read assemblies from an additional 22 individuals across both genera. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that both genera were heterothallic, with intact mating-type loci of both idiomorphs present across each genus. Additionally, we identified and assessed 29 genes involved in meiosis and mitosis and 45 genes that contribute to formation of fungal sexual reproductive structures (ascomata). All genes were present and appeared functional in nearly all Lepraria, and we failed to identify a general pattern of relaxation of selection on these genes across the Lepraria lineage. Together, these results suggest that Lepraria may be capable of sexual reproduction, including mate recognition, meiosis, and production of ascomata.ConclusionsDespite apparent maintenance of machinery essential for fungal sex, over 200 years of careful observations by lichenologists have produced no evidence of canonical sexual reproduction in Lepraria. We suggest that Lepraria may have instead evolved a form of parasexual reproduction, perhaps by repurposing MAT and meiosis-specific genes. This may, in turn, allow these lichenized fungi to avoid long-term consequences of asexuality, while maintaining the benefit of an unbroken bond with their algal symbionts.

Field Demonstration of Indigenous Strains Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana for Sustainable Management of Spodoptera litura in Groundnut

This study by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nellore, evaluates the efficacy of biopesticides Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Beauveria bassiana formulations against S. litura compared to conventional insecticides over two growing seasons (2018-19 and 2019-20). Twenty Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) involving 20 farmers were conducted, with treatments applied when leaf damage exceeded 25%. Results indicated significant reductions in leaf damage (8.40% for biopesticides vs. 8.89% for insecticides) and larval populations. Specifically, larval counts decreased substantially after treatment, with average counts at 50 DAS dropping from 21.29 (FP) to 3.37 (Demo) in 2018-19 and from 22.15 (FP) to 3.53 (Demo) in 2019-20. Economic analysis revealed comparable net returns and benefit-cost ratios for both treatments (1.92 and 1.93 for biopesticides and insecticides, respectively). These findings support the economic viability of adopting biopesticide, promoting sustainable agricultural practices and profitability in groundnut cultivation.

Nucleophosmin 1 overexpression enhances neuroprotection by attenuating cellular stress in traumatic brain injury

BackgroundTraumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a multifaceted injury that can cause a wide range of symptoms and impairments, leading to significant effects on brain function. Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1), a versatile phosphoprotein located in the nucleolus, is being recognized as a possible controller of cellular stress reactions and could be important in reducing neuro dysfunction caused by TBI. However the critical roles of NPM1 in cellular stress in TBI remains unclear. MethodsWe employed a control cortical impact mouse model and a scratch-induced primary neuronal culture model. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to evaluate tissue damage and cellular changes, with NPM1 expression in the cortical area assessed through immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis. Neuronal morphology was assessed using Nissl staining. Behavioral assessments were performed to evaluate the impact of NPM1 overexpression on neurobehavioral results in TBI mice. Mitochondrial function was assessed using an Extracellular Flux Analyzer. ResultsFollowing TBI, an increase in NPM1 expression was observed, with a peak at 72 h post-injury. Increased levels of NPM1 resulted in decreased neuronal cell death, as shown by Nissl staining, and lower levels of Caspase 8, APE1, H2AX, and 8-OHDG expression, indicating a reduction in DNA damage. NPM1 overexpression also resulted in improved neurobehavioral outcomes, characterized by decreased neurological deficits and enhanced motor function post-TBI. Additionally, in vitro, scratch-induction experiments revealed that NPM1 overexpression mitigated mitochondrial damage, as evidenced by the downregulation of P53, BCL2, and Cyto C expression levels and improvements in mitochondrial respiratory function. ConclusionThese findings suggest NPM1 as a promising target for developing interventions to alleviate TBI-related cellular stress and promote neuronal survival.

Optimizing Olive Harvesting Efficiency Through UAVs and AI Integration

Olive harvesting, integral to global agriculture, faces challenges with traditional gathering methods which are labor-intensive and limited in precision, highlighting the need for innovative approaches. The study explores the application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in olive harvesting, with the aim to enhance efficiency and sustainability. Traditional methods, employing wood rakes, sticks, and rudimentary mechanical devices, pose challenges with high labor intensity and potential tree damage. UAVs present a transformative solution, offering aerial surveying, high-resolution imaging, and harvest timing data collection. This study evaluates existing olive harvest technologies, illuminating the superior efficiency of UAVs in minimizing damage and maximizing yield. The Potohar region in Pakistan exemplifies one area of intensive olive production, emphasizing the need for precision Agri-techniques. This study introduces the conceptual design of olive harvesting using drones, demonstrating its potential to revolutionize traditional practices, provide real-time monitoring, and enhance environmental sustainability. Results indicate substantial reductions in non-harvestable fruit and wood damage with drone-based harvesting, underscoring its promise for increased yield and reduced environmental damage. In conclusion, this study advocates for the adoption of precision agriculture techniques, integrating Artificial Intelligence and aerial technologies, to propel the olive industry&amp;#39;s productivity and environmental impact forward.

Preparation and performance evaluation of a low‐damage fracturing fluid for unconventional reservoirs

AbstractThe characteristics of tight matrix, underdeveloped natural fractures, small pore throat radius, poor pore connectivity, and abundant clay minerals result in a high potential for damage to the tight sandstone reservoirs of the Shaximiao Formation in the Qiulin Block in the Sichuan Basin. In order to reduce the retention damage caused by fracturing fluid to the tight sandstone reservoir, a low damage fracturing fluid system applicable to the target reservoir is developed in this work, and the indoor performance meets the requirements of on‐site fracturing operation. A low‐damage, heat‐resistant, shear‐stable amphiphilic polyacrylamide (PAAD) was prepared by free radical polymerization in aqueous solution using acrylamide, acrylic acid, and methacryloyloyloxyethyl dimethyloctadecyl ammonium bromide (DM18) as the monomers. The amphoteric polyacrylamide was characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), light scattering molecular weight determination, and thermogravimetric analysis. Fracturing fluids were formulated with the amphiphilic hydrophobic associative polymer PAAD as a drag‐reducing agent, the fluorine‐containing and nonionic complex surfactant FD1 as a clean‐up additive, CT10‐4B as a bactericide and CT1‐12 as an emulsion breaker. The fracturing fluid formulation was preferred, and the performance of the fracturing fluid was evaluated in terms of temperature resistance and shear resistance, drag reduction, anti‐expansion, and core damage. The fracturing fluid showed good temperature and shear resistance, with a viscosity retention of 58.4% at 120°C and 170 s−1 shear for 1 h. At a loading of 0.1%, the drag reduction rate reaches 72.3%, the anti‐expansion rate of the gel‐breaking fluid is 86.04%, and the damage rate to the tight sandstone core is 16.25%. The results show that the fracturing fluid has good heat resistance and shear stability, as well as low damage and good resistance reduction and anti‐expansion properties. This work can provide new strategies for designing polymeric fracturing fluids with low damage, good heat resistance and shear stability.

Application timing affects the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki against Tortrix viridana in deciduous oak forests

The green oak leaf roller moth, Tortrix viridana, is one of the main defoliators of deciduous oaks in the Mediterranean region. Although aerial applications of Btk-based insecticides represent the most effective method to control the larval populations of this pest at a large spatial scale, the optimal time window for sprayings has not yet been defined. Accordingly, experimental trials were conducted in a Quercus pubescens forest district in Sardinia (Italy) involving both large-scale aerial treatments and small-scale applications from the ground. The aim of our work was to study how different larval development stages and/or sprouting phenological phases of the host trees affect Btk efficacy. Aerial sprayings were conducted in 2003 and 2004 in two different areas of about 300 ha, selected according to altitude and exposure to simulate three different application timings against different larval instars and sprouting phenological phases. From-the-ground applications were carried out in 2021 in a Q. pubescens forest stand by applying Btk-based insecticides at different timings, and the overall Q. pubescens phenological stage and the distribution of T. viridana larval development stages were assessed accordingly. The effectiveness of Btk applications was evaluated by estimating larval mortality 7, and 14 days after aerial applications, and 7, 14 and 21 days after ground applications. Defoliation due to T. viridana was also evaluated at the end of larval development in all years. In both 2003 and 2004, the average larval mortality due to Btk exceeded 80 % two weeks after aerial applications across all application timings. Damage caused by T. viridana varied with Btk application timing, with the later applications showing a higher defoliation than other timings. In ground application experiments, larval mortality significantly increased when Btk was sprayed against a larval population primarily composed of IV instars, which were feeding on sprouts with leaves that were spread out and had not fully developed internodes, thus resulting in a significative reduction of insect damage. Our findings indicate that, in accordance with the strict synchrony between the larval development and the oak flushing, the optimal timing for Btk application against T. viridana can be defined based on the bud burst phenological phase. In particular, the prevalence of sprout with expanding leaf surface allowing insecticidal droplet interception and the simultaneous presence of susceptible larval instars (within the IV), resulted in an increased treatment efficacy.

Can intra-articular daidzein injection reduce oxidative damage and early osteoarthritis in a rabbit temporomandibular joint model?

BackgroundOxidative damage and inflammatory cytokines in osteoarthritis (OA) exacerbate the disease course. Daidzein (DZ) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study evaluated the early histopathological effects of intra-articular daidzein injection on experimentally induced osteoarthritis in rabbit TMJs.MethodsThe predictor variable was intra-articular injection of DZ or a saline control. 50 µl of 3 mg/mL MIA solution was injected into the right TMJ of 16 New Zealand rabbits to induce experimental OA. One rabbit was sacrificed after 4 weeks to confirm the formation of the OA model and the OA model was obtained. The remaining 15 rabbits were randomly divided into 2 groups: an experimental group (9 rabbits) and a control group (6 rabbits). On days 1, 7, 14, and 21; 50 µl of saline solution was applied to the right TMJ of the control group and 50 µl daidzein solution (1.8 mg/ml) was applied to the right TMJ to the experimental group. After one week from the date of the last injection, the rabbits were sacrificed, and histopathological and biochemical evaluations were performed. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate whether the variables in the study conformed to normal distribution. Mean ± SD (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range (IQR)) was used to show the descriptive statistics of the variables. T-test and Mann Whitney U test were used to compare the control and experimental groups for biochemical changes. The chi-square test was used to show the distribution of histopathological changes variables obtained within the scope of the study based on control and experimental groups. A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant for all evaluations.ResultsThere were 8 and 6 animate treated with DZ and saline, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between groups in articular cartilage (p = 0.3), osteochondral junction (p = 0.3), subchondral bone structure (p = 1.0) or chondrocyte appearance (p = 0.4). The experimental group showed significantly lower mean values for Total Oxidant Status (TOS) (p = 0.002) and Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) (p = 0.007).ConclusionsAn intra-articular DZ injection appears to show limited reduction of oxidative damage and early OA in the rabbit TMJ. DZ might represent a promising natural compound with beneficial effects in the management of TMJ-OA.

Study on thermal-assisted underwater friction stir welding for carbon fiber-reinforced polyetherimide

Friction stir welding (FSW) of carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic has shown attractive applications in industrial fields. However, the heat input during the FSW is hard to control, which leads to significant material loss and carbon fiber damage. In this paper, a carbon fiber-reinforced polyetherimide (CF-PEI) plate is joined via thermal-assisted underwater friction stir welding (UFSW). The evaluation of heat-assisted UFSW joints is conducted by studying the surface morphology, microstructure of the weld interface, the state and distribution of carbon fibers, and tensile analysis. The findings indicated that water can reduce heat input, and the water temperature has a significant impact on the weld properties. Specifically, at a water temperature of 60°C, there is a considerable reduction in material loss and carbon fiber damage. The study also reveals that this temperature facilitates the interweaving of carbon fibers into a stable structure at the interface and their integration with the PEI substrate. This reduces the inhibition of the material on carbon fiber elongation, ultimately enhancing the bonding interface and improving tensile shear properties. The maximum tensile strength value of the welds reached 33.6 MPa, equivalent to 79.6% of the CF-PEI sheet. Compared to FSW, joint tensile strength is increased by 45.5%.