Reduction In Basal Metabolic Rate Research Articles

Metabolic adaptation following gastric bypass surgery: results from a 2-year observational study.

Metabolic adaptation is the lowering of basal metabolic rate (BMR) beyond what is predicted from changes in fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) and may hamper weight-loss progression. It is unclear whether metabolic adaptation occurs following gastric bypass surgery (GBP) and if it persists. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reduction in BMR that is not explained by changes in body composition in patients following GBP compared to a weight-stable comparator group. Thirty-one patients [77.4% female; mean BMI 45.5(SD 7.0) kg/m2; age 47.4(11.6)y] who underwent GBP, and 32 time-matched comparators [50% female; BMI 27.2(4.6) kg/m2; age 41.8(13.6)y) were evaluated at 1-month pre-surgery, 3-, 12- and 24-months post-surgery. BMR was measured under standardised residential conditions using indirect calorimetry and body composition using DXA. Linear regression analyses assessed metabolic adaptation post-surgery. After surgery, patients lost a quarter of their body weight [-25.6%(1.8%); p < 0.0001] consisting mainly of FM (4:1 FM to FFM loss ratio) at 24-months post-surgery. Absolute BMR (MJ/d) reduced by 25.7% at 24-months post-surgery with values becoming similar to the comparator group from 3-months post-surgery. Positive associations were observed between changes in BMR and changes in FFM and FM (P < 0.03). Metabolic adaptation was present in patients during the 1) rapid weight loss phase (6.9 kg/month at 3-months post-surgery) (p = 0.011), 2) slower weight loss phase (1.6 kg/month from 3 to 12-months post-surgery) (p < 0.0001), and, 3) weight maintenance phase (24-months post-surgery) (p = 0.00073). However, the degree of metabolic adaptation observed in GBP patients was similar to the weight-stable comparator group (no metabolic adaptation) from 12-months post-surgery onwards (3-months; p = 0.01, 12-months; p = 0.26, 24-months post-surgery; p = 0.70). These results suggest that there is a potential biological mechanism of surgery that attenuates the expected postoperative downregulation in BMR thus helping GBP patients maintain weight loss.

Traditional weight loss and dukan diets as to nutritional and laboratory results

Traditional weight loss and dukan diets as to nutritional and laboratory results

Reduction of basal metabolic rate, energy expenditure and metabolic protein mass in women with breast cancer

Reduction of basal metabolic rate, energy expenditure and metabolic protein mass in women with breast cancer

Hepatocyte-Specific Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 Alpha (HNF4) Deletion Decreases Resting Energy Expenditure by Disrupting Lipid and Carbohydrate Homeostasis.

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4) is required for hepatocyte differentiation and regulates expression of genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism including those that control VLDL secretion and gluconeogenesis. Whereas previous studies have focused on specific genes regulated by HNF4 in metabolism, its overall role in whole-body energy utilization has not been studied. In this study, we used indirect calorimetry to determine the effect of hepatocyte-specific HNF4 deletion (HNF4-KO) in mice on whole-body energy expenditure (EE) and substrate utilization in fed, fasted, and high-fat diet (HFD) conditions. HNF4-KO had reduced resting EE during fed conditions and higher rates of carbohydrate oxidation with fasting. HNF4-KO mice exhibited decreased body mass caused by fat mass depletion despite no change in energy intake and evidence of positive energy balance. HNF4-KO mice were able to upregulate lipid oxidation during HFD, suggesting that their metabolic flexibility was intact. However, only hepatocyte-specific HNF4-KO mice exhibited significant reduction in basal metabolic rate and spontaneous activity during HFD. Consistent with previous studies, hepatic gene expression in HNF4-KO supports decreased gluconeogenesis and decreased VLDL export and hepatic -oxidation in HNF4-KO livers across all feeding conditions. Together, our data suggest that deletion of hepatic HNF4 increases dependence on dietary carbohydrates and endogenous lipids for energy during fed and fasted conditions by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis, hepatic lipid export, and intestinal lipid absorption resulting in decreased whole-body energy expenditure. These data clarify the role of hepatic HNF4 on systemic metabolism and energy homeostasis.

Cardiovascular prevention in women: a narrative review from the Italian Society of Cardiology working groups on 'Cardiovascular Prevention, Hypertension and peripheral circulation' and on 'Women Disease'.

: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in women.Some authors highlighted that the female risk profile consists of traditional and emerging risk factors. Despite the lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes, years of life lost owing to the disease for women are substantially higher compared with men. In addition, pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes represents a risk factor for CVD. Women with gestational diabetes have a higher prevalence of coronary artery disease that occur at a younger age and are independent of T2DM.Hypertension is an important cardiovascular risk factor in women. Estrogens and progesterone, known to have an impact on blood pressure levels, have also been proposed to be protective against sleep-disordered breathing. It is very difficult to understand whereas obstructive sleep apnea in women is independently associated with hypertension or if many confounders acting at different stages of the woman lifespan mediate this relation.The cardioprotective effect of physical activity in women of all ages is well known. Women are generally more physically inactive than men. During and after menopause, most women tend to reduce their physical activity levels and together with the reduction in basal metabolic rate, women experience loss of skeletal muscle mass with a negative change in the ratio of fat-to-lean mass.In conclusion, sex differences in the cardiovascular system are because of dissimilarities in gene expression and sex hormones; these result in variations in prevalence and presentation of CVD and associated conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension and vascular and cardiac remodeling.Changes in lifestyle and increase in physical activity could help in prevention of cardiovascular disease in women.

Non-shivering thermogenesis as a mechanism to facilitate sustainable weight loss.

Currently, there is a significant percentage of the population who are or will be classified as obese, necessitating novel strategies to facilitate sustainable weight loss. Reductions in basal metabolic rate occur in the face of weight loss and pose formidable barriers to individuals attempting to sustain meaningful weight reductions. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which non-shivering thermogenesis may provide insight into metabolic pathways that can become druggable targets to facilitate sustainable weight loss. Specifically, we highlight the fact that non-shivering thermogenesis results in activation and expansion of brown and beige adipose tissues as well as activates pathways in skeletal muscle which increase metabolic flux and activity of muscle fibres through futile calcium cycling across the endoplasmic reticulum all facilitating an increase in metabolism. Finally, we highlight the fact there are sexual dimorphisms with respect to these metabolic processes in keeping with the National Institutes of Health mandate of treating sex as a biologic variable.

Changes in Energy Metabolism after Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Disrupted energy homeostasis in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may lead to weight gain. Paradoxically, treating OSA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may also promote weight gain, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. To explore the underlying mechanism by which patients with OSA gain weight after CPAP. A comprehensive assessment of energy metabolism was performed in 63 newly diagnosed OSA study participants (51 men; 60.8 ± 10.1 yr; apnea-hypopnea index >20 h(-1)) at baseline, CPAP initiation, and at a 3-month follow-up. Measurements included polysomnography, body weight, body composition, basal metabolic rate (BMR), hormones (norepinephrine, cortisol, leptin, ghrelin, insulin-like growth factor-1), dietary intake, eating behavior, and physical activity. BMR significantly decreased after CPAP (1,584 kcal/d at baseline, 1,561 kcal/d at CPAP initiation, and 1,508 kcal/d at follow-up; P < 0.001), whereas physical activity and total caloric intake did not significantly change. In multivariate regression, baseline apnea-hypopnea index, Δurine norepinephrine, and CPAP adherence were significant predictors of ΔBMR. The weight gainers had higher leptin levels, lower ghrelin levels, and higher eating behavior scores than the non-weight gainers, indicating a positive energy balance and disordered eating behavior among the weight gainers. Among the parameters related to energy metabolism, increased caloric intake was a particularly significant predictor of weight gain. Although a reduction in BMR after CPAP predisposes to a positive energy balance, dietary intake and eating behavior had greater impacts on weight change. These findings highlight the importance of lifestyle modifications combined with CPAP. Clinical trial registered with http://www.umin.ac.jp/english/ (UMIN000012639).

Fluctuating selection on basal metabolic rate.

BMR (Basal metabolic rate) is an important trait in animal life history as it represents a significant part of animal energy budgets. BMR has also been shown to be positively related to sustainable work rate and maximal thermoregulatory capacity. To this date, most of the studies have focused on the causes of interspecific and intraspecific variation in BMR, and fairly little is known about the fitness consequences of different metabolic strategies. In this study, we show that winter BMR affects local survival in a population of wild blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), but that the selection direction differs between years. We argue that this fluctuating selection is probably a consequence of varying winter climate with a positive relation between survival and BMR during cold and harsh conditions, but a negative relation during mild winters. This fluctuating selection can not only explain the pronounced variation in BMR in wild populations, but will also give us new insights into how energy turnover rates can shape the life-history strategies of animals. Furthermore, the study shows that the process of global warming may cause directional selection for a general reduction in BMR, affecting the general life-history strategy on the population level.

Metabolic activity and energy expenditure in primates

Hibernation is not a physiologic function that is normally associated with primates, but can perhaps be considered an extreme of the spectrum of metabolic activity and energy expenditure. The perspective that energy expenditure is directly proportional to physical activity may apply across the zoologic record, but has been questioned for primates [1]. Pontzer [1] stated that primates use half the energy of other mammals. Among the factors affecting energy demands, body mass/size is the major overriding determinant of thereutral resting metabolic rate [1]. This holds across mammalian phylogeny, with notable exception of marsupials, edentates, and among primates, strepsirrhines [2,3]. Hypometabolism among Strepsirrhini is greatest for Eulemur fulvus and Lemur catta (69% reduction in basal metabolic rate), Nycticebus coucang (63%), Varecia varecia (70%), Propithecus verrauxi (87%) and least for Galago elegantulus (1.5%), with Lepilemur ruficaudatus, Loris tardigradus, Otolemur crossicaudatus and garnetti and Periodictus potto intermediately reduced at 45% [4]. This contrasts with Haplorhini which is a highly variable suborder. Most approximate anticipated (for their mass) metabolic rate, with the exception of hypometabolism in Aotus triviragautus, Cebuella and Tarsius syrichta. This contrasts with increased basal metabolism in Cercopithicus mitus, Erythrocebus and Macacca fasculatus and fuscata, Saguinus geoffroyi, Papio cynocephalus and Calithix geoffroyi. It is intriguing that the 20% increase in basal metabolic rate in Calithix geoffroyi contrasts with a 30% decrease in C. jacchus decreased 30%. Similarly, basal metabolic rate was as anticipated for weight in Macacca mulatta and Papio papio, in contrast to M. fasculatus, M. fuscata, and Papio cynocephalus.

Factors influencing adherence to regular exercise in middle-aged women: a qualitative study to inform clinical practice.

BackgroundAbout half of women decrease their regular exercise during middle age. Concurrently, they experience a reduction in basal metabolic rate and loss of lean muscle as they transition to menopause. The combined effects place these women at increased risk for body weight gain and associated co-morbidities. Further research is required to better assess their barriers to regular exercise and to develop more applied knowledge aimed to improve the applicability of clinical interventions aimed at this population. The main aim of this study was to identify enablers and barriers influencing adherence to regular exercise in middle-aged women who exercise.MethodsAn interpretive description qualitative study was conducted using individual interviews. The two key questions were focused on planning to engage in physical activity and succeeding or planning to engage in physical activity and not succeeding. Inductive content analysis was used.ResultsFifty-three women interviewed were aged 40–62 years and experiencing mild to moderate menopausal symptoms. Six broad themes influencing adhering to regular exercise were: routine, intrinsic motivation, biophysical issues, psychosocial commitments, environmental factors, and resources. Common sub-themes were identified as enabling factors: daily structure that incorporated physical activity (broad theme routine), anticipated positive feelings associated with physical activity (intrinsic), and accountability to others (psychosocial). Other common sub-themes identified as barriers were disruptions in daily structure (routine), competing demands (routine) and self-sacrifice (psychosocial).ConclusionsThe most common barrier middle-aged women describe as interfering with adhering to regular exercise was attributable to the demands of this life stage at home and with others. Lack of time and menopausal symptoms were not identified as the common barriers. To support women to adhere to regular exercise, healthcare professionals should consider a narrative approach to assessing barriers and focus on enablers to overcoming identified barriers.

Effect of two hypocaloric diets and their combination with physical exercise on basal metabolic rate and body composition

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is diagnosed by the detection of at least three criteria (hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C, hypertension, obesity and altered fasting glucose). Visceral fat excess would be the starting point for its development. Scientific evidence supports hypocaloric diets -mediterranean or low fat diet and rich in complex carbohydrates diet included- as the best treatment to reduce fat mass (FM), maximizing its impact by combining them with physical exercise (PE). However, the effects of these treatments on basal metabolic rate (BMR) of patients with MetS, are unknown. To study the effect of the hypocaloric diet - mediterranean or low fat diet- with or without PE on the BMR and body composition (BC) of adults with MetS. 36 volunteers, MetS, both sexes, > 50 years, meeting the inclusion criteria. They were randomly assigned to a group of intervention (3 months) of hypocaloric diet: mediterranean diet (MED), low fat and rich in complex carbohydrates diet (CHO) and both combined with PE (MEDE and CHOE respectively). Anthropometric data was taken (weight, muscle mass (MM) and FM) and BMR was determined by indirect calorimetry, before and after intervention. The addition of PE to both hypocaloric treatments produced greater FM loss and weight loss than dieting alone, being this loss in CHOE > MEDE (p < 0.05). These groups decreased the BMR after treatment being MEDE > CHOE (p < 0.05). Mediterranean diet with or without PE lost MM (p < 0.05) being MEDE > MED CONCLUSIONS: CHOE induces less reduction of BMR while supporting a better profile of BC than MEDE.

Alteration of fasting heat production during fescue toxicosis in Holstein steers

This study was designed to examine alteration of fasting heat production (FHP) during fescue toxicosis. Six ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (BW = 348 ± 13 kg) were BW-matched into pairs and used in a 2 period crossover design experiment. Each period consisted of 2 temperature segments, one each at 22 and 30°C. During each period, 1 steer per pair was ruminally dosed twice daily with 0.5 kg of ground endophyte-infected fescue seed (E+) and the other with ground endophyte-free fescue seed (E-) for 7 d. Steers on E- treatment were pair-fed to E+ steers offered alfalfa cubes at 1.5 × NEm. On d 8 of each segment, steers were moved to individual metabolism stalls fitted with indirect calorimetry head boxes. Ruminal contents were removed, weighed, and subsampled for DM determinations. The reticulorumen was washed and filled with a buffer (NaCl = 96; NaHCO3 = 24; KHCO3 = 30; K2HPO4 = 2; CaCl2 = 1.5; MgCl2 = 1.5 mmol·kg buffer(-1)) that was gassed with a 75% N2 and 25% CO2 mixture before rumen incubation. During buffer incubation, an E+ or E- fescue seed extract was added at 12 h intervals to maintain treatment presentation to the animal. After a 12-h wait, heart rate, O2 consumption, CO2 production, and urinary output were recorded for 16 h. There was no difference (P = 0.931) in DMI/kg(0.75) between endophyte treatments by design; however, intake decreased (P = 0.004) at 30°C. Increased temperature had no effect (P > 0.10) on other measurements and there were no significant interactions (P > 0.11) of temperature and endophyte treatment. Heart rate was unaffected by fescue treatment or environmental temperature. Percent DM of ruminal contents as well as total rumen DM/kg(0.75) was increased (P < 0.0001) in E+ steers. Respiratory quotient was elevated (P = 0.02) in E+ steers. Oxygen consumption decreased (P = 0.04) and CO2 production tended to be reduced (P = 0.07) during E+ treatment. Calculated FHP (kcal/kg BW(0.75)) was also less (P = 0.006) in steers receiving E+ treatment. These data suggest that consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue by cattle results in a reduction in basal metabolic rate.

Limited Access to Food and Physiological Trade‐Offs in a Long‐Distance Migrant Shorebird. I. Energy Metabolism, Behavior, and Body‐Mass Regulation

Previous experiments showed reduction of basal metabolic rate (BMR) in birds facing energetic challenges. We alternately exposed two groups of red knots (Calidris canutus) to either 6 h or 22 h of food availability for periods of 22 d. Six h of access to food led to a 6%-10% loss of body mass over the first 8 d, with nearly all of the birds' daily energy expenditures supported by body nutrient stores during the first 2 d. Birds responded by increasing feeding behavior and food intake, but the response was slow. There were no gains of mass before day 15, which suggests a digestive bottleneck and a period of physiological adjustment. Food-restricted birds exhibited decreases in pectoral-muscle thickness and BMR in association with a loss of body mass. Although a decrease in BMR saves energy, savings represented only 2%-7% of the daily energy spent in excess of that acquired during the deficit period. Red knots did not downregulate mass-independent BMR. On the bases of recent independent findings and the pattern of mass gain observed when food access was switched from 6 h to 22 h, we suggest that these birds routinely maintain nutrient stores as a buffer against periods of energy shortages, thereby precluding the need for downregulation of mass-independent BMR.

Basal Metabolic Rate and Body Composition in Patients with Post-Polio Syndrome

The aim of this study was to compare basal metabolic rate (BMR) of post-polio syndrome (PPS) patients with healthy individuals and to determine its correlation to body composition. BMR (kcal/day) was determined by indirect calorimetry and body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. BMR was lower in the PPS patient group than in the control group, although it was similar in both groups when adjusted for body surface area, total body mass (TBM), lean body mass (LBM) and fat-free mass (FFM). PPS patients also showed reduced TBM, LBM and FFM in relation to controls. As muscle energy expenditure while at rest contributes only 20% to the BMR, a proportional reduction in BMR and FFM or LBM could suggest that muscle mass or other factors may interfere more than predicted. It was concluded that the prediction of BMR from the Harris-Benedict equation in PPS patients must be carefully reviewed.

Metabolic adjustments in breeding female kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) include changes in kidney metabolic intensity

Black-legged kittiwakes (BLKIs) reduce self-maintenance cost through reductions in mass-specific basal metabolic rate (BMR), body mass and the size of visceral organs during the chick-rearing period. In the present study, we measured kidney in vitro oxygen consumption and plasma 3,3',5-triiodo-L: -thyronine (T3) levels of incubating and chick-rearing female BLKIs, to test whether the decrease in BMR is caused mainly by decreased metabolic intensity or simply by reductions in the size of organs with high metabolic intensity. Body mass and body condition were lower in chick-rearing birds compared with the incubating birds. In contrast to the previous findings, however, the kidney mass did not differ between the two breeding stages. Plasma T3 levels decreased substantially during the breeding season, indicating a reduction in BMR. Over the same period, kidney mass-specific oxygen consumption decreased (by 17.2%) from the incubating to the chick-rearing stage. Thus, the reduction in BMR found in breeding BLKIs seems partly explained by adjustments in metabolic intensity of visceral organs. Lowered metabolic intensity of visceral organs would permit increased allocation of energy to offspring at the expense of their own self-maintenance.

Reductions in Basal Metabolic Rate and Physical Activity Contribute to Hypothalamic Obesity

Obesity after hypothalamic damage is often severe and resistant to lifestyle changes. It is postulated that differences in basal metabolic rate (BMR) and physical activity may contribute to hypothalamic obesity (HO). Our objective was to investigate the role of energy expenditure, BMR, and physical activity in the etiology of hypothalamic obesity. This was a cross-sectional study of three groups of children: those with HO, congenital hypopituitarism (CH), and simple obesity (SO). A total of 47 children (HO = 18, CH = 13, and SO = 16) had BMR measured, using indirect calorimetry (Deltatrac II). A lower BMR was seen in the HO group, which remained even after adjusting for lean mass. Physical activity, assessed using triaxial accelerometry, demonstrated longer activity periods in the HO group, although the degree of activity was reduced. No significant differences were seen in calorie intake. Energy expenditure, rather than energy intake, has a greater role in the development of obesity after cranial tumor therapy. Reductions in BMR and physical activity, leading to a positive energy balance and weight gain despite an age-appropriate calorie intake, may contribute to hypothalamic obesity.

Two estimates of the metabolic costs of antibody production in migratory shorebirds: low costs, internal reallocation, or both?

We measured the costs of mounting a humoral immune response using two novel antigens (tetanus and diphtheria) in two shorebird species (Scolopacidae): Red Knot (Calidris canutus, measured in autumn) and Ruff (Philomachus pugnax, measured in spring). Metabolic rate was measured during the preinjection phase, at the building phase of the primary immune response, and at peak secondary immune response by determining the oxygen consumption of the postabsorptive birds at rest. Confirming earlier studies, Red Knots and Ruffs responded with lower antibody titers to the diphtheria than to the tetanus antigen. Although Red Knots and Ruffs produced the same amounts of antibodies, Red Knots showed a significant 13% increase in basal metabolic rate (BMR) during the secondary antibody response, whereas Ruffs showed a 15%, but only marginally significant, reduction in BMR. The results from this study suggest that the energetic costs of an immune response may be small, but the "negative cost" in Ruffs hints at the possibility of resource reallocation and the concomitant difficulty of measuring such costs during "basal" metabolic rate measurements.

Metabolic response to short-term 4-day energy restriction in a controlled study

Metabolic rate is affected not solely by diet but also by environmental characteristics such as climate and seasonal changes in day length. In the present study, we conducted a controlled study in which we observed metabolic response to short-term energy restriction (ER). Thirty-two subjects were divided randomly into a slight ER group and a moderate ER group. The energy intake per day for slight ER vs moderate ER was 1462 kcal vs 1114 kcal. During the 4-day study periods, the same daily timetable, which consists of nutrition, exercise, sleeping and others, was imposed on both groups. The same environment was also provided to both groups. After the 4-day ER, significant decreases in body weight and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were shown in both groups. The decrease in body weight was 2% of the baseline level in both groups, and the decreases in the BMR were 6% of baseline levels in the slight ER group and 13% in the moderate ER group. The decrease in BMR in the moderate ER group was significantly larger than that in the slight ER group. In a controlled study of short-term ER, we observed a significant decrease in BMR. There was a positive association between the degree of ER and the reduction in BMR. Reductions in BMR were greater than those in body weight. It, thus, appears that the minimization of weight loss is due to dramatic decreases in BMR. This suggests the existence of metabolic resistance against ER.

Analyse longitudinale des variations de la composition corporelle et du métabolisme de base d'adolescents obèses pris en charge en institution ou à domicile

The prevalence of obesity in children has increased dramatically during the past decades, and requires efficient care. Objectives. – To determine changes in anthropometric parameters and basal metabolic rate (BMR) in obese adolescents during and after 2 types of weight-reduction programs. Subjects and methods. – Twenty-six adolescents (group I, Z-score of BMI = 4.72) followed a 9-month-weight reduction program including a moderate energy restriction and regular physical activities in a specialized institution. In addition, 39 adolescents (group E, Z-score of BMI = 2.83) followed at home a 9-month-weight reduction program including medical and dietetic advices. Body composition (by impedancemetry) and BMR (by indirect calorimetry) were assessed before the beginning (M0), 4 months after (M4) and at the end (M9) of the programs, then 4 months (M13) and 16 month (M25) after the end of the weight-reduction programs. Results. – Twenty-two adolescents in group I and 20 adolescents in group E completed the study. At M0, age, body weight (BW), fat-free mass (FFM) and BMR of subjects of group I were higher (1.0 year, 36 %, 30 % and 23 %, respectively, P < 0.001), than those of group E. Pubertal stage and percentage of fat mass (FM) were not significantly different between the 2 groups. At M9, adolescents of group I showed significant reductions in BW and FM (–19 and –37 %, respectively, P < 0.001), but not significant differences in FFM. In addition, BMR decreased significantly between M0 and M4, both in absolute value (–6.7%, P < 0.001) and after adjustment for FFM (–5.8%, P < 0.001), and the difference was maintained until M9. Between M9 and M13, BW and Z-score of BMI were maintained in 12 adolescents, but increased (+9.7% and 14.8%, respectively, P < 0.001) in 10 adolescents. However, BMR did not change significantly in all adolescents. Between M13 and M25, BW, FM, FFM and BMR increased significantly (+ 13%, + 34%, + 6% et + 5%, respectively, P < 0.001). During the 25 month period, adolescents of group E showed significant increases in BW, FFM and BMR (+ 8%, + 14% and + 10%, respectively, P < 0.001), and maintained their Z-score and FM. Conclusion. – The reduction in BMR during the weight-reduction program at the institution could contribute to body weight regain in the post-obese adolescents if they do not maintain the lifestyle habits taught during the weight-reduction period. In other respects, Z-score was stabilized in 51% of domiciled obese adolescents.

Basal Metabolic Rate Declines During Long-Distance Migratory Flight in Great Knots

Abstract Great Knots (Calidris tenuirostris) make one of the longest migratory flights in the avian world, flying almost 5500 km from Australia to China during northward migration. We measured basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body composition in birds before and after this flight and found that BMR decreased 42%. The mass-specific BMR based on lean mass decreased 33%. We also starved a group of pre-migratory Great Knots in captivity to determine whether they showed the same reduction in BMR without having undergone the hard work of flight. The captive birds showed a similar range and reduction of BMR values as the wild birds. Exponents of relationships between BMR and body mass in different comparisons were high, indicating large changes in BMR as a function of body mass. Analysis of the body composition of ten wild and three captive birds found that the flight muscle mass and intestine mass positively correlated with BMR. La Tasa Metabolica Basal Disminuye durante Vuelos Migratorios de Larga Distancia en C...