Reduction Of Aqueous Chloroaurate Ions Research Articles

Biogenic synthesis of multidimensional gold nanoparticles assisted by Streptomyces hygroscopicus and its electrochemical and antibacterial properties

The fabrication of reliable, green chemistry processes for nanomaterial synthesis is an important aspect of nanotechnology. The biosynthesis of single-pot room-temperature reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions by Streptomyces hygroscopicus cells has been reported to facilitate the development of an industrially viable greener methodology for the synthesis of technologically important gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Multidimensional AuNPs are generated via the manipulation of key growth parameters, including solution pH and reaction time. The synthesized nanostructures are characterized by UV/Vis and energy dispersive X-ray analysis studies. Particle morphology is characterized by HRTEM, FE-SEM and BioAFM. Additionally, we have demonstrated the electrochemical and antibacterial properties of AuNPs via cyclic voltammetry analysis and a minimal inhibitory concentration assay. Owing to the drawbacks of chemical synthesis, a biological synthesis method has been developed to generate biocompatible, inexpensive and eco-friendly size-controlled nanoparticles.

Synthesis of Au nanoparticles decorated graphene oxide nanosheets: Noncovalent functionalization by TWEEN 20 in situ reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions for hydrazine detection and catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol

In this paper, we develop a cost-effective and simple route for the synthesis of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) decorated graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets using polyoxyethylene sorbitol anhydride monolaurate (TWEEN 20) as a stabilizing agent for GO as well as a reducing and immobilizing agent for AuNPs. The AuNPs assemble on the surface of TWEEN-functionalized GO by the in situ reduction of HAuCl4 aqueous solution. The morphologies of these composites were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is found that the resultant AuNPs decorated GO nanosheets (AuNPs/TWEEN/GO) exhibit remarkable catalytic performance for hydrazine oxidation. This hydrazine sensor has a fast amperometric response time of less than 3s. The linear range is estimated to be from 5μM to 3mM (r=0.999), and the detection limit is estimated to be 78nM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The AuNPs/TWEEN/GO composites also exhibit good catalytic activity toward 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) reduction and the GO supports also enhance the catalytic activity via a synergistic effect.

ANISOTROPIC GOLD NANOCRYSTALS: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION

In this letter we report on successful preparation and characterization of anisotropic gold nanocrystals bio-synthesized by reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions in pelargonium plant extract. The nanocrystals have been characterized by means of Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy and tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM). Using these investigation techniques, the successful formation of anisotropic single nanocrystals with the preferential growth direction along the gold (111) plane has been confirmed. The high detail phase images could give us an explanation concerning the growth mechanism of the nanocrystals.

Facile synthesis of gold nanoribbons by L-cysteine at room temperature

Highly crystalline gold nanoribbons have been synthesized via a simple method by L-cysteine reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions at room temperature, without additional capping agent or surfactant. Based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-vis absorption studies for the intermediate products, the formation of gold nanoribbons is regarded as a kind of oriented attachment growth.

Fabrication, Characterization, and Enzymatic Activity of Fungal Protease–Nanogold Membrane Bioconjugate

This study describes the synthesis of a free-standing nanogold membrane by the spontaneous reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions by the diamine molecule DAEE at a liquid-liquid interface. The free standing nanogold membrane, provides a biocompatible surface for the immobilization of proteins. F-Protease (F-Prot) was then bound to the nanogold membrane via interaction with the gold nanoparticles leading to a new class of biocatalyst. A highlight of the new biocatalyst wherein the enzyme is bound to the nanogold membrane is the ease with which separation from the reaction medium may be achieved by simple filtration. In relation to the free enzyme in solution, the F-Prot in the bioconjugate material exhibited a slightly higher biocatalytic activity and significantly enhanced pH and temperature stability. The F-Prot nanogold membrane bioconjugate material also exhibited excellent biocatalytic activity over ten successive reuse cycles.

Synthesis of L-Phenylalanine Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles and Their Thermal Stability

Here we described the two synthesis methods of L-phenylalanine (L-phe) coated gold nanoparticles through a reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions directly by L-phe, and also the borohydride reduction of chloroauric acid followed by capping with L-phe molecules. Phenylalanine reduced gold nanoparticles and the phenylalanine capped gold nanoparticles were evaluated by transmission electron microscope and UV-vis spectroscopy, and then their thermal stabilities were compared. We found that the phenylalanine reduced gold nanoparticles were unstable and form linearly arranged aggregates on aging, while as the phenylalanine capped gold nanoparticles were stable for months in ambient condition.

Construction of conductive multilayer films of biogenic triangular gold nanoparticles andtheir application in chemical vapour sensing

Metal nanoparticles are interesting building blocks for realizing films for a number ofapplications that include bio- and chemical sensing. To date, spherical metal nanoparticleshave been used to generate functional electrical coatings. In this paper we demonstrate thesynthesis of electrically conductive coatings using biologically prepared gold nanotrianglesas the building blocks. The gold nanotriangles are prepared by the reduction of aqueouschloroaurate ions using an extract of the lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon flexuosus) whichare thereafter assembled onto a variety of substrates by simple solution casting. Theconductivity of the film shows a drastic fall upon mild heat treatment, leading to theformation of electrically conductive thin films of nanoparticles. We have also investigatedthe possibility of using the gold nanotriangle films in vapour sensing. A large fall in filmresistance is observed upon exposure to polar molecules such as methanol, whilelittle change occurs upon exposure to weakly polar molecules such as chloroform.

Free‐Standing Nanogold Membranes as Supports for the Growth of Calcium Phosphate Crystals

Current strategies for bone tissue regeneration focus on the development of implantable matrices that mimic biological tissues. Inorganic composites are of special interest for bone substitute applications. It is necessary to create an artificial three-dimensional scaffold-like porous material with certain geometrical structure to induce bone growth. We report here the growth of calcium phosphate crystals on free-standing carboxylic acid functionalized gold nanoparticle membranes. The gold nanoparticle membrane is synthesized by the spontaneous reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions by a diamine molecule at a liquid-liquid interface. This membrane is robust and malleable, and most importantly, the gold nanoparticles in the membrane may be functionalized with suitable ligands. In this study, the amino acids aspartic acid and cysteine together with an aromatic bifunctional molecule, anthranilic acid, were used to modify the surface of the gold nanoparticles in the membrane. The free carboxylic acid groups on the gold nanoparticles further to functionalization with these molecules were then used to bind Ca(2+) ions and reacted with phosphate ions to yield calcium phosphate. The nature of the nanogold surface modifier directed the formation of either crystalline hydroxyapatite or amorphous calcium phosphate. The nanogold membrane thus suggests potential biomedical application as biocompatible implants and grafts.

Immobilization of Candida bombicola Cells on Free-Standing Organic-Gold Nanoparticle Membranes and Their Use as Enzyme Sources in Biotransformations

Preparation of chemically functionalized biocompatible surfaces is of current interest, with application in the immobilization of various bioactive species such as DNA, enzymes, whole cells, etc. We report herein the one-step synthesis of a self-supporting gold nanoparticle membrane, its surface modification, and application in the immobilization of Candida bombicola (yeast) cells. The gold nanoparticle membrane is prepared by the spontaneous reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions by a diamine at a liquid-liquid interface. The gold nanoparticles in the polymeric membrane may be capped with octadecylamine (ODA) molecules, thereby rendering the nanoparticle membrane hydrophobic. Exposure of the hydrophobized organic-gold nanoparticle membrane to C. bombicola yeast cells results in their binding to the membrane, possibly through nonspecific interactions such as hydrophobic interactions between the yeast cell walls and the ODA molecules. The enzyme cytochrome P450 present in the yeast cells immobilized on the organic-gold nanoparticle membrane was then used in the transformation of the arachidonic acid (AA) to sophorolipids followed by acid hydrolysis to form 20-hydroxyeicosatetraneoic acid (20-HETE). The organic-gold nanoparticle membrane-C. bombicola bioconjugate could be easily separated from the reaction medium and reused a number of times.

Hydrophobic, organically dispersible gold nanoparticles of variable shape produced by the spontaneous reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions by hexadecylaniline molecules.

In addition to control over the size and monodispersity of nanoparticle, nanomaterial synthesis procedures are increasingly required to control their shape and assembly as well. We demonstrate in this paper synthesis of organically dispersible, hydrophobic gold nanoparticles of spherical shape and encased in triangular thin polyaniline shells by doing reaction under static conditions and assembly of these particles onto polymer nanorod/nanowire-like templates by varying the molar ratio of chloroaurate ions to hexadecylaniline and varying the solvent by the spontaneous reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions by hexadecylaniline molecules in a biphasic reaction setup. Under stationary conditions (no stirring), a biphasic mixture of hexadecylaniline in toluene and chloroaurate ions in water leads to the electrostatic complexation of chloroaurate ions with hexadecylaniline at the liquid-liquid interface and their phase transfer into the organic phase, followed by their reduction by the hexadecylaniline molecules. By varying the conditions, the templating action of gold nanoparticles or the polyaniline nanodispersions can be tuned in the organic medium and resulting assembly.

Free‐Standing Gold Nanoparticle Membrane by the Spontaneous Reduction of Aqueous Chloroaurate Ions by Oxyethylene‐Linkage‐Bearing Diamine at a Liquid–Liquid Interface

The one‐step synthesis of a free‐standing, robust gold nanoparticle membrane (see Figure) via the spontaneous reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions by oxyethylene‐bearing diamine molecules in chloroform at the liquid–liquid interface is described. Such simply assembled membranes may have important applications in separation methodologies and as surfaces for enzyme, DNA, and cell immobilization.

Free-Standing Nanogold Membranes as Scaffolds for Enzyme Immobilization

We demonstrate herein the formation of a free-standing gold nanoparticle membrane and its use in the immobilization of the enzyme, pepsin. The nanogold membrane is synthesized by the spontaneous reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions at the liquid-liquid interface by the bifunctional molecule bis(2-(4-aminophenoxy)ethyl) ether (DAEE) taken in chloroform. This process results in the formation of a robust, malleable free-standing nanogold membrane consisting of gold nanoparticles embedded in a polymeric background. Recognizing that gold nanoparticles are excellent candidates for immobilization of enzymes, we have immobilized pepsin on the nanogold membrane, leading to a new class of biocatalyst. A highlight of the new pepsin-nanogold biocatalyst is the ease with which separation from the reaction medium may be achieved. The catalytic activity of pepsin in the bioconjugate was comparable to that of the free enzyme in solution. The pepsin-nanogold membrane bioconjugate material exhibited excellent biocatalytic activity over 10 successive reuse cycles as well as enhanced pH, temperature, and temporal stability.

Highly Versatile Free-Standing Nano-Gold Membranes as Scaffolds for the Growth of Calcium Carbonate Crystals

The growth of CaCO3 crystals on free-standing carboxylic-acid-functionalized gold nanoparticle membranes is described. The gold nanoparticle membrane is synthesized by the spontaneous reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions by a diamine molecule at a liquid−liquid interface. This membrane is robust and malleable, and most importantly, the gold nanoparticles in the membrane may be functionalized with suitable ligands. In this study, the amino acids aspartic acid and cysteine together with an aromatic bifunctional molecule, anthranilic acid, were used to modify the surface of the gold nanoparticles in the membrane. The free carboxylic acid groups on the gold nanoparticles that further functionalize these molecules were then used to bind Ca2+ ions, and they reacted with CO2 to yield CaCO3 crystals. The nature of the nano-gold surface modifier directed the formation of either spherical vaterite crystals or rhombohedral calcite. The nano-gold membrane thus suggests potential biomedical application as biocompatible implants, etc.

Immobilization of biogenic gold nanoparticles in thermally evaporated fatty acid and amine thin films

We have recently demonstrated the biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles by the reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum and with extract of geranium ( Pelargonium graveolens) leaf. In this paper, we demonstrate the immobilization of biogenic gold nanoparticles in lipid thin films deposited by thermal evaporation. The charge on the gold nanoparticles synthesized by both the fungus and the geranium plant extract is used to facilitate their immobilization in both anionic and cationic lipid thin films. A rough estimate of the isoelectric point of the proteins capping the gold nanoparticles synthesized using the fungus could be made by pH-dependent microgravimetry studies of the immobilization process. An interesting size and shape selectivity in the immobilized gold nanoparticles is observed in the lipid thin films. The biogenic gold nanoparticle–lipid composite films were characterized using quartz crystal microgravimetry, UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy.

Variation in morphology of gold nanoparticles synthesized by the spontaneous reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions by alkylated tyrosine at a liquid–liquid and air–water interface

We demonstrate the formation of gold nanocrystals of different morphologies using alkylated tyrosine (AT) as a reducing agent at a liquid–liquid and air–water interface. The reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions occurs in a single step wherein the AT molecule plays the multifunctional role of a phase transfer, reducing and capping agent. Gold nanoparticles formed at the air–water interface are very thin, flat sheet or ribbon-like nanostructures, which are highly oriented in the (111) direction. On the other hand, reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions at a liquid–liquid interface by AT molecules present in the organic phase yielded nanoparticles having predominantly spherical morphology but with no specific crystallographic orientation. The difference in morphology of the nanoparticles may be due to the different orientational and translational degrees of freedom of the AT molecules and gold ions at these two interfaces. The AT-capped gold nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1H NMR), while the LB films of flat gold sheets were also studied by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS).

One Pot, Spontaneous and Simultaneous Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles in Aqueous and Nonpolar Organic Solvents Using a Diamine-Containing Oxyethylene Linkage

The simultaneous synthesis of gold nanoparticles in both water and chloroform by the spontaneous reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions by a diamine-containing oxyethylene linkage that partitions in both phases is demonstrated. The oxidation of the diamine consequent to reduction of the gold ions results in the polymerization of the diamine and formation of a polymeric coating around the gold nanoparticles. The gold nanoparticles are uniform in size ranging between 3 and 6 nm. The nanoparticles capped with the polymer may be stored as a powder and readily redispersed in nonpolar organic solvents and water, indicating that the surface of the polymer capping the nanoparticles is significantly different in both cases.

Time-dependent complexation of glucose-reduced gold nanoparticles with octadecylamine Langmuir monolayers

We report on the reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions by glucose to form gold nanoparticles of uniform size. We further demonstrate the complexation of these particles with octadecylamine (ODA) monolayers at the air–water interface. Pressure–area ( π– A) isotherms as a function of time of complexation revealed a significant expansion of the monolayer. Surface pressure variation with time for constant areas after spreading of the monolayer was carried out to observe the kinetics of complexation of the colloidal particles at the interface. The kinetics of complexation of the particles at the interface was also monitored by Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) measurements. Langmuir–Blodgett films of the particles complexed with ODA were formed at a subphase pH of 9 onto different substrates. Quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) was used to quantify the amount of particles deposited per immersion cycle of the quartz crystal. The LB films were further characterized by UV–vis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. TEM measurements indicate a close packed and equidistant arrangement of colloidal particles in the LB film, probably due to hydrogen-bonding interactions.

A new method for the synthesis of hydrophobic gold nanotapes.

Protocols for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles are increasingly focusing on controlling the morphology of the nanocrystals. We demonstrate in this article the facile, one-step synthesis of gold nanotapes that are readily dispersible in organic media. This is accomplished by the spontaneous reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions by hexadecylaniline molecules present in chloroform at the static interface between water and chloroform. The hexadecylaniline molecules cap the gold nanotapes thus formed, rendering them hydrophobic and dispersible in a range on nonpolar and weakly polar organic solvents. Possible reasons for the growth of gold nanotapes are discussed.

Water-dispersible tryptophan-protected gold nanoparticles prepared by the spontaneous reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions by the amino acid

The synthesis of water-dispersible amino-acid-protected gold nanoparticles by the spontaneous reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions by tryptophan is described. Water-dispersible gold nanoparticles may also be obtained by the sequential synthesis of the gold nanoparticles by borohydride reduction of chloroauric acid followed by capping with tryptophan. Comparison of the proton NMR spectroscopic signatures from the tryptophan-protected gold nanoparticles obtained by the two processes indicated that the indole group in tryptophan is responsible for reduction of the aqueous chloroaurate ions. The reduction of the metal ions is accompanied by oxidative polymerization of the indole group of the tryptophan molecules and, consequently, some degree of cross-linking of the gold nanoparticles.

Lamellar multilayer hexadecylaniline-modified gold nanoparticle films deposited by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique

Organization of hexadecylaniline (HDA)-modified colloidal gold particles at the air-water interface and the formation thereafter of lamellar, multilayer films of gold nanoparticles by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique is described in this paper. Formation of HDA-capped gold nanoparticles is accomplished by a simple biphasic mixture experiment wherein the molecule hexadecylaniline present in the organic phase leads to electrostatic complexation and reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions, capping of the gold nanoparticles thus formed and phase transfer of the now hydrophobic particles into the organic phase. Organization of gold nanoparticles at the air-water interface is followed by surface pressure—area isotherm measurements while the formation of multilayer films of the nanoparticles by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique is monitored by quartz crystal microgravimetry, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy.