Reduction Of Stereotypes Research Articles

Ambivalent Encounters in Calais

ABSTRACT ‘The term encounter has been used in various disciplines to indicate a bringing together of difference (people, groups, ideas, etc.) with an aim of some form of positive or beneficial outcome’ [Standish, K., 2021. Encounter Theory. Peacebuilding, 9 (1), 1–14.]. Allport [Allport, G.W., 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books] suggests that contact between different groups might lead to a positive change and the reduction in stereotypes, but later research shows that often conflict is more likely to arise. Nonetheless, while contact might presuppose co-existence and thereby, the enduring presence of conflict, encounter ‘is much more than that and involves a space where being with is the outcome itself’ (Standish 2021: 40). It is my contention that the ambivalent nature of the encounters that occur in the Calaisian space generates a layered level of dislocation for those who are entering this space. By definition 'ambivalent’ implies that feelings and reactions are mixed or contradictory. It argues that the ambivalence of these encounters shape not only people of the move’s experiences but also the discourses around them, leading to constant tensions and shifting allegiances, and ultimately the maintenance of the status quo.

What do we really know about age-related stereotypes and well-being of older adults? A commentary on the state of the art.

There is a considerable body of literature on harmful consequences of age-related stereotypes-including consequences on physical and mental health. However, this commentary critically argues that the current state of the art disregards consequences of these stereotypes specifically for the well-being of older adults (i.e., outcome that is not to be confounded with mental health). To this end, the content of age-related stereotypes and the mechanisms through which they operate on physical and mental health are first outlined. The commentary then focuses on the very scarce evidence documenting how and when the well-being of older adults (as assessed directly and not as inferred from other indicators) is influenced by self-directed stereotypes. After setting out possible ways well-being may be involved in the relationship between self-directed stereotypes and physical and mental health of older adults, the present commentary argues that a better understanding of well-being would benefit strategies targeting the reduction of age-related stereotypes. Overall, this commentary on the state of the art highlights that future research is still needed to better understand both the direct and indirect relationships between age-related stereotypes and well-being that is not reducible to positive experiences of life (or hedonic well-being) but also comprises an eudaimonic component.

Reducing Gender Stereotypes and Promoting Gender Equality in the Physical Education Lesson – A Systematic Review Analysis

Introduction: The teacher has a very important role in making students aware of the importance of physical education and sports classes and has a decisive role in building the fundamental bases of gender equality. For this reason, teachers must support and encourage the reduction of gender stereotypes developed over the years in Romania, as well as implement diversified methods and techniques to homogenize the group from an early age. The purpose of this study is to analyse how gender inequalities were removed in other countries by specialists and what measures were taken by them. Identifying the methods and strategies applicable to the class in order to implement gender equality. Method: Using the systematic review method, a number of 420 articles were initially identified. After establishing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a number of 20 articles were retained for analysis. Discussions: Gender differences are found in all fields, but they are more pronounced in physical education lessons. Gender stereotypes in the physical education lesson have a close connection with the attitude of the students, with the strategies and perceptions of the teachers and last but not least, with the prejudices of the parents. Conclusions: The following studies regarding gender differences should target the attitudes and conceptions of parents and teachers, but also the way in which they are reflected in the students’ actions later in the lessons. Keywords: gender, stereotype, physical education.

Analyzing Revitalization of Multicultural Education on Higher Education to Reduce Negative Stereotypes in Indonesia

A negative stereotypes are the root of big problems in this country. It is the forerunner to the birth of hatred and racist behavior. The negative stereotypes must be reduced. One way that can be done is by revitalizing multicultural education as an educational concept that is most friendly to diversity. This study aims to describe the revitalization of multicultural education in tertiary institutions to reduce negative stereotypes. This study uses a qualitative method with a concept analysis approach. Data collection techniques using document studies. The revitalization of multicultural education is carried out by reviewing the focus, goals, values, and approach of multicultural education. There are four approaches to multicultural education, namely the transformation, additive, contribution, and social action approaches. This revitalization is carried out so that the implementation of multicultural education in tertiary institutions as a macro environment can be carried out properly. The impact is the reduction of negative stereotypes so that social conflicts can be prevented.

The mediating role of outgroup perspective-taking in the relationship of the sense of global social responsibility with negative stereotypes and intergroup anxiety

Existing literature has extensively explored attitudes toward refugees; however, to the best of our knowledge, no study has specifically examined the relationship between the sense of global social responsibility and attitudes toward refugees. Therefore, this study investigated the mediating role of outgroup perspective-taking in the relationship of the sense of global social responsibility with negative stereotypes and intergroup anxiety. The data for this study were collected from a sample of 325 participants, with 53.5% males, aged between 18 and 47 years (Mage = 28.90 ± 7.08). The findings revealed that the sense of global social responsibility was positively related to outgroup perspective-taking and inversely related to negative stereotypes and intergroup anxiety. Also, perspective-taking exhibited negative relationships with negative stereotypes and intergroup anxiety. Mediation analyses showed that the sense of global social responsibility not only directly influenced the reduction of negative stereotypes and intergroup anxiety but also indirectly affected these attitudes through increased outgroup perspective-taking. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms that can effectively mitigate negative attitudes toward refugees. Findings also highlighted the potential of the sense of global social responsibility and outgroup perspective-taking in designing intervention programs aimed at reducing negative attitudes toward outgroup members, including refugees.

Editorial Gatekeeping in Sports News During Prime Time Television in a Public Broadcaster

Abstract Introduction. Based on Shoemaker's model of gatekeeping, this study addresses two questions: What social representations of sports are promoted by the prime time news program of the public television broadcaster Radio Televisão Portuguesa (RTP)? How do editors assess sports news stories during the editorial decision-making process? Material and Methods. For this, we quantitatively examined all the sports content in the prime time ‘Telejornal’ daily news program of RTP during a trimester. Moreover, we studied the factors that influenced editorial decisions, by conducting naturalistic participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Results. Results indicate that facts of greater public protagonism, which cause a significant emotional reaction and are relatable to the public, are more newsworthy. The main constraints influencing the editorial decisions were organized in three co-dependent areas: Social System (macro level), RTP Organization (meso level) and Telejornal Newsroom (micro level). Conclusions. Findings contribute to a reduction in social stereotypes created by television broadcasters, and to sports actors optimizing their communication strategy.

Preexisting Stereotypes and Selection of Counter-Stereotypical Genius Representations in Entertainment Media

Abstract: Broader, more diverse representation in mass media is frequently imagined as a tool for reduction of harmful stereotypes at scale. Increasingly, entertainment media in the United States feature representations that challenge or counter prevailing stereotypes. However, emergence of a high-choice media environment offers and facilitates the opportunity to be selective about the entertainment one consumes. Using a US sample, we show that entertainment media selection is predicted by preexisting beliefs — greater endorsement of a particular stereotype predicted a decrease in the selection of shows featuring representations challenging that stereotype. Findings indicate that those who could benefit most from these representations are less likely to be exposed to them, undermining the utility of mass media in the widespread reduction of harmful stereotypes.

Problems of the application of criminal responsibility for the illegal persecution of a person in the context of the legal protection of the victims

Although stalking was only criminalized in Lithuania on the 14thof October 2021 (Article 148-1 in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania (hereinafter, CC) “The Unlawful Persecution of a Person”), there is a growing debate about the validity and demonstrability of the negative consequences and victim’s expressed will established in this provision, the proportionality of the sanctions, and the systemic incompatibility with other provisions. There are also concerns regarding the incomplete transposition of the Victims’ Rights Directive into national legislation. The purpose of this article’s thesis is to determine whether the application of criminal liability for the unlawful persecution of a person provides adequate legal protection for victims, assessing the compatibility of the national legal framework with the ultima ratio principle and the Victims’ Rights Directive. The results revealed that stalking is a complex phenomenon, characterized by the performance of both routine and prohibited acts, the totality of which constitutes a pattern of violent behavior, that disrupts victim’s mental health, professional activity, social life, and daily routine. The general standards of protection set out in The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women(CEDAW)and the Istanbul Convention, which promote the reduction of gender stereotypes and prohibit discrimination against women, have been fundamental to the development of the legal framework for stalking. Establishing the negative consequences of the unlawful persecution of a person imposes an excessive burden of proof, while the victim’s clearly expressed will may lead to escalation. The criminalization of this offence as a misdemeanor does not correspond to the gravity and intensity of it. The imposition of stricter sanctions in the event of stalking of a close relative or family member is not ensured. The ultima ratio principle has not been infringed by the criminalization of the unlawful persecution of a person. The gravity of this offence is demonstrated by the interference of the constitutionally protected freedom of the individual’s will, disturbance of mental health, performance of intentional acts against victim’s expressed will, unlawfully and systematically. There are no alternative measures in the Lithuanian legal system that can ensure effective restoration of the violated legal good –the application of the systematic intimidation of a person by means of psychological coercion under Article 145(2) of the CC is insufficient, as it criminalizes only acts of specific intent, and the application of Article 2.23 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania is also excluded, as the imposition of sanctions of a pecuniary nature would not ensure the restoration of justice. The current legal framework is not fully compliant with the Victims’ Rights Directive, since the method of assessing the special protection needs of victims is insufficiently detailed, and does not involve victim in the process of evaluation. There is no separate procedure for the granting of special protection measures for particularly vulnerable persons, including victims of the unlawful persecution of a person.

ASSESSING THE PROGRESSIVE PROMISE OF HBO’S THE WIRE

HBO’s The Wire garnered critical acclaim for its portrayal of the urban problems of the city of Baltimore, particularly its Black population, specifically those engaged in the street-level drug trade. One of the main accolades was the show’s realism in its portrayal of life on the streets. It also received praise for giving its characters more depth in comparison to shows that had come before it. This was seen as giving a more compassionate and less stereotyping view of those characters. This article will address the issue of stereotypes, whether the show’s realism furthered the reduction of stereotypes of Blacks, and will assess the critical acclaim the show has received in the two decades since it premiered.

SOCIAL ATTITUDES TOWARD LGBT+ IN KAZAKHSTAN

The article is devoted to the study of social attitudes towards LGBT+ people, as well as to the identification of factors that contribute to a positive or negative attitude on the part of Kazakhstani society. Nowadays, many countries of the world are observing a gradual change in the attitude of society towards LGBT+ people and extensive research is carried out globally on the attitude of society towards homosexuality and transgender. However, in the countries of Central Asia, due to the high level of homophobia, the attitude of society towards the LGBT+ community is still negative, if not hostile. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors, which influence the formation of the image and attitudes towards LGBT+ among Kazakhstanis, as well as to establish the reasons that contribute to the positive acceptance of LGBT+. To fully understand the topic and achieve our goals, we conducted a quantitative study where participants completed an online questionnaire. According to the results of the research, we discovered that the phenomenon of LGBT+ in Kazakhstani society is still socially unacceptable, despite the rather high percentage of benevolent and positive attitudes, which confirm the previously stated conclusions of researchers and experts. In addition, the analysis showed a low percentage of awareness of organizations and initiatives protecting the rights of LGBT+, which raises the question of increasing the audience coverage to be acquainted with such organizations and present the results of activities in the socio-political space. Nevertheless, a statistically significant relationship was found between the presence of relatives, friends, acquaintances who are representatives of LGBT +, and the status of attitude towards them. This is due to the fact that direct interaction with LGBT+ representatives affect the reduction of prejudices and stereotypes. Obtained data expand our understanding of the relationship between society's attitudes and gender identity and sexual orientation in Kazakhstani reality, explaining the factors that contribute to the formation of benevolent or negative attitudes. However, the limited number of collected data cannot possibly reflect a full picture of the attitudes toward LGBT+ in Kazakhstan, and representative sampling is required in future studies. Key words: attitudes, LGBTQ+, identity, values, violence.

Integrative Review on Contact-Based Interventions to Address LGBTQ+ Related Stigma

LGBTQ+ individuals experience stigma due to their sexual orientation and/or gender identity which has clear, profound, far-ranging effects on LGBTQ+ health including greater risk of suicidality, depression, anxiety, substance use, and poor physical health. Several stigma change strategies have been used to attempt to mitigate the profound impact of LGBTQ+ related stigma in marginalized sexual and gender minority communities. Contact-based interventions to address LGBTQ+ related stigma rest on contact theory, which posits that intergroup contact between individuals of an in-group (majority group) and individuals of an out-group (minority or marginalized group) aids in the reduction of negative stereotypes, prejudice, and resulting discrimination. The definition of “contact” has progressed to encompass various forms of exposure including in-vivo interpersonal contact, vicarious contact, electronic or e-contact and imagined contact. Guided by the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, we summarize the literature between 2001 and 2020, examining and synthesizing 20 studies that explore contact-based interventions to reduce LGBTQ+ related stigma, stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. Overall, several forms of contact-based interventions have demonstrated positive effects on reducing LGBTQ+ related stigma. Future research should include examining the use of contact-based interventions in reducing the stigma faced by individuals within LGBTQ+ communities with intersecting marginalized identities.

Entering the world of lock and key: the impact of an educational visit to a high secure forensic hospital on psychology students’ attitudes towards the patients within

ABSTRACT Secure forensic hospitals aim to reverse adversity and promote personal safety and mental health well-being for those admitted. These hospitals are also well-placed to make the case for the importance of inclusion and reintegration after a period of enforced community exclusion (through detention under the Mental Health Act). Given the operational and procedural security required for the therapeutic regimes in these settings, only essential visitors are typically given access. This makes it challenging to promote awareness and understanding about patients with forensic and mental health histories. In this study, the impact of a one-day visit to a high-security forensic hospital by psychology students (n = 123), which included face-to-face contact with patients, was studied for its potential to reduce negative attitudes about this population. A comparison group of students who did not attend a visit were also recruited (n = 135). The impact of entering and learning about the hospital, and a conversational exchange with current residents was associated with a significant reduction in negative stereotypes and fear and an increase in compassion and motivation to help. The findings support the use of contact-based educational visits to change negative attitudes and responses towards patients with forensic and mental health histories.

Hiring women into senior leadership positions is associated with a reduction in gender stereotypes in organizational language

Women continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions. This underrepresentation is at least partly driven by gender stereotypes that associate men, but not women, with achievement-oriented, agentic traits (e.g., assertive and decisive). These stereotypes are expressed and perpetuated in language, with women being described in less agentic terms than men. The present research suggests that appointing women to the top tiers of management can mitigate these deep-rooted stereotypes that are expressed in language. We use natural language processing techniques to analyze over 43,000 documents containing 1.23 billion words, finding that hiring female chief executive officers and board members is associated with changes in organizations' use of language, such that the semantic meaning of being a woman becomes more similar to the semantic meaning of agency. In other words, hiring women into leadership positions helps to associate women with characteristics that are critical for leadership success. Importantly, our findings suggest that changing organizational language through increasing female representation might provide a path for women to break out of the double bind: when female leaders are appointed into positions of power, women are more strongly associated with the positive aspects of agency (e.g., independent and confident) in language but not at the cost of a reduced association with communality (e.g., kind and caring). Taken together, our findings suggest that female representation is not merely an end, but also a means to systemically change insidious gender stereotypes and overcome the trade-off between women being perceived as either competent or likeable.

When a stereotype dumbfounds: Probing the nature of the surgeon = male belief

“A father and his son are in a car accident. The father dies. The son is rushed to the ER. The attending surgeon looks at the boy and says, ‘I can't operate on this boy. He's my son!’ How can this be?” Fifty years after the riddle first received public attention, one likely answer proves elusive: the surgeon is the boy's mother. Seven studies (N = 6,987) were conducted to explore the vicissitudes of the surgeon = male stereotype. In Study 1, over 70% of participants failed to reach the mother solution. However, a reduction in bias was also observed: the percentage of mother inferences more than doubled when “son” was replaced with a gender-neutral kinship term (“child”), suggesting that even incidental exposure to gender-neutral language can loosen the grip of stereotypes. In fact, gender-neutral language was more effective in reducing bias than a condition (“daughter”) with multiple mentions of the female gender. In Study 2, we replicated this finding in a nationally representative sample of the United States, and demonstrated that 82% of Americans failed to provide the mother inference in response to the classic riddle. Additionally, within this nationally representative sample, the demographic and psychological correlates of the surgeon = male stereotype were explored. In Studies 3–5, we interrogated the mechanisms of stereotype reduction in the child condition (Study 3), the degree to which this stereotype simply reflects base rates (Study 4), and eliminated an alternative explanation (Study 5). Finally, in Studies 6–7, the generalizability of the surgeon = male stereotype was tested and confirmed in a non-WEIRD country that supplies medical expertise to the world (India; Study 6), and the result was extended to an inverse gender–occupation stereotype (nurse = female; Study 7). Taken together, these data demonstrate the surprising strength of a gender occupational stereotype and its boundary conditions.

Getting AHeAD: Examining the Intergenerational Benefits of Participating in a College Service-Learning Program

ABSTRACT This study examined the validity of the contact hypothesis on changing student attitudes toward older adults as well as accessing the benefits of an ongoing intergenerational service-learning program for older adults. The model introduced in this research paired students from a large university in the southeast (mean age = 23) with older adults (mean age = 83) residing in an assisted living facility. A quasi-experimental pre- and posttest design employing the Perceptions of Aging and Elderly Inventory (PAEI) and the Elderly Patient Care Inventory (EPCI) indicated the program had significant positive effects on student attitudes toward aging as well as improving the likelihood of working with older adults. Qualitative accounts provided by students demonstrated a reduction in negative stereotypes and a greater understanding of and empathy for older adults. Comments from older adult participants indicated the stimulating experience improved overall quality of life by reducing boredom and loneliness, maintaining an important connection to the outside world, and serving as a welcomed exchange for keeping them young at heart.

Virtual contact hypothesis: Preliminary evidence for intergroup contact hypothesis in interactions with characters in video games

This paper examines intergroup contact hypothesis in interactions in video games to conceptualize how intergroup contact with characters in games may relate to attitudes toward minorities. Intergroup contact hypothesis states that intergroup contact leads to more positive attitudes and stereotype reduction. It also specifies situational factors that promote or hinder such an outcome. In an online survey a sample of 1627 gamers stated games they played the most and filled out a questionnaire measuring their attitudes toward minorities. Independent judges assessed games that were played by most participants (N = 44 games). A multilevel regression analysis revealed that average quality of contact with minorities in a game (measured at game-level, as a characteristic of a game) was associated with higher acceptance of minorities of the players (measured at individual level). Diversity of the game world generated by fictional races had no significant connection to attitudes. Game-level predictors largely increased fit to the data showing that game worlds were significant for the acceptance of minorities. The results supply preliminary evidence for the validity of the intergroup contact hypothesis for the interactions with characters in video games.

Efeitos da fibra dietética extrusada na alimentação de matrizes suínas em gestação / Effects of extruded dietary fiber in the diet of gestating sows

This work was based on the experiment in which forty-four newly weaned pig matrices with the same birth order and age were used, equally distributed in two experimental groups where they received two different treatments, with and without an increase of 15% of extruded fiber along gestational period. Collections and analysis of zootechnical data were performed at 40, 65, 87, 107 days of gestation, and after 21 days of piglets. The main objectives proposed were achieved with satisfaction, which were to maintain the batch uniformity (body score close to 3), ideal fecal score, reduction of stereotypes caused by the sensation of hunger, and increase in the number of piglets born alive and consequently weaned. The swine matrices, besides having been submitted to the animal welfare precepts, characterizing a healthier creation, still presented an increase of 1.95 more piglets per parturition.

The role of optimal conditions and intergroup contact in promoting positive intergroup relations in and out of the workplace: A study with ethnic majority and minority workers

A field study was conducted with majority and minority group members to test whether the effects of optimal contact conditions and of intergroup contact generalize across situations, and extend to the support of intergroup equality in terms of agreement with social policies benefitting the minority group. Participants were 163 Italian and 129 immigrant workers in three corporate organizations. Results from structural equation modelling analyses revealed that, for the majority group, positive contact stemming from optimal contact conditions was indirectly associated, via reduction in negative stereotypes, with more positive behavior that generalized across situations. For both majority and minority groups, positive contact stemming from optimal contact conditions was associated with less negative stereotypes, and in turn with greater support for social policies favoring the minority. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, also in relation to the significance of the present results for research investigating the relation between intergroup contact and social change.

Commentary on the Impact of Teacher Appearance and Age on Student Attitudes

Early research in the psychological and social development of students has explored the effect of a teacher’s appearance on physical education students’ learning and perceptions of the teacher. Initial studies of this nature suggested that teachers’ appearance, clothing, and fitness influenced students’ perceptions of teachers’ instructional ability. The purpose of this commentary is to review and summarize the literature relative to teacher age and appearance to provide considerations for sport pedagogists, K-12 educators, and health professionals while teaching students about the concept of age-related stereotypes and healthy aging. A thorough literature review was conducted using search terms related to age, youthful age-related stereotypes, and youthful perceptions of healthy aging. Themes were categorized into logical categories. College, middle school, and elementary school students favor being taught by younger teachers. Research on perceptions of age and aging in general has indicated that a bias against older individuals is evident in very young children and becomes stronger as they age and enter adolescence. Furthermore, research has also indicated that children, adults, and youth often regard older individuals negatively. It is important to further assess how the reduction of age stereotypes among youth influences the attitudes and behaviors of youth. Schools can play a significant role in influencing the perceptions children have of the elderly and the aging process. They have the resources and capabilities to integrate material on healthy aging into their curricula as well as to introduce students to older individuals, thus reinforcing the view of aging as a more positive experience.

Assessing the evidence of perspective taking on stereotyping and negative evaluations: A p-curve analysis

Perspective taking is conceptualized as the ability to consider or adopt the perspective of another individual who is perceived to be in need; it has shown mixed results in stereotype reduction and intergroup attitude change across many social science disciplines. The inconsistent results raise concerns about the robustness of the perspective-taking phenomenon. The present study uses p-curve analysis to examine whether evidential value existed among two sets of published experimental studies where perspective taking was operationalized in two different paradigms. Despite low statistical power, we found that both sets of studies revealed some evidential value of the effects of perspective taking. The theoretical and methodological implications of perspective-taking studies are discussed as well.