Reduction In Specific Gravity Research Articles

Impact of fermentation temperature on required heat dissipation, growth and viability of yeast, on sensory characteristics and on the formation of volatiles in Riesling

Background and Aims Temperature control during fermentation significantly impacts the energy demand of wineries. We determined the heat required to be dissipated from wine tanks under three different temperature programs (14, 16–11–17 and 19°C) during 1200 L Riesling fermentations and investigated the influence of temperature on yeast growth and viability, the formation of yeast derived volatiles and wine sensory properties. Methods and Results Heat dissipated by the coolant was determined using heat meters. At 19°C, ~70% less heat had to be dissipated compared to that at 14°C, whereas ~30% less heat had to be dissipated for the 16–11–17°C temperature program. The duration of fermentation was 15, 13 and 9 days for the 14, 16–11–17 and 19°C programs, respectively. Characteristic profiles of heat dissipated per day and reduction in specific gravity were observed. The formation of most esters was more pronounced in the second half of fermentation at higher temperature. Hexyl acetate, however, was formed early and no temperature influence was observed. The final concentration of ethyl decanoate, ethyl octanoate and ethyl hexanoate was greater for fermentations at 19°C, while that of ethyl butanoate was highest at 14°C. No difference was found in the final concentration of acetate esters or acetic acid. Acetaldehyde concentration was 35% lower for fermentations at 19°C, compared with those at 14°C. Descriptive analysis, at 5 and 11 months after bottling, revealed no significant difference in wine sensory profiles. Flow cytometry showed faster yeast growth, greater population size and rapid viability decline at the higher fermentation temperature. Conclusions Energy savings can be achieved by reducing the required dissipated heat through temperature management of fermentations, without compromising wine composition. Ambient temperature should be considered when deciding on temperature management and related saving potentials. Significance of the Study Potential energy savings were demonstrated that may facilitate innovation in fermentation cooling systems.

USO DA GEOPRÓPOLIS DA ESPÉCIE Melipona melanoventer NA MANUTENÇÃO DA QUALIDADE DO OVO

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade de ovos de galinha submetidos a tratamento superficial da casca utilizando solução de geoprópolis da espécie Melipona melanoventer, foi conduzido um experimento com 60 ovos postos no dia, armazenados por um período de 20 dias. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC) em esquema fatorial 3 x 4 sendo três tratamentos (ovos não lavados, ovos lavados e ovos lavados e mergulhados em solução de geoprópolis a 10%, avaliados em quatro tempos de armazenamento: 05, 10, 15 e 20 dias) com 05 repetições de um ovo cada. Foram analisados: peso do ovo; gravidade específica; altura da gema e unidade Haugh. Foi realizada análise de variância usando um modelo incluindo os efeitos do tempo de estocagem, do tratamento superficial da casca e da interação entre esses fatores. As médias do tratamento superficial da casca dos ovos ao longo do tempo de estocagem foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Para a maioria das características analisadas, foram observadas diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre os tratamentos e ao longo do tempo de estocagem. Com o aumento do tempo de estocagem, os ovos apresentaram redução na gravidade específica, altura de gema e Unidade Haugh, independente de terem recebido ou não tratamento superficial na casca. Concluiu-se que o tratamento superficial da casca de ovos com geoprópolis não é eficaz em manter a qualidade interna dos mesmos durante o tempo de armazenamento estudado.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Estocagem, Geoprópolis, Qualidade de ovos.

An Economic Analysis of the Effects of Harvest Timing on Yield, Quality, and Processing Contract Price for three Potato Varieties

Harvesting potatoes at or near physiological maturity increases the likelihood of producing high quality tubers which contributes to producing high quality processed end-product. Some growers harvest earlier than recommended in order to meet contract requirements and supply processors with early potatoes. Early harvest impacts the incentive-adjusted price (IAP) and revenue even after an early harvest incentive is applied. This study utilized a typical frozen processor contract and compared the economic impact of harvest timing (early, normal, and late) on the IAP of three potato varieties: Russet Burbank, Clearwater Russet, and Alpine Russet, grown in field trials at Parma, Idaho during 2014 and 2015. Contract quality incentives included percent of tubers greater than 170 g, percent sugar ends, percent of U.S. No. 1’s, and specific gravity. When compared to normal or late harvest, early harvest resulted in a decrease in the IAP and overall profit due to a significant reduction in specific gravity. Early harvest incentive did not offset the loss of revenue with Russet Burbank, but did offset revenue loss with Clearwater Russet and Alpine Russet. Clearwater Russet and Alpine Russet had significantly lower sugar end scores than Russet Burbank. Clearwater Russet consistently produced higher specific gravities and Alpine Russet produced larger tubers compared to Russet Burbank. Clearwater Russet and Alpine Russet have agronomic characteristics that can provide an increase in IAP over Russet Burbank.

Stabilization of soft clayey soils with sawdust ashes

The problems of soft clayey soils are taken in considerations by many Iraqi geologists and civil engineers, because about 35% of the Iraqi clay soils (especially southern Iraq) are weak. Thus, it is necessary to improve the properties of such soils for road construction by means of using of various stabilizers such as sawdust ash. The main goal of the present study is to stabilize soft clay models with sawdust ash (SDA) additive using different percentages (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% by dry weight of soil). The results revealed that the additive has adverse effects on the property of soil indices by increasing its liquid limit and plasticity index due to clay content. The mixture of sawdust ashes with soft clay soils improves most other physical and mechanical properties of the soil, as expressed by a general reduction in specific gravity and maximum dry density (MDD), as well as a reduction in the compression coefficients (Cc and Cr) with an increase in SDA content. While increasing the optimum moisture content (OMC) and the undrained shear strength (cu) with the increase in SDA content. The stabilized soils (with 4 and 10% ash content) resulted in low CBR values (1.6-1.2%) which can be used as sub-base. The SDA can be considered as a cheap and acceptable stabilizing agent in road construction for improving most of the geotechnical properties of the soft clayey soil.

Effects of Soaking of Shales on Rock-Slope Instability and Failure in Southeastern Nigeria

Abstract: Landslide prevention and other civil engineering works on shales commonly fail after many cycles of soaking and alternate drying, typical of tropical climate. This work investigates the intrinsic changes in the geotechnical properties of shales collected at two different localities (Abakaliki and Nkporo) in southeastern Nigeria. Long soaking and subsequent drying were simulated using distilled water on the shales. Tests were first conducted on air dried crushed samples which served as the control. Then soaked crushed specimens in open cylinders with their bottom covered with mesh in separate water baths for varying periods of 24, 36 and 48 hours were evaluated at each interval after soaking. Specific gravity, plastic index, compaction characteristics, bearing capacity and unconfined compressive strength tests were conducted on the remoulded specimen. Results showed gradual reduction in specific gravity from 2.5 to 1.8 for Abakaliki shales and from 2.3 to 1.5 for Nkporo shales; unconfined compressive strength from 183 MPa to 120 MPa for Abakaliki shales, from 117 MPa to 85 MPa for Nkporo shales. Although, the net compaction showed reduction in value, maximum dry density (MDD) increased slightly. Plastic Index of the fines also increased from 13% to 18%, and 8% to 19% for Abakaliki and Nkporo shales respectively. Comparatively, the Abakaliki shales showed more resistance to soaking than the Nkporo shales. It is concluded that the engineering properties of shales decreases with long contact in water and subsequent drying.

Strategies Used By Tadpoles to Optimize Buoyancy in Different Habitats

We measured gaseous lift and specific gravity of larval anurans at regular intervals during development to assess their importance in determining buoyancy in eight species. Specifically, we examined the hatchling, larval, and metamorphic stages of tadpoles from still waters (Limnodynastes dumerili, Limn. peronii, Lithobates septentrionalis, and Rhinella marina), intermittent streams (Litoria genimaculata and Lito. lesueuri), and torrent sections of rivers (Lito. nannotis and Nyctimystes dayi). Buoyancy levels and the strategies used to attain buoyancy varied at different phases of development and with the environment occupied. Buoyancy increased rapidly during development in hatchlings of Limn. peronii, Lith. septentrionalis, and R. marina due to a reduction in specific gravity. Lungs were inflated in early larval stages of all species except for Lito. nannotis, N. dayi, and R. marina, which inflated their lungs following metamorphosis. Limnodynastes dumerili and Limn. peronii used gaseous lift to maintain near-neutral buoyancy throughout larval and metamorphic stages. Lithobates septentrionalis, Stages 25–29 (first summer), possessed a high level of gaseous lift, but buoyancy declined as lung gas volume decreased in Stages 31–43 (second summer). Rhinella marina did not inflate lungs prior to transformation but achieved an intermediate buoyancy level due to a very low specific gravity. The intermittent-stream species Lito. genimaculata and Lito. lesueuri used gaseous lift to achieve buoyancy levels similar to those of Lith. septentrionalis (Stages 31–43) and R. marina. The torrent-dwelling species Lito. nannotis and N. dayi were the least buoyant; their lungs were not inflated prior to transformation and their specific gravity was elevated. Both gaseous lift and specific gravity are important factors in determining buoyancy in larval anurans.

Specific Gravity, Dry Matter Concentration, pH, and Crisp-making Potential of Ethiopian Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivars as Influenced by Growing Environment and Length of Storage Under Ambient Conditions

A study was conducted to investigate the influence of genotype, growing environment and storage period on postharvest quality of seven released potato cultivars grown at Adet (2240 masl), Chilga (2270 masl), and Dabat (2620 masl), northwest Ethiopia in 2006. Cured tubers of each cultivar from each location were stored at ambient conditions for 8 weeks in a locally constructed dark room in Adet, the location with the highest temperatures. The quality of the tubers and the crisps prepared from them was evaluated at weekly intervals. Tubers from cvs Jalenie, Guassa, and Zengena had a high specific gravity (1.088-1.094) and dry matter percentage (26.2-27.1%) when grown in Dabat and Chilga, and a lower specific gravity (1.064-1.072) and dry matter percentage (22.3-22.7%) when grown in Adet. These cultivars produced crisps with a taste value of 8 (like very much) when grown in Chilga and Dabat and of almost 7 (like moderately) when grown in Adet. There was a progressive reduction in specific gravity, dry matter percentage, and taste of crisps with increase in storage time. Cultivars with higher dry matter concentration maintained a better quality than cultivars with a lower dry matter concentration. Across growing locations and cultivars, 57% of the crisps samples were white to cream colored, 33.3% light tan and 9.5% dark tan after 1 week of storage, whereas after 6 weeks of storage none of the cultivars produced white cream colored crisps. It is reasonable to conclude that cvs Jalenie, Guassa, and Zengena can produce tubers with a high dry matter percentage under Chilga and Dabat conditions, from which acceptable crisps can be prepared from tubers stored up to 6 weeks under ambient conditions.

Effect of volume loading with water, normal saline, palm wine and lipton tea on urinary output, pH, specific gravity, sodium and potassium concentrations in human subjects

A comparative study of the diuretic effect of water, normal saline, palm wine and Lipton tea was carried out on forty (40) randomly selected, apparently normal undergraduate students of Medicine and Pharmacy at the University of Uyo, Nigeria. One and a half (1.5) litres of water, normal saline, palm wine and Lipton tea were given on separate days to the same subjects. The subjects were made to void their bladder before ingesting these substances and the urine sample collected was taken as control sample at the time zero. Thereafter, all the subjects emptied their bladder hourly for 3 hours. The urinary output, pH, specific gravity, sodium and potassium concentrations were determined. The results showed that water, palm wine and Lipton tea produced diuresis. Normal saline did not. Reduction of specific gravity and pH of urine accompanied these diuretic effects. Administration of normal saline and Lipton tea caused natriuresis. Potassium sparing diuresis was seen with Lipton tea and palm wine, whereas, water diuresis led to increased levels of potassium in urine. Volume loading with the above substances affected not only urinary output but also renal handling of sodium and potassium ions.

Studies On Fermentation, Alcohol Production And Viability In Induced Mutants Of The Brewing Yeast <I>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</I>

Brewing yeast, Saccharomyces. Cerevisiae cultured on malt extract agar was UV-irradiated. Eighteen mutant yeasts (SCM 01 – SCM 18) selected (after visual examination) were tested for fermentation, alcohol production and viability by acid and gas production, reduction in specific gravity and turbidity respectively, with sugars and delignified sugarcane bagasse. The yeasts had varied fermentation profiles in glucose, sucrose, galactose, dextrose and mannitol but did no ferment lactose. Glucose, sucrose and galactose were fermented strongly with acid and gas production. Dextrose was fermented weakly by SCM 01, SCM 06, SCM 09 and SCM 10 (with acid production only) but strongly by all other yeasts. The wild type yeast did not ferment mannitol but SCM 04 did so strongly and SCM 02, SCM 03, SCM 06, SCM 07, SCM 09, SCM 10 and SCM 13 did so weakly. Specific gravity fell sharply within 36h after inoculation and slightly thereafter. Alcohol production varied among the yeasts. Some mutants produced more alcohol than the wild type yeast. Viability was generally lower in the mutants than in the wild-type yeast in the sucrose medium. The reverse was true in the sugarcane bagasse medium. Yeasts with high viability tended to have high alcohol production ability in the sucrose medium and vice-versa. KEY WORDS: Alcohol production; fermentation; induced mutants; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; viability. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Vol.11(1) 2005: 1-7

Effect of Milling Method (Wet and Dry) on the Functional Properties of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Pastes and End Product (Akara) Quality

ABSTRACT: Akara, deep‐fat fried cowpea paste, is a very popular snack and breakfast food in Africa. Traditional cowpea paste processed by wet‐milling of soaked, decorticated seeds exhibited excellent foaming ability, high water‐holding capacities (WHC), and low hardness value for akara. Intense dry‐milling that generated a fine flour adversely affected its functionality and akara‐making quality. Wet‐milling of hydrated cowpea meal significantly improved its foamability (as indicated by reduction in specific gravity) and WHC but showed only a marginal improvement in akara texture.

Effect of nitrogen on the size, specific gravity, crisp colour and reducing sugar concentration of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Kennebec

Four field experiments were conducted over 2 years on coarse grain siliceous sands in the Mt Lofty Ranges (3 sites) and Lower South East (1 site) to examine the effect of different rates of applied nitrogen (up to 320 kg N/ha) on the size, specific gravity, crisp colour and reducing sugar concentration of potato tubers of the cv. Kennebec. As the rate of applied nitrogen (N) was increased, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in the yield of 80-350 and >350 g tubers. Rate of applied N did not significantly affect the yield of <80 g tubers. Highest yields of >350 g (large) tubers occurred at N rates in the range 160-320 kg N/ha. In contrast, the yield of 80-350 g tubers (preferred size for crisping), for the 80-120 kg N/ha sates, was not significantly different from the maximum yield of 80-350 g tubers for each site. At all sites, total tuber yields for the 80-120 kg N/ha rates were not significantly different from maximum yields. The effect of applied N on specific gravity (SG) was significant; the magnitude of the effect varied between sites. For the pooled data from all sites, correlation between SG and nitrate-N concentration in the petioles of youngest fully expanded leaves (P-YFEL) were not significant, however, there were significant correlations between the reduction in SG and petiole nitrate-N concentration. When tlie lengths of the largest tubers were <2 mm. 25 mm and 50 mm, reductions in SG of less than 0.0025 occurred when the P-YFEL nitrate-N concentrations were 1.70-2.50%, 0.70-2.00% and 0.25-1.25%, respectively. Tuber SG increased slightly after storage for 2 and 4 months but the changes were not related to the rate of applied N. There were no consistent trends between sites in vascular ring colour index (CI) and medulla CI, determined after 0, 2 and 4 months storage, as the rate of applied N increased. However, significant (P<0.05) changes in vascular ring and medulla CI did occur during storage, with significant reductions in medulla CI for 3 of the 4 sites. For all sites, vascular ring CI was highest after 2 months storage. Reducing sugar concentration of tubers was significantly affected by the rate of applied N at 2 sites. Tubers from all sites also showed significant changes in seducing sugar concentration during storage. Maximum reducing sugar concentrations (up to 0.23% fresh weight) occurred after 2 months storage. Coefficients of determination (r2 ) for the relationships between reducing sugar concentration and vascular ring and medulla CI were in the range 0.001-0.37. Based on data for 3 of the 4 sites, mean weight loss for tubers after 4 months storage was 6.6% and weight loss was not affected by the rate of applied N. Based on our data for the cv. Kennebec grown on siliceous sands, we suggest growers should use N fertiliser rates which are just sufficient to ensure that N is not limiting yield. This practice should result in acceptable tuber size, SG and crisp colour, even after the tubers have been stored for up to 4 months.

The specific gravity of the brains of alcoholic and control patients: a pathological study.

SummaryIn recent pathological studies the authors have shown that the brain shrinkage seen in alcoholics is due to a loss of tissue from the white matter and not the cortical grey matter. In order to address the question of the pathogenesis of this shrinkage the Specific Gravity (SG) of the frontal, parietal and occipital grey and white matter of alcoholics and age‐ and sex‐matched controls was measured. The alcoholics were found to have a consistent, but not significant, reduction in SG. Alcoholics with Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) showed similar changes. The decrease in SG in alcoholics with cirrhosis was significant. This pattern of change, in the absence of a large variation in brain water content, suggests that the loss of tissue is probably balanced so that protein/lipid/ carbohydrate ratios are not appreciably different in controls and alcoholics.

Protective effect of a new prostacyclin analogue OP-2507 against cerebral anoxia and edema in experimental animals

Protective effects of OP-2507 [15-cis-(4-propylcyclohexyl)-16,17,18,19,20-pentanor-9-deoxy-9α,6-nitrilo-PGF 1 methyl ester] against cerebral anoxia and edema were investigated in a variety of experimental models in mice and rats. OP-2507 given s.c. or p.o. led to a consistent and dose-dependent prolongation of survival time against cerebral anoxia in hypobaric and normobaric hypoxia, KCN-induced anoxia and decapitation-induced gasping. Furthermore, treatment with 0.03–0.1 mg/kg s.c. or 0.3 mg/kg p.o. of OP-2507 was found to be effective against the changes of cerebral energy metabolites and cyclic nucleotides in hypoxic brain. In brain ischemia induced by bilateral ligation of common carotid arteries of rats, a reduction in specific gravity of cortex and an increase in water content of brain were observed, in accordance with changes of cerebral energy metabolites. These edematous and biochemical changes were prevented by the treatment with 0.01–0.03 mg/kg s.c. of OP-2507. These results indicate a potential usefulness of OP-2507 in protecting the brain from oxygen insufficiency resulting from cerebral ischemia.

Fermentation of Lactose in Direct-Acid-Set Cottage Cheese Whey

Kluyveromyces fragilis was more suitable than Candida pseudotropicalis or Kluyveromyces lactis for production of ethanol from whey. Direct-acid-set cottage cheese whey and the supernatant fluid resulting from heat treatment of the whey at 95 C for 20 min showed similar rates of fermentation when inoculated with K. fragilis. Inoculation rates of 10, 12 and 14 ml of active K. fragilis culture per 100 ml of media were not significantly different in rate of ethanol production. Samples incubated with K. fragilis at 35, 37, 40 and 42 C showed more rapid reduction in specific gravity than samples incubated at room temperature or 30 C. Lactose conversion in whey was 83% complete and in whey supernatant fluid, 77%.

Potassium fertilizer trials with potatoes on coarse-textured soils in southeastern Idaho

Potassium fertilizer needs of potatoes were evaluated with a set of research plots established on coarse textured soils in southeastern Idaho. Over the seven-year period that these trials were conducted, tuber yields indicated no response to potassium fertilization. Specific gravity of tubers decreased with increasing rates of potassium fertilization, with greatest reduction in specific gravity resulting from the use of potassium chloride. Plots were established on land brought under cultivation for the first time in 1968. Under a potato-grain rotation, the plot area was planted to potatoes every other year beginning in 1968. At the conclusion of the trials in 1976, the check plots had not received any potassium fertilizer. Potassium fertilizer was applied to designated plots only in 1970 and 1974. Each plot received the same treatment in both of the years with rates of 150, 300, and 600 lb K2O/A (168, 335 and 670 kg/ha) using two different forms of fertilizer (KCl and K2SO4). Petiole samples were analyzed for levels of K. Soil K levels were determined annually from samples taken prior to planting the potato crop. Petiole K levels decreased as the season advanced. A petiole level of 6.5 to 7.5% K (45 to 75 days after planting) was sufficiently high for maximum yields. Soil test levels (sodium bicarbonate extraction) of 140 ppm K were sufficiently high for production of a 350 cwt/A (40 T/ha) yield.

Sprout inhibition of fall-grown potatoes by airplane applications of maleic hydrazide

In Tulare County, California, airplane application of maleic hydrazide as MH-30 on fall grown potatoes retarded sprouting in field storage and in subsequent common storage. Weight loss in common storage was significantly reduced. Total yield was not significantly affected. Three pounds of maleic hydrazide per acre were generally as effective as were 6 pounds. There was a wide range in the amount of maleic hydrazide residue found in the tubers at harvest. On the average, about twice as much maleic hydrazide was found in the tubers from plants treated with 6 pounds of maleic hydrazide per acre than was found in those from the 3-pound plots. Specific gravity of tubers harvested on February 26, 1959 and on March 23, 1960, was not affected by treatment. Preliminary results in 1957–58 showed that hand-sprayed maleic hydrazide prevented a reduction in specific gravity of soil-stored potatoes when harvest was delayed.

The clinical course of epidemic hemorrhagic fever

1. 1. The clinical characteristics and course of epidemic hemorrhagic fever are described on the basis of observations made on United Nations forces hospitalized at the Hemorrhagic Fever Center in Korea in 1952. 2. 2. The clinical picture is characterized by sudden onset, in a person recently situated in an endemic area, of chills, fever, prostration, frontal headache, marked thirst and myalgias. There is a marked facial flush, injection of the palate and conjunctivae, and petechiae of the conjunctivae, palate, axillary folds and waist line. Proteinuria and reduction in specific gravity of the urine are present. 3. 3. The clinical course may be divided into four phases, each designated for a characteristic physiologic aberration: (1) febrile, (2) hypotensive, (3) oliguric and (4) diuretic. The presenting clinical features of each phase are described. 4. 4. Two representative case histories, one illustrating a mild course and the other a severe attack, are summarized. 5. 5. The differential diagnosis is briefly considered .

The influence of fertilizers on the specific gravity of potatoes grown in Minnesota

Specific gravity measurments were obtained for samples of potatoes from 37 fertilizer experiments in the Red River Valley of Minnesota and on sandy soils near St. Paul, Minnesota in 1943 and 1944. The greatest differences in specific gravity were found between locations. Nitrogen fertilizer had no apparent influence on specific gravity. The phosphate fertilizer caused a small but significant increase in specific gravity, particularly when used at the higher rates of application. The potash fertilizers containing chlorides caused a marked reduction in specific gravity, and the higher the application the greater the depression. Sulfate of potash did not reduce the specific gravity of the potatoes, indicating that it is the chloride anion which is responsible for increasing the water content of potatoes. Fertilizer treatment did not appear to influence the occurrence of hollow heart in potatoes. A correlation coefficient of r=0.8686 between specific gravity and dry matter was found for 260 smaples of potatoes from the Red River Valley.

Dilatometer Studies of Pigment-Rubber Systems

Abstract A number of years ago Schippel observed that, when certain pigmented rubber stocks were stretched, there was a reduction in specific gravity of the compound. This he attributed to the separation of the rubber from the pigment, resulting in vacuole formation. Green confirmed Schippel's explanation with the aid of a microscope. He prepared photomicrographs of stretched rubber films showing the formation of vacuoles at coarse pigment particles and undispersed pigment acting as single large particles. These vacuoles were conical in shape, and extended from one or both sides of the particles in the direction of elongation. Depew and Easley reported microscopic results relating particle surface and particle size and shape to the formation of vacuoles in stretched rubber. Several years ago Holt and McPherson designed a dilatometer to measure the volume change of rubber compounds under tension. In stretching gum-rubber bands, they noted a decrease in volume, which they ascribed to the fibering of the rubber, and an increase in volume of pigmented rubber bands, which they explained by the formation of vacuoles around the pigment particles. Furthermore these investigators pointed out that the decrease in volume of rubber on stretching is influenced by the same considerations as the x-ray diffraction, since it is observed only above a certain critical elongation and is greater the higher the elongation, the lower the temperature, and the longer the time the sample is kept stretched. Holt and McPherson dealt almost entirely with gum stocks except that they included measurements on a whiting and a carbon black stock. The object of this investigation was to extend the work of Holt and McPherson to a more complete study of pigmented stocks, with particular reference to those compounded with zinc oxide.

Reduction of specific gravity at 25°/25° C. to density at any temperature from 0° to 40° C.

Reduction of specific gravity at 25°/25° C. to density at any temperature from 0° to 40° C.