Reduced Species Richness Research Articles

Why there are more species in several small patches versus few large patches: A multispecies modelling approach

Abstract As global biodiversity is rapidly declining due to habitat loss, it is important to determine how to protect it. The policies of many conservation agencies are still prioritizing the preservation of a single large habitat area (SL) versus several small areas of the same size (SS), despite empirical support favouring SS. However, to date, while many studies have explored this issue using model communities, the results are mixed. In competitive community models, fragmentation has a negative effect at low habitat amounts, whereas neutral community models suggest positive effects. This work aims to explore spatial multispecies models to verify the SS > SL pattern and determine its causes. We used three types of models: a classical neutral, neutral with habitat selection and a competitive hierarchical model. All models have three parameters, namely extinction, reproduction and dispersal distance. In the classical neutral model, species are equivalent and have the same parameters; when there is a reproduction event, they send the propagule to a surrounding patch blindly, and if the patch is already occupied, the propagule dies. In the neutral with habitat selection model, the propagules select an empty patch, so their survival is ensured. In the hierarchical model, species have competitive dominance and more dominant ones can replace the less dominant with a replacement rate parameter. We use 100 species and start simulating the colonization of an empty area; then, we destroy a fixed amount of habitat using different regular patch sizes. The results for all models are almost always that SS retains more species than SL. The extinction of species in patches depends on the quotient between reproduction and extinction rates in relation to patch size. The only case when SL > SS is when dispersal is insufficient to connect patches, and patch size is smaller than the minimum to prevent extinction. If patch size is above the critical size to maintain local populations, the SS > SL pattern is due to the sampling effect of aggregated species distribution combined with the reduction of dispersal ability of species. High‐dispersal rates produce the homogenization of species distribution and a reduction of species richness and this is why habitat fragmentation by habitat loss retains more species when patches are smaller. The model predicts that if a set of species have more dispersal capabilities, the SS effect would be lower than for species with less dispersal. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

High CO2 dampens then amplifies N-induced diversity loss over 24 years.

Rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N) deposition affect plant communities in numerous ways1-11. Nitrogen deposition causes local biodiversity loss globally12-14, but whether, and if so how, rising CO2 concentrations amplify or dampen those losses remains unclear and is almost entirely unstudied. We addressed this knowledge gap with an open-air experiment in which 108 grassland plots were grown for 24 years under different CO2 and N regimes. We initially found that adding N reduced plant species richness less at elevated than at ambient CO2. Over time, however, this interaction reversed, and elevated CO2 amplified losses in diversity from enriched N, tripling reductions in species richness from N addition over the last eight years of the study. These interactions resulted from temporal changes in the drivers of diversity, especially light availability, that were in turn driven by CO2 and N inputs and associated changes in plant biomass. This mechanism is likely to be similar in many grasslands, because additions of the plant resources CO2 and N are likely to increase the abundance of the dominant species. If rising CO2 generally exacerbates the widespread negative impacts of N deposition on plant diversity, this bodes poorly for the conservation of grassland biodiversity worldwide.

Impact of mangrove defoliation by Hyblaea puera on diversity of associated crustaceans in the Dharamtar Estuary, Maharashtra, India

Mangrove defoliation, caused by teak defoliator moth (Hyblaea puera), has been reported in India and other countries. However, research on its impact on the associated fauna remains limited. We observed extensive mangrove defoliation from August to October 2019 in the Dharamtar Estuary, Maharashtra, India. Consequently, a study was conducted to assess the impact of this defoliation on the diversity of crustaceans within the mangroves and the surrounding estuarine waters. A total of 27 crustacean species were recorded in the mangrove region exhibiting reduced species richness and abundance during the mangrove defoliation period. Whereas, a total of 32 species of crustaceans were recorded from the estuarine region, where both species richness and abundance were higher during the defoliation period. These findings indicate that the crustaceans on the mangrove floor and in the estuarine waters responded differently to the changing environmental conditions caused by defoliation. Keywords: Crustaceans, Diversity, Estuary, Mangrove defoliation, Moth infestation

Climbing route development affects cliff vascular plants more than subsequent climbing: A guide to evidence‐based conservation management to regulate climbing

Abstract Cliff ecosystems provide refuge to 35%–66% of the world's endemic plants. However, they face growing threats from sport climbing. Evidence suggests that unclimbed cliffs harbour approximately twice the plant richness compared with climbed cliffs, with increasing impact as climbing intensity increases. Unfortunately, it remains unknown whether the climbing impact on cliff vegetation originates from the development (opening) of climbing routes or from temporal changes resulting from subsequent climbing. We recorded cliff vascular plants and lichens at the protected natural area of El Potrero Chico (Mexico) before and after the development of new climbing routes. Subsequently, we re‐recorded the routes at sequential timepoints after 10, 20, and 30 ascents. Additionally, we examined whether the abundance of cliff vegetation influences the extent of climbing impact and whether the surroundings of the routes were also affected. We found that the opening of climbing routes exerted the strongest negative effects on cliff plants, reducing species richness by 38%, while subsequent ascents generated a minimal impact. Worryingly, route opening affected not only species richness in the route itself but also the surroundings of the routes. After 30 ascents, cliff plant abundance decreased by 60.6% within the bolted routes, whereas it decreased by 42.3% in the surroundings. However, this impact depended on the original cliff vegetation abundance. Lichen cover showed a gradual decrease, indicating that cliff‐dwelling lichens are affected not only by the opening of the route but also by subsequent ascents. Synthesis and applications: Given the almost non‐existent regulation of outdoor climbing activities in most countries, we urge the implementation of a conservation management protocol that defines clear strategies to regulate climbing activities and preserve pristine cliffs. On yet unclimbed cliffs with narrow endemic, rare, or threatened species, we propose banning the establishment of new climbing areas. On climbed cliffs lacking protected species, dynamic management actions should be implemented, such as setting a maximum number of routes that can be established and defining limits of acceptable change as climbing intensity increases. The proposed conservation management should help to halt the loss of unique cliff biodiversity and safeguard pristine cliff ecosystems.

Delayed Shift in Microbiota Composition in a Marine Microcosm Pollution Experiment

Benthic habitats are the largest habitats on Earth, being essential for marine ecosystem functioning. Benthic habitats are particularly vulnerable towards pollution and anthropogenetic influence due to general oligotrophic nature. We, therefore, simulated pollution events involving nitrate and sulphate, in combination with organic carbon. We then observed the microbiota composition the following month. Surprisingly, upon nitrate addition, an abrupt response was observed between two and three weeks after the pollution event. We observed a threefold reduction in species richness, with a dominance of the genus Pseudarchobacter within the Campylobacteriota phylum, concurring with a decrease in nitrification potential and an increase in Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium (DNRA) and a regain in denitrification. Likewise, addition of sulphate contributed to a delayed response with reduction in species richness albeit weaker than for nitrate, leading to a shift towards potential spore-forming Firmicutes. There was also an increase in DNRA, but only for the oxic conditions, concurring with a regain in sulphate reductio and denitrification. For the nitrate addition experiments, the delay in response could potentially be attributed to the genus Pseudarchobacter which rely on sulphides for denitrification, while for the sulphate addition experiments, the delayed response might be explained by the germination of spores. The late increase of DNRA may indicate a shift towards a different metabolic regime for nitrogen. In conclusion, our microcosm experiments revealed delayed abrupt microbiota shifts resembling tipping points that can potentially be overlooked in natural ecosystems.

Plant diversity decreases greenhouse gas emissions by increasing soil and plant carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems.

The decline in global plant diversity has raised concerns about its implications for carbon fixation and global greenhouse gas emissions (GGE), including carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of 2103 paired observations, examining GGE, soil organic carbon (SOC) and plant carbon in plant mixtures and monocultures. Our findings indicate that plant mixtures decrease soil N2O emissions by 21.4% compared to monocultures. No significant differences occurred between mixtures and monocultures for soil CO2 emissions, CH4 emissions or CH4 uptake. Plant mixtures exhibit higher SOC and plant carbon storage than monocultures. After 10 years of vegetation development, a 40% reduction in species richness decreases SOC content and plant carbon storage by 12.3% and 58.7% respectively. These findings offer insights into the intricate connections between plant diversity, soil and plant carbon storage and GGE-a critical but previously unexamined aspect of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning.

Water addition but not reduction alters plant biomass-diversity relationship.

The relationship between plant aboveground biomass and diversity typically follows a unimodal pattern, showing a positive correlation in resource-poor habitats and a negative correlation in resource-rich environments. Precipitation is a crucial resource for both plant biomass and diversity in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the impact of precipitation changes on the relationship between plant biomass and diversity remains unclear. We conduct a water addition field experiment in a semiarid grassland and identify a unimodal relationship between plant biomass and species richness under ambient conditions. Water addition delays the declining phase of this unimodal curve and shift it upward compared to ambient conditions. Our meta-analysis of water addition experiments conducted across major biomes worldwide (grassland, shrubland, desert, and forest) supports this finding, while water reduction does not alter the biomass-diversity relationship. Water addition increases biomass in all climate but only increases species richness in arid and semiarid climate. Similarly, water reduction decreases biomass in all climate but only reduces species richness in arid and semiarid climate. Species richness in dry subhumid and humid climate does not change significantly. Furthermore, our field experiment shows that water addition increases plant diversity while decreasing soil inorganic nitrogen levels. The increase in one resource, such as water, leads to the scarcity of another, such as nutrient, thus postponing the declining phase of the plant biomass-diversity relationship typically observed in resource-rich habitats. Our research contributes to predicting the plant biomass-diversity relationship under changing precipitation conditions and highlights the complex interplay between water availability, nutrient level, and plant diversity.

Characterization the microbial diversity and functional genes in the multi-component contaminated groundwater in a petrochemical site.

Microorganisms in groundwater at petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC)-contaminated sites are crucial for PHC natural attenuation. Studies mainly focused on the microbial communities and functions in groundwater contaminated by PHC only. However, due to diverse raw and auxiliary materials and the complex production processes, in some petrochemical sites, groundwater suffered multi-component contamination, but the microbial structure remains unclear. To solve the problem, in the study, a petrochemical enterprise site, where the groundwater suffered multi-component pollution by PHC and sulfates, was selected. Using hydrochemistry, 16S rRNA gene, and metagenomic sequencing analyses, the relationships among electron acceptors, microbial diversity, functional genes, and their interactions were investigated. Results showed that different production processes led to different microbial structures. Overall, pollution reduced species richness but increased the abundance of specific species. The multi-component contamination multiplied a considerable number of hydrocarbon-degrading and sulfate-reducing microorganisms, and the introduced sulfates might have promoted the biodegradation of PHC. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The compound pollution of the site changed the microbial community structure. Sulfate can promote the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms. The combined contamination of petroleum hydrocarbons and sulfates will decrease the species richness but increase the abundance of endemic species.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum AR113 alleviates microbiota dysbiosis of tongue coating and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. However, information on stroke-related tongue coating microbiome (TCM) is limited, and whether TCM modulation could benefit for stroke prevention and rehabilitation is unknown. Here, TCM from stroke patients (SP) was characterized using molecular techniques. The occurrence of stroke resulted in TCM dysbiosis with significantly reduced species richness and diversity. The abundance of Prevotella, Leptotrichia, Actinomyces, Alloprevotella, Haemophilus, and TM7_[G-1] were greatly reduced, but common infection Streptococcus and Pseudomonas were remarkably increased. Furthermore, an antioxidative probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum AR113 was used for TCM intervention in stroke rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). AR113 partly restored I/R induced change of TCM and gut microbiota with significantly improved neurological deficit, relieved histopathologic change, increased activities of antioxidant enzymes, and decreased contents of oxidative stress biomarkers. Moreover, the gene expression of antioxidant-related proteins and apoptosis-related factors heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1), and Bcl-2 was significantly increased, but cytochrome C, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax were markedly decreased in the brain by AR113 treatment. The results suggested that AR113 could ameliorate cerebral I/R injury through antioxidation and anti-apoptosis pathways, and AR113 intervention of TCM may have the application potential for stroke prevention and control.

Predicting trajectories of temperate forest understorey vegetation responses to global change

Predicting forest understorey community responses to global change and forest management is vital given the importance of the understorey for biodiversity conservation and forest functioning. Though substantial effort has gone into disentangling the impact of global change on understorey communities, scarcity of information on site-specific environmental drivers across large temporal-spatial scales has limited our ability to predict global change effects at specific forest sites. In this study, using vegetation resurvey and soil data from 1363 plots across temperate Europe, we applied a machine learning approach (gradient boosting regression, GBR) to model and predict site-specific responses of four understorey properties to global change. We applied our final GBR models at 8 forest sites in Austria to validate the model performance, predict understorey trajectories, and evaluate the effect of alternative scenarios for future nitrogen(N) deposition, climate change and forest management on the projected trajectories. Our results showed that the R² value of the four final GBR models on the independent testing dataset ranged between 0.611 and 0.723 and the most important environmental drivers in predicting the trajectory of understorey properties at specific forest sites were soil pH, soil total carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, overstorey shade-casting ability and regional-scale mean annual precipitation. The out-of-sample R2 value of the four final GBR models on the Austrian data ranged between 0.224 and 0.561. The forecasted trajectories for the Austrian forest sites showed that site-specific understorey responses to near-future climate warming were expected to be weak. Under N deposition decreases, the proportion of woody species was predicted to increase, while species richness and total vegetation cover were predicted to decrease. Furthermore, under a closed canopy, the understorey community was predicted to shift towards more woody species and more forest specialists, albeit with reduced species richness and vegetation cover. Given expected warming and declining N pollution pressures, our presented GBR models allow the prediction of trajectories of understorey vegetation responses to global change and management interventions at specific forest sites. Such projections could aid forest management in addressing challenges posed by global change.

Differences in desiccation tolerance of two Australian freshwater mussel species with different life history characteristics is temperature dependent

Mass die-offs, reduced species richness and local extinctions of freshwater mussels have resulted from river drying events, which often co-occur with high ambient temperatures. These events are predicted to increase in frequency and severity under the influence of climate change. We aimed to identify the desiccation tolerance of two freshwater mussel species (the river mussel Alathyria jacksoni and the floodplain mussel Velesunio ambiguus) across a range of temperatures by simulating river drying events in laboratory conditions. Freshwater mussels were buried in sediment heated to 29, 32, 35, 38 and 41°C. Lethal times and lethal temperatures at which 50% mortality occurred were used to infer species-specific tolerances. The lethal time for 50% of mussels to reach mortality at 29°C was shorter for A. jacksoni (14 days) than V. ambiguus (58 days) but did not differ markedly at higher temperatures. Lethal temperatures were also similar between species over short durations (e.g. 39–40°C at 1 day). Our results suggest that the difference in desiccation tolerance between species diminishes toward their upper thermal limit. Management interventions aimed at reducing sediment temperatures, such as providing shade via riparian vegetation and wetting from environmental flows, could help alleviate the impact of drying events and climate change on both freshwater mussel species.

Competition between alien and native species in xerothermic steno-Mediterranean grasslands: Cenchrus setaceus and Hyparrhenia hirta in Sicily and southern Italy

AbstractPerennial dry grassland communities, vital for plant biodiversity conservation in the Mediterranean, often harbor rare and endangered species. However, these habitats face threats, including the invasion of alien species. Cenchrus setaceus, a highly invasive grass, is spreading in the Mediterranean region. Historical records and observations document its establishment and invasiveness across various Italian regions. This study investigates the impact of C. setaceus on native grasslands dominated by Hyparrhenia hirta. We assessed the impact of C. setaceus invasion on plant biodiversity in Sicily and southern Italy, and we identified and characterized plant species’ composition using Ellenberg indicator values. The intention to analyze species richness, diversity, and ecological indicators is also emphasized. Starting from the use of the phytosociological method, multivariate analysis and Ellenberg indicator values to assess the impact of C. setaceus on grasslands composition were considered. There are several similarities and differences in diversity, floristic composition, and ecological traits between the two grassland types. A deep comparison with central European studies and evaluation of the impact of C. setaceus on species richness and community dynamics in Mediterranean habitats were concluded. Although C. setaceus is invading native grasslands, it does not drastically reduce species richness. The ecological implications of the invasion are explored, urging ongoing monitoring and collaborative efforts for effective conservation. The importance of interdisciplinary cooperation is highlighted to address the threat of invasive species and sustain the biodiversity of Mediterranean grasslands.

Fire as a Factor in the Dynamics of Meadow Vegetation: A Model Experiment in Western Siberia

The state of meadow vegetation in areas with different ages of experimental spring burnout (from 1 to 12 years ago) was studied in the Tomsk region for 3 years. On experimental plots of 1 m2 and 100 m2 (small- and middle-scale levels, respectively), the dynamics of species richness, total projective cover of vegetation, and aboveground phytomass reserves were characterized, and the structure of communities was analyzed. It was revealed that a single fire in the spring significantly reduces species richness for small-scale plots and increases the total projective cover for middle-scale plots. Structural differences from control plots can be traced from 1 to 4 years for different characteristics. The effects of fire are more prominent for small-scale plots. To suppress tree growth and maintain the existence of meadows, grass fires seem to be a less effective practice than mowing. At the same time, the results obtained potentially allow us to consider prescribed burning as a tool for maintaining the stability of meadow plant communities in the south of Western Siberia, preventing them from becoming overgrown with tree undergrowth, in cases with a controlled frequency of burning and the use of appropriate fire safety measures.

The effect of livestock grazing on plant diversity and productivity of mountainous grasslands in South America - A meta-analysis.

Mountainous grasslands in South America, characterized by their high diversity, provide a wide range of contributions to people, including water regulation, soil erosion prevention, livestock feed provision, and preservation of cultural heritage. Prior research has highlighted the significant role of grazing in shaping the diversity and productivity of grassland ecosystems, especially in highly productive, eutrophic systems. In such environments, grazing has been demonstrated to restore grassland plant diversity by reducing primary productivity. However, it remains unclear whether these findings are applicable to South American mountainous grasslands, where plants are adapted to different environmental conditions. To address this uncertainty, we conducted a meta-analysis of experiments excluding livestock grazing to assess its impact on plant diversity and productivity across mountainous grasslands in South America. In alignment with studies in temperate grasslands, our findings indicated that herbivore exclusion resulted in increased aboveground biomass but reduced species richness and Shannon diversity. The effects of grazing exclusion became more pronounced with longer durations of exclusion; nevertheless, they remained resilient to various climatic conditions, including mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature, as well as the evolutionary history of grazing. In contrast to results observed in temperate grasslands, the reduction in species richness due to herbivore exclusion was not associated with increased aboveground biomass. This suggests that the processes governing (sub)tropical grassland plant diversity may differ from those in temperate grasslands. Consequently, further research is necessary to better understand the specific factors influencing plant diversity and productivity in South American montane grasslands and to elucidate the ecological implications of herbivore exclusion in these unique ecosystems.

Exploring the Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in Individuals with Alopecia Areata Disease.

In recent years, heightened attention has been devoted to unravelling the intricate interplay between genetic and environmental factors shaping the gut microbiota and its significance for human health. This study delves into exploring the plausible connection between Alopecia Areata (AA), an autoimmune disease, and the dynamics of the gut microbiome. Examining a cohort of healthy adults and individuals with AA, both the gut microbiota composition and volatile organic compound (VOC) metabolites from faeces and urine were analysed. While overall microbiota composition showed no significant differences, intra-individual variability revealed distinctions related to age, gender, and pathology status, with AA individuals exhibiting reduced species richness and evenness. Differential abundance analysis identified microbial biomarkers for AA, notably Firmicutes, Lachnospirales, and Blautia, while Coprococcus stood out for healthy individuals. The Data Integration Analysis for Biomarker discovery using Latent Components (DIABLO) method further supported these findings including metabolite biomarkers, such as esters of branched chain fatty acids and branched chain amino acids as predictors for AA, suggesting potential links to oxidative stress. Despite certain limitations, the study highlights the complexity of the gut microbiome and its metabolites in the context of AA, while the biomarkers identified could be useful starting points for upcoming studies.

Experimental warming promotes phytoplankton species sorting towards cyanobacterial blooms and leads to potential changes in ecosystem functioning

A positive feedback loop where climate warming enhances eutrophication and its manifestations (e.g., cyanobacterial blooms) has been recently highlighted, but its consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are not fully understood. We conducted a highly replicated indoor experiment with a species-rich subtropical freshwater phytoplankton community. The experiment tested the effects of three constant temperature scenarios (17, 20, and 23 °C) under high-nutrient supply conditions on community composition and proxies of ecosystem functioning, namely resource use efficiency (RUE) and CO2 fluxes. After 32 days, warming reduced species richness and promoted different community trajectories leading to a dominance by green algae in the intermediate temperature and by cyanobacteria in the highest temperature treatments. Warming promoted primary production, with a 10-fold increase in the mean biomass of green algae and cyanobacteria. The maximum RUE occurred under the warmest treatment. All treatments showed net CO2 influx, but the magnitude of influx decreased with warming. We experimentally demonstrated direct effects of warming on phytoplankton species sorting, with negative effects on diversity and direct positive effects on cyanobacteria, which could lead to potential changes in ecosystem functioning. Our results suggest potential positive feedback between the phytoplankton blooms and warming, via lower net CO2 sequestration in cyanobacteria-dominated, warmer systems, and add empirical evidence to the need for decreasing the likelihood of cyanobacterial dominance.

Plant stoichiometric hierarchical responses to nutrient enrichment can enhance understanding regarding the process of biodiversity loss

In this study, our objective was to determine whether plant stoichiometry following nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) enrichments can enhance understanding regarding biodiversity loss processes. Thus, we conducted a field experiment involving N, P, and N + P enrichments in a sub-alpine meadow on the northeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau within the 2009–2014 period. Plant stoichiometric patterns were investigated using six exemplar species, four functional group levels, as well as the community level. The hierarchical responses of species richness, dominance, plant height, and plant ecological stoichiometry to nutrient addition were investigated. Further, step-wise regression analysis was performed and a structural equation model (SEM) was constructed to assess the linkages between ecological performances and plant stoichiometric characteristics. The model was also used to quantify the contributions of stoichiometric characteristics as drivers of changes in species richness. Our results indicated that N-only and N + P enrichments significantly reduced species richness at community-level, while enhancing grass richness and dominance. Furthermore, only the responses of the N:P ratio, P-related stoichiometry (P concentration, C:P ratios, and N:P ratio), and plant C:N:P stoichiometry to N, P, and N + P fertilizations, at community level could be mirrored at functional group and species levels. Additionally, the responses of the plant N contents and C:N ratios of different species and functional groups showed 28% similarity following nutrient addition. However, at functional group level, only 10% of these responses were similar to those observed at community level, and only in grasses and at community level did the stoichiometric responses show any convergence. We also observed that the major factors affecting ecological performance at different levels included plant N contents and C:N ratios. The species dominance of Elymus nutans (E.n) and the functional group dominance of grasses increased with increasing plant N concentration, and in terms of species richness, species, functional group, and community level stoichiometric traits could fully explain 43% of the observed species richness trend. Further, the effect of the community C:N ratio on species richness was significantly positive. Those results indicated stoichiometric responses to N and P fertilization did not entirely show scale-independence. Moreover, in a N-limited community, plant differences with respect to nitrogen content flexibility and nitrogen use efficiency can serve as key drivers in explaining ecological performance. Community C:N ratios showed suitability for used in the prediction of species richness trends, and to clarify changes in biodiversity, it is necessary to investigate stoichiometric traits at functional group level.

Declining but not (yet) threatened: a challenge for avian conservation in Australia

ABSTRACT Threatened species receive much attention in conservation science and practice. Species currently declining, but not yet listed as threatened, also deserve consideration to reduce their risk of sliding towards extinction and to maintain their functional roles in ecosystems. Information on declining bird species in Australia is available from four main sources: national databases, syntheses of historical change, regional monitoring programmes and summaries for guilds of species. Many species show evidence of decline; declines of species are occurring nation-wide, and they are ongoing. Trends for individual species vary geographically; they may be declining in part of their range but stable elsewhere. Common trajectories of population decline include: (a) a downward linear trend; (b) a marked downturn, sustained at a lower level; and (c) fluctuations through time associated with episodic events (e.g. drought) and incomplete recovery. Ongoing declines affect ecosystems through reduced species richness, homogenisation of bird communities, changes to interspecific interactions and ecosystem services, and contributing to extinction debt. Improving the conservation outlook for declining species requires systematic monitoring to know where, when and how much decline is occurring, together with protection of critical habitats and source populations, ambitious programmes of restoration, and identification and effective control of threats. Responding to declining species offers opportunities for community engagement, monitoring and action at a local and regional level. New ways are needed to incorporate such species in conservation planning and environmental regulation at a regional scale, to give them greater visibility and avoid local declines accumulating until taxa become nationally threatened.

Exploring gut-lung axis crosstalk in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Insights from a hACE2 mouse model.

Based on the forefront of clinical research, there is a growing recognition that the gut microbiota, which plays a pivotal role in shaping both the innate and adaptive immune systems, may significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although an association between altered gut microbiota and COVID-19 pathogenesis has been established, the causative mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Additionally, the validation of the precise functional alterations within the gut microbiota relevant to COVID-19 pathogenesis has been limited by a scarcity of suitable animal experimental models. In the present investigation, we employed a newly developed humanized ACE2 knock-in (hACE2-KI) mouse model, capable of recapitulating critical aspects of pulmonary and intestinal infection, to explore the modifications in the gut microbiota following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Examination of fecal samples using 16S rRNA gene profiling unveiled a notable reduction in species richness and conspicuous alterations in microbiota composition at 6 days postinfection (dpi). These alterations were primarily characterized by a decline in beneficial bacterial species and an escalation in certain opportunistic pathogens. Moreover, our analysis entailed a correlation study between the gut microbiota and plasma cytokine concentrations, revealing the potential involvement of the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae genera in attenuating hyperinflammatory responses triggered by the infection. Furthermore, integration of gut microbiota data with RNA-seq analysis results suggested that the increased presence of Staphylococcus in fecal samples may signify the potential for bacterial coinfection in lung tissues via gut translocation. In summary, our hACE2-KI mouse model effectively recapitulated the observed alterations in the gut microbiota during SARS-CoV-2 infection. This model presents a valuable tool for elucidating gut microbiota-targeted strategies aimed at mitigating COVID-19.

The human touch: a meta-analysis of anthropogenic effects on plant-pollinator interaction networks.

Anthropogenic activities significantly impact natural ecosystems, leading to alterations in plant and pollinator diversity and abundance. These changes often result in shifts within interacting communities, potentially reshaping the structure of plant-pollinator interaction networks. Given the escalating human footprint on habitats, evaluating the response of these networks to anthropization is critical for devising effective conservation and management strategies. We conducted a comprehensive review of the plant-pollinator network literature to assess the impact of anthropization on network structure. We assessed network metrics such as nestedness measure based on overlap and decreasing fills (NODF), network specialization (H2'), connectance (C), and modularity (Q) to understand structural changes. Employing a meta-analytical approach, we examined how anthropization activities, such as deforestation, urbanization, habitat fragmentation, agriculture, intentional fires and livestock farming, affect both plant and pollinator richness. We generated a dataset for various metrics of network structure and 36 effect sizes for the meta-analysis, from 38 articles published between 2010 and 2023. Studies assessing the impact of agriculture and fragmentation were well-represented, comprising 68.4% of all studies, with networks involving interacting insects being the most studied taxa. Agriculture and fragmentation reduce nestedness and increase specialization in plant-pollinator networks, while modularity and connectance are mostly not affected. Although our meta-analysis suggests that anthropization decreases richness for both plants and pollinators, there was substantial heterogeneity in this regard among the evaluated studies. The meta-regression analyses helped us determine that the habitat fragment size where the studies were conducted was the primary variable contributing to such heterogeneity. The analysis of human impacts on plant-pollinator networks showed varied effects worldwide. Responses differed among network metrics, signaling nuanced impacts on structure. Activities like agriculture and fragmentation significantly changed ecosystems, reducing species richness in both pollinators and plants, highlighting network vulnerability. Regional differences stressed the need for tailored conservation. Despite insights, more research is crucial for a complete understanding of these ecological relationships.