Reduction In Serum Triglyceride Concentration Research Articles

Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on growth, meat quality, selenium concentration and biochemical traits serum of pigs

Natural substances of plant origin play an important role in the protection of animal health and the improvement of the quality and health safety of food products of animal origin. The research was carried out to determine the effect oregano essential oil, as a feed additive on the production effects, quality and chemical composition of meat, as well as on the level of selenium in pig tissues and selected serum biochemical indicators. The study did not show a significant effect of the preparation containing oregano oil used in the feeding of fattening pigs on the body weight of fattening pigs, their growth rate, as well as feed intake and utilization. Chemical analysis showed that pigs receiving the addition of oregano oil achieved significantly higher (p0.05) content of dry matter and protein in the Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle. The LD muscle colour assessment showed that supplementation of the pig diet during the fattening period with oregano oil had a significant effect on the yellow colour component of meat (higher b* values; p0.05). Supplementation with oregano oil contributed to a significant reduction in serum triglyceride concentration (p0.05). The results of this study suggest that supplementation of the pigs' diet with oregano oil contributes to the increase in the yellowness of meat and the content of dry matter and protein as well as to the decrease in the concentration of triglycerides in the serum.

Efficacy of a micronized, nanocrystal fenofibrate formulation in treatment of hyperlipidemia in dogs.

BackgroundSafe, effective, and readily available drug therapies are required for the management of hyperlipidemia and its associated complications in dogs.ObjectivesTo investigate the efficacy of a micronized, nanocrystal formulation of fenofibrate (Tricor) in the treatment of hyperlipidemia in dogs.AnimalsTen client‐owned dogs with primary (n = 7) and secondary (n = 3) hyperlipidemia. All dogs had hypertriglyceridemia at baseline; 3 dogs also had hypercholesterolemia.MethodsProspective dose‐escalation study. Dogs were treated with fenofibrate orally once daily in up to 3 cycles of 21 days each. Fenofibrate dose was increased at the end of each cycle if hypertriglyceridemia persisted and adverse effects were not documented. Complete blood count, biochemistry, and urine protein:creatinine ratio were collected serially. Baseline (T0) parameters were compared to time of maximal reduction in serum triglyceride concentrations (T1) and reported as median (range).ResultsTriglycerides normalized in all dogs (T0 = 662 mg/dL [189‐2391]; T1 = 113 mg/dL [81‐132]; P = .002). Fenofibrate dose at T1 = 6.4 mg/kg PO q24h (range, 2.2‐13.5). T1 was achieved at 3 (n = 4), 6 (n = 4), and 9 (n = 2) weeks. Serum cholesterol concentrations decreased in 9 of 10 dogs. Quiet demeanor and firm stools in 1 dog were the only reported adverse reactions. Fenofibrate administration resulted in a significant reduction in median alkaline phosphatase activity (P = .049).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceOver 21 to 63 days, TriCor was effective in the management of primary and secondary hyperlipidemia in dogs.

A Four Month Randomized Controlled Trial on the Efficacy of Once-daily Fenofibrate Monotherapy in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury

An open-label, randomized clinical trial of once-daily fenofibrate monotherapy administered for 2- (Mo2) and 4- (Mo4) months using modified intervention thresholds for triglyceride (TG) was performed in persons with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Fenofibrate (145 mg tablet) was self-administered daily in 10 persons with SCI for 4 months with monthly blood testing to quantify the lipoprotein profile (e.g., serum TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C concentrations). Eight SCI participants were control subjects. In comparison to the control group, the treatment group at Mo2 had a 40% (±12%; p < 0.05) reduction in serum TG concentration, a 28% (±21%; p < 0.05) increase in HDL-C and 14% (±20%; p < 0.05) decline in LDL-C. In the same comparison at Mo4, the treatment group maintained a 40% (±20%; p < 0.05) reduction in serum TG concentration, had an 18% in reduction in LDL-C (±12%; p < 0.05) and a 23% (±23%; p < 0.05) increase in HDL-C. Fenofibrate monotherapy for Mo2 and Mo4 initiated in persons with SCI resulted in a robust and favorable change in the serum lipoprotein profile and ratios, suggesting reduced risk for cardiovascular disease.

Hypertriglyceridaemia-Induced Acute Pancreatitis: Is Plasmapheresis Really Indicated? 3C00

A 47-year-old man presented with severe acute pancreatitis, thought to be hypertriglyceridaemia-induced. Serum triglyceride concentration fell from 42.4 mmol/L to 5.9 mmol/L by day three with fasting alone. Hypertriglyceridaemia precipitates a small but significant proportion of acute pancreatitis episodes, especially during pregnancy. Treatment strategies are discussed, with special focus on plasmapheresis. The reduction in serum triglyceride concentration achieved by plasmapheresis is similar to that achieved by fasting alone, or in conjunction with insulin or heparin therapy. It is possible that plasmapheresis may offer the patient more harm than benefit. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to either recommend or reject plasmapheresis in triglyceride-induced acute pancreatitis.

MODIFICATION OF SERUM AND TISSUE LIPIDS IN RATS FED WITH BLENDED AND INTERESTERIFIED OILS CONTAINING GROUNDNUT OIL WITH LINSEED OIL

Groundnut oil (GNO) was modified to contain equal proportions of omega-6/ omega-3 fatty acids by blending with linseed oil. Blended oil (BLE) was subjected to interesterification reaction using immobilized lipase to prepare transesterified oil (TRA).A structured lipid (STR) was also prepared by acidolysis reaction usingGNO and omega-3 fatty acid concentrates from linseed oil. These oils were then fed to rats for a period of 60 days.A reduction in low density lipoprotein cholesterol level by 26 and 23% and a reduction in serum triglyceride concentration by 18.9 and 17.6% were observed in rats given TRA and STR, respectively, as compared with rats fed with GNO. Rats fed with BLE and interesterified oils showed incorporation of a-linolenic acid and an increase in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in serum and liver lipids. These modified oils could be used for enriching Indian diets with omega-3 fatty acids. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS There is a realization that dietary fat should contain balanced amount of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. The oils used in Indian cooking generally contains high amount of omega-6 but not omega-3 fatty acids. The present investigation was undertaken to develop oil that can provide equal amounts of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids by the blending process. The fatty acids in blended oils were randomized through lipase catalyzed acidolysis and transesterification reaction. These modified oils significantly reduced the serum and liver lipids when fed to rats. The modified oils also showed altered physical properties. This study therefore showed that it is possible to restructure the edible oils through biotechnological approaches to get the desired fatty acid composition needed for better nutrition and required physical properties in oils.

Effect of fish oil supplementation on serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and LDL subfractions in hypertriglyceridemic adults

Background and aimsThe well-established triglyceride (TG) lowering effect of fish oil is accompanied by an increase in LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration. Less is known about the differential impact on LDL particle distribution – the smaller particles being associated with a greater risk for atherosclerosis. We aimed to examine the changes in serum concentrations of four subclasses of LDL particles as well as shifts in LDL phenotype patterns (A, B, AB) among hypertriglyceridemic adults. Methods and resultsThis was a secondary analysis from a double-blind, parallel design, placebo controlled trial with 42 adults that experienced significant TG lowering and modest increases in total LDL-C concentrations after 12 weeks of 4 g/d EPA + DHA. Reduction in serum TG concentrations (mean ± SEM) was −26 ± 4% (−0.81 ± 10.12 mmol/L), p < 0.0001. Total LDL-C concentration increased by 13 ± 3% (+0.31 ± 0.08 mmol/L), p < 0.0001. The 12-week changes in concentrations of LDL1, LDL2, LDL3 and LDL4 were +0.06 ± 0.02 mmol/L [+2.2 ± 0.7 mg/dL], +0.07 ± 0.03 mmol/L [+2.6 ± 1.0 mg/dL], +0.16 ± 0.05 mmol/L [+6.3 ± 1.8 mg/dL], and +0.04 ± 0.04 mmol/L [+1.4 ± 1.7 mg/dL], respectively (+20 ± 5%, +64 ± 13%, +26 ± 6%, and +17 ± 9%), p < 0.05 for all but LDL4. Changes in LDL phenotype patterns A, B and A/B were negligible and not statistically significant. ConclusionIn this population of hypertriglyceridemic adults, dietary supplementation with fish oil resulted in an increase in total LDL-C concentration which was distributed relatively evenly across the range of smaller and more atherogenic as well as larger and less atherogenic LDL particles.

Effect of turmeric powder on performance, carcass traits, humoral immune responses, and serum metabolites in broiler chickens

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with turmeric powder as a natural growth promoter on performance, carcass traits, humoral immune responses and serum biochemical parameters in male broiler chickens. A total of 300 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allocated to four treatments with five replicates. The dietary treatments consisted of the basal diet as control, 3.3, 6.6 and 10 g/kg turmeric powder added to the basal diet. The curcumin content of the turmeric powder was 1.16±0.03% by weight. Body weight gain and daily feed intake of chickens at different periods were not influenced by the dietary treatments. Broilers fed turmeric supplemented diets exhibited better feed efficiency over the grower and entire experimental periods in comparison with control group (P<0.05). A significant decrease (P<0.05) in abdominal fat pad and liver relative weight was observed in chickens fed the supplemented diets. Inclusion of turmeric powder also caused a marked (P<0.05) reduction in serum triglyceride concentration but no significant impact of turmeric powder was observed on antibody titer production against Newcastle and influenza viruses. The obtained results suggested that dietary inclusion of turmeric powder failed to induce any significant improvement on performance indexes except feed efficiency of broiler chickens. Nevertheless application of turmeric powder in the diet proved to have positive influence on carcass abdominal fat and serum triglyceride concentration at slaughter age.

Relationship between Insulin Resistance and Low Urinary pH in Patients with Gout, and Effects of PPARα Agonists on Urine pH

Patients with gout frequently have low urinary pH, though the underlying mechanism has not been identified. Recently, nephrolithiasis has been reported to be involved with renal manifestation of metabolic syndrome. The present study was conducted to clarify the mechanism of low urinary pH in gout patients. The relationships between urine pH and factors contributing to metabolic syndrome were investigated. In addition, the effects of PPAR alpha agonists on urine pH were examined. Patients with 24-hour urine samples below a level of pH 5.5 showed higher values for factors constituting metabolic syndrome, compared with those with 24-hour urine pH equal to or greater than 5.5. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that HOMA index was the only contributing factor to low urinary pH in gout patients, except for serum uric acid. Administrations of PPAR alpha agonists significantly raised 24-hour urine pH levels in gout patients in accordance with a reduction in serum triglyceride concentration, probably through their activities to improve insulin resistance. Our results suggest that insulin resistance plays an important role in the development of low urinary pH in patients with gout and that PPAR alpha agonist is preferable for raising urinary pH of the gout patients with hypertriglyceridemia.

Effect of Cerivastatin on Endothelial Dysfunction and Aortic CD36 Expression in Diabetic Hyperlipidemic Rats

A mutation of the CD36 gene that encodes a fatty acid transporter has been reported to play a role in insulin resistance in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Statins reduce circulating cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. The objective of this study was to determine the role of CD36 and the significance of statin therapy in insulin-resistance syndromes. We determined the isometric relaxation induced by acetylcholine or lecithinized superoxide dismutase (SOD) in aortas obtained from Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, a model of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, and normal control (Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka; LETO) rats with or without cerivastatin treatment. We also determined the effect of cerivastatin on aortic expression of CD36 and PPARgamma. The CD36 genotype and microsatellite markers on chromosome 4 were also determined. The relaxation induced by acetylcholine and lecithinized SOD were attenuated in OLETF rats but restored by a low dose of cerivastatin without significant changes in serum cholesterol. These relaxations were also restored by a high dose of cerivastatin with significant reductions in serum cholesterol and triglyceride. Cerivastatin increased the aortic expression of CD36 and PPARgamma mRNA in both LETO and OLETF rats. However, the basal level of CD36 mRNA and the increase in CD36 mRNA in response to cerivastatin were significantly lower in OLETF rats than in LETO rats. Although the abnormal CD36 genotype reported in SHR was not found in OLETF rats, the microsatellite markers of D4Rat151 and D4Rat115 differed between OLETF and LETO rats. In conclusion, insulin resistance in OLETF rats may be partially due to an altered expression of CD36. Increased aortic expression of CD36 in response to cerivastatin could explain the reduction in serum triglyceride concentrations with statin therapy and may have pronounced beneficial effects in insulin-resistance syndromes.

Lipid Responses in Mildly Hypertriglyceridemic Men and Women to Consumption of Docosahexaenoic Acid-Enriched Eggs

This randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial assessed lipid responses in mildly hyper-triglyceridemic men and women to consumption of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-enriched eggs or ordinary chicken eggs. The study included 153 subjects aged 21-80 years, with serum triglyceride concentrations between 140 and 450 mg/dL, inclusive, and serum total cholesterol concentrations < 300 mg/dL. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either DHA-enriched (147 mg DHA/egg) or ordinary eggs (20 mg DHA/egg), added to their usual diets for six weeks (10 eggs/week). Both treatments significantly lowered triglycerides and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels from baseline; however, these changes were not significantly different between treatments. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations increased significantly in subjects who consumed DHA-enriched eggs (p = 0.047 vs. control). This increase was significantly higher than that observed with ordinary eggs. However, there was no significant increase in cholesterol carried by small, dense LDL particles, as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Results of exploratory analyses suggest favorable effects of the DHA-enriched eggs over ordinary eggs on triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels in subjects with body mass index > or = 30 kg/m2; the DHA treatment produced a larger reduction in serum triglyceride concentration vs. ordinary eggs (-12.3 vs. 2.1%; p = 0.027), and there was a greater increase for HDL cholesterol in the DHA-enriched vs. ordinary egg group (5.0 vs. 1.1%; p = 0.040).

Fish Oil Feeding is Associated with an Increased Accumulation of Dietary Lipids in Enterocytes: Results from an in vivo Study in Rats

Background: Chronic fish oil consumption is associated with reduced postprandial lipaemia, but the mechanism behind this effect is not fully understood. We studied whether lipid absorption might be altered in rats fed fish oil. Methods: Male Wistar rats were fed fish oil enriched chow ( n r = r 6) or control oil enriched chow ( n r = r 6). After 4 weeks, 61 r mg 3 H-triolein was instilled into duodenal tied-off loops. Intestinal segments were removed after 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 r min. Enterocytes were then isolated by calcium chelation and quantified by DNA determination. Non-absorbed 3 H-lipid and 3 H-lipid contents of enterocytes were determined by liquid scintillation counting. Two other groups of rats (2 r × r 6) fed the experimental diets were given an oral fat load and fasting and postprandial blood samples were taken. Results: The accumulation of 3 H-lipids in enterocytes was higher in rats fed fish oil than in controls (area under the 3 H-lipid time curve: 1041.3 versus 670.3 r nmol oleic acid r × r min/ 7 g DNA, P r < r 0.05). Separation of lipids showed that an accumulation of triglycerides and free fatty acids occurred in rats fed fish oil. The amount of non-absorbed 3 H-lipid tended to be higher in the fish oil fed rats ( P r > r 0.1). It was confirmed that the fish oil enriched chow caused lower postprandial lipaemia (34% reduction in serum triglyceride concentrations, P r < r 0.05). Conclusion: Attenuated postprandial lipaemia following fish oil feeding is explained, at least partly, by a transient lipid accumulation in enterocytes which may result in a delayed triglyceride efflux from the enterocytes into the circulation.

Fish food, fish oil and cardiovascular disease.

During recent years there has been growing interest in the possibility that dietary fish confers some protection against ischaemic heart disease. In four prospective studies, people who ate moderate amounts of fish tend to have a lower mortality from heart disease than persons who ate little or no fish. A randomized controlled trial showed that mortality after myocardial infarction was less among men who were advised to increase their intake of fatty fish than in a control group. Studies of fish oil administered to volunteers suggest that it is the omega-3 fatty acids which are responsible. The effects of fish oil include a reduction in serum triglyceride concentration, a reduction in platelet activity, a reduction in blood pressure, and (in animals) prevention of arrhythmias. Some of these effects require doses much larger than those that would normally be supplied by dietary fish.

Effects of treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia with gemfibrozil on serum lipoproteins and the transfer of cholesteryl ester from high density lipoproteins to low density lipoproteins

Lipoprotein composition and cholesterol esterification, before and after treatment with gemfibrozil, have been examined in the fasting and postprandial state in nine patients with primary hypertriglyceridaemia who participated in a double-blind, placebo controlled study. After 8 weeks of treatment fasting serum triglycerides were reduced significantly from 6.05 mmol/l (range 2.48-10.99 mmol/1) to 1.76 mmol/l (range 1.16–11.90 mmol/1) ( P < 0.001). This was mainly due to a decrease in the triglyceride content of the Sf 12–20, 60–400 and Sf > 400 lipoprotein fractions ( P < 0.05). The Sf 0–12 fraction showed an increase in cholesteryl ester, free cholesterol, phospholipids and protein. Consistent with these findings there was a net increase in the mass concentration of the Sf 0–12 fraction ( P < 0.05) and a decrease in that of small very low density lipoproteins (Sf 20–60) ( P < 0.05). In the 8 patients in whom it was measured there was a 40% reduction in the rate at which cholesteryl esters derived from radiolabelled-free cholesterol appeared in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) measured in an in vitro system ( P < 0.02), but serum lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) activity was unchanged. At the end of each treatment phase (placebo or gemfibrozil) patients were given a mixed meal containing 100 g of fat. Treatment with gemfibrozil resulted in a reduction in serum triglyceride concentrations at all time points for at least 5 h after the meal ( P < 0.001). Treatment with gemfibrozil also resulted in a significant reduction in the postprandial triglyceride content of Sf 0–12 and Sf 60–400 lipoprotein subfractions and cholesteryl ester content of the Sf 20–60 subfraction. The transfer of newly esterified cholesterol from high-density lipoproteins (HDL) to VLDL and LDL measured in vitro was decreased by gemfibrozil throughout the postprandial period ( P < 0.05). Thus both in the fasting and postprandial states a decrease in the circulating serum triglyceride levels by gemfibrozil may decrease the rate of transfer of newly esterified cholesterol into VLDL and LDL.

Efficacy and safety of doxazosin in the treatment of patients with mild or moderate essential hypertension and elevated levels of cholesterol

In hypertensive patients, elevated serum cholesterol is a frequent and sinister additional coronary risk factor. Selective α 1-adrenoreceptor inhibitors appear to have the unique ability to control both risk factors. Forty-two patients, ages 42 to 65 years, including 21 men with sustained hypertension and elevated serum cholesterol levels, were included in a trial of monotherapy with doxazosin administered once daily (range, 1 to 16 mg). The influence of the drug on high blood pressure and elevated serum cholesterol was evaluated over a 28-week period, which consisted of a 4-week, single-blind placebo lead-in period, an open 10-week dose-adjustment period, and finally a 14-week maintenance period. Of the 39 efficacy-evaluable patients, 25 (64%) achieved adequate blood pressure control (diastolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg or a decrease in diastolic blood pressure > 10 mm Hg) at a mean daily dose of 2 mg of doxazosin. No persistent changes occurred in heart rate. In the 32 patients with evaluable lipid data, there were nonsignificant trends to an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and a reduction in total cholesterol, together with a significant reduction in serum triglyceride concentration. The combined changes in blood pressure and blood lipid levels resulted in a reduction of 36% in the calculated risk of coronary heart disease. Eleven patients reported side effects and four were withdrawn from therapy. These results confirm the antihypertensive and anticholesterolemic efficacy of once-daily treatment with doxazosin. The high response rate and relatively low incidence of side effects, together with the potential benefits of the reduction in coronary risk, confirm the clinical use of doxazosin in this specific subgroup of the hypertensive population.

Paradoxical elevation of LDL apoprotein B levels in hypertriglyceridaemic patients and normal subjects ingesting fish oil

Twenty-three hypertriglyceridaemic patients treated with 15 g/day of a fish oil concentrate (Maxepa) showed the expected reduction in serum triglyceride concentration but levels of LDL apoprotein B (apoB), measured by radial immunodiffusion, increased significantly. Increases in LDL apoB did not correlate with lipoprotein phenotype or changes in serum triglyceride. Studies in eight normal volunteers demonstrated that the effect of fish oil on LDL apoB was not restricted to hypertriglyceridaemic subjects. In view of the evidence that LDL apoB may be a risk factor for coronary heart disease these findings raise questions regarding the use of fish oil in the treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia.

An abnormal triglyceride-rich lipoprotein containing excess sialylated apolipoprotein C-III.

An abnormal triglyceride-rich lipoprotein has been isolated from some patients with chronic renal failure or severe hypertriglyceridemia. The abnormal lipoprotein was characterized by an increased content of apolipoprotein (apo) C-III-2 (57.5% of total apo C-III peptides compared with 35.5% for controls, P less than 0.001) as characterized by isoelectric focusing and scanning densitometry. As determined by a substrate competition assay, the abnormal lipoprotein was a less efficient substrate for purified bovine milk lipoprotein lipase than control lipoproteins. Neuraminidase digestion of abnormal or control lipoprotein resulted in a reduction of the apo C-III-2 band with a corresponding increase in the region of apo C-III-0, which suggests that the increased content of apo C-III-2 in the abnormal is due to excessive sialylation of the C-III peptide. Limited incubation of the abnormal lipoproteins with neuraminidase caused a partial loss of sialic acid and resulted in a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein with a normal C-III-2:C-III-1 ratio. This preparation displayed normal substrate interaction with lipoprotein lipase. Three severely hypertriglyceridemic patients with the abnormal lipoprotein showed a marked reduction in serum triglyceride concentration, which is associated with a reversion to a normal C-peptide profile after dietary therapy. The results suggest that the extent of sialylation of the apo C-III peptide carried on triglyceride-rich lipoproteins may be critical for their interaction with lipoprotein lipase.