Reduction In Phosphorus Content Research Articles

Mathematical modelling for sustainable extraction of oil from rice bran, safflower seeds and flaxseeds employing supercritical carbon dioxide at pilot scale: An insight to comprehensive physico-chemical analysis

This study reports the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil from rice bran, safflower seeds, and flaxseeds performed at varying conditions of pressure (250–450 bar), temperature (45 and 60 ⁰C) and supercritical carbon dioxide flow rate of 1 kg/min at pilot scale. The oils obtained were evaluated for yield, fatty acid composition and other physico-chemical properties. They were compared with the oil obtained using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and the conventional extraction method with n-hexane. The total mass yields obtained by both the methods were comparable. The highest experimental extraction yields were obtained at 450 bar 60 ⁰C for rice bran oil (16.2 %), safflower oil (27.8 %), and flaxseed oil (30.8 %), at 1 kg /min flow rate of supercritical carbon dioxide which was considered optimal at the studied conditions. It was observed that the extracted oils via supercritical carbon dioxide exhibited enormous reduction in phosphorus content of rice bran oil (3.5 ppm), safflower oil (1.2 ppm) and flaxseed oil (2.32 ppm) as compared to conventional extraction. Rice bran oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide retained most of the antioxidant contents, oryzanol as compared to Soxhlet extracted oil and contained significantly lower (1.3 %) amounts of wax. Further, extraction curves were evaluated by a mathematical model where broken and intact cells was applied to consider mass transfer kinetics of extracted oil.

Investigating the applicability of waste foam concrete for phosphorus recovery in real pig wastewater based on the effect of organic matter on the HAP crystallisation method

HAP crystallization use waste foam concrete as a calcium source, studied the impact of typical organic compounds in simulated pig wastewater on phosphorus recovery, and applied them to actual wastewater. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer(EDS) and SEM indicate: citric acid had a stronger inhibitory effect on crystallization compared to humic acid. Citric acid chelated Ca2+ ions, competing with crystallization ions and interfering with crystal nucleation. Humic acid hindered crystal growth through adsorption and ion exchange mechanisms. When citric acid and humic acid were added together, they competitively interacted, reducing the inhibition of phosphorus recovery. HAP crystallization alone reduced phosphorus content and turbidity in secondary pig wastewater, while combining 2 mL(5 g/L)PAM yielded favorable outcomes. Effluent phosphorus concentration was only 1.0 mg/L, with turbidity below 25. here was a noticeable reduction in Pseudomonas pathogenic bacteria from the Aspergillus phylum, along with a significant downward trend in the CL500_29_marine_group, which represents water body eutrophication. The combined method cost RMB 1.15 yuan/ton of water treated, a 26 % decrease compared to the original treatment plant. This method is suitable as an add-on unit for secondary pig wastewater treatment.

Laboratory-scale extraction of Hildegardia barteri (Mast.) Kosterm. seed oil with different solvents, purified with membrane filtration

Abstract The shortcomings encountered from the use of conventional methods of refining draw considerable attention when it comes to the processing of edible oils. The present invention to this effect is the usage of membrane technology, which stands out as a suitable alternative, as it offers significant advantages such as minimal chemical additions, low energy consumption, and the retention of nutrients and other desired components. This paper seeks to ascertain the quality of edible oil extracted by different solvents, refined via membrane filtration. Amounts of 25 mL of crude oil sample were extracted with three different solvents (n-hexane, ethanol, and n-hexane-ethanol blend) from seeds of Hildegardia barteri (Mast.) Kosterm. and were refined using a micro-filter of pore size of 0.45 µm and an ultrafiltration membrane with 50 kDa cut off before bleaching and deodorizing to obtain table oil. Proximate composition and elemental analyses were carried out on the table oil samples produced and compared with food-grade standards. Results obtained showed 0.133–0.53% moisture content, 0.04% ash, 98.90–99.67% ether extract, 0.23% carbohydrate, and elemental compositions of 51.60–55.00% C, 6.12–6.30% H, 6.21–6.28% O, 0.01–0.02% N, and 13.0–15.0% P for edible oil samples. The findings of this study indicate that edible oil produced from the seeds of H. barteri via membrane technology yields good-quality oil for commercial production, except for the need to enhance further reduction of phosphorus content.

Soil and foliar application of Zn enhances its biofortification, bioavailability and productivity in both biofortified and non-biofortified wheat varieties

In a two-year field study, the agronomic approaches to enhance zinc content and bioavailability in grains of both biofortified and non-biofortified wheat varieties were investigated. During both years of the study, the biofortified variety PBW 1 Zn demonstrated significantly higher grain yield (5.8 and 5.7 t ha–1), which were statistically comparable to the non-biofortified variety HD 2967 (5.7 and 5.5 t ha–1). Similarly, upon Zn fertilization, PBW 1 Zn exhibited a 25% higher Zn concentrations in grains (50 mg kg–1), along with a greater total Zn accumulation (504 g ha–1) and higher Zn mobilization efficiency index (ZnMEI) of 2.0. Additionally, the PBW 1 Zn demonstrated elevated grain nitrogen content (2.2%) and total nitrogen accumulation (189 kg ha–1). Conversely, it displayed a reduced phosphorus content (0.30%), phytic acid content (9 mg g–1), and PA/Zn molar ratio (18) in its grains. Among the Zn fertilization strategies, soil + foliar Zn resulted in higher grain and straw yields by 14% and 7%, respectively, followed by foliar application, and soil application. Further, soil + foliar application of Zn increased the Zn concentration in grain and straw by 47% and 37%, respectively, and grain N content by 19%. Simultaneously, this method decreased the phytic acid content and PA/Zn molar ratio by 20%, and 47%, respectively. Conclusively, the soil + foliar Zn application augmented the qualities of the genetically biofortified variety PBW 1 Zn, leading to higher yields, nutritional attributes, and bioavailability of Zn.

Nannochloris sp. Microalgae Strain for Treatment of Dairy Wastewaters.

This paper focuses on a process for dairy wastewater treatment by mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae Nannochloris sp., using cheese whey obtained as a side flow from cheese production as an organic carbon source. The microalgae samples were prepared by adding to the standard growth medium increasing amounts of cheese whey, calculated to ensure a lactose concentration between 0 and 10 g/L. The samples were incubated at a constant temperature of 28 °C and 175 rpm stirring speed for a total time of seven days. Two LED (Light Emitting Diode) illumination schemes were applied in order to assess the effect of this parameter on microalgae development and bioactive compound accumulation: continuous illumination (light stress) versus alternative cycles of 12 h light-12 h dark (day-night cycle). The growth medium was analyzed before and after microalgae cultivation in order to determine the reduction of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The results obtained for this process, after a seven-day cultivation period, were as follows: reduction of 99-100% of lactose from the growth medium, up to 96% reduction in chemical oxygen demand, up to 91% reduction in nitrogen content, and up to 70% reduction in phosphorus content.

Development of a highly efficient oil degumming process using a novel phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzyme from Bacillus thuringiensis PL14

The present work reports the heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of a novel phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C from Bacillus thuringiensis PL14 (PI-PLCBt) with potential for oil degumming. As degumming is a necessary refining step for all crude vegetable oils, enzymatic degumming tests were performed on crude soybean oil using rPI-PLCBt. Its efficiency was investigated by determining the phosphorus and diacylglycerol (DAG) contents after different types of treatment. Although the water and chemical degumming process can efficiently reduce the phosphorus content, a specific enzymatic process can still be selected giving its high degumming efficiency of 89.4%, with a noticeable reduction in phosphorus content to 13.7 mg kg−1, close to the values of the chemical approach, and a high increase in DAG. Accordingly, enzymatic degumming could be adopted as an alternative to traditional degumming making the process more efficient, eco-friendly and, at the same time, increasing the nutritional value of the final product.

Eco-friendly flame retardant and smoke suppression coating containing boron compounds and phytic acids for nylon/cotton blend fabrics

The flammability of nylon/cotton blend fabrics poses a great potential to cause fire hazard. A bio-based boron contained flame retardant (PBN) in this work was obtained, and then was applied in association with phytic acids to nylon/cotton blend fabrics using a facile dipping and nipping method. The flame retardancy of the fabric was improved significantly with reduced phosphorus content at the presence of PBN. The LOI of the PBN treated blend fabric was 30.1%, and the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) were decreased by 46.0% and 71.8% compared with that of control blend fabric in the cone calorimeter test. The analysis of the char residue proved the polyphosphoric acids in the flame retardant accelerated the formation of the char, while the ceramic boron structure remained in the char to stabilize the char layer. Moreover, it was suggested that the release of inert gases, such as NH3 and H2O diluted the combustible volatiles in the gas phase. This work proposes a possibility for the production of bio-based nylon/cotton blend fabrics with flame retardancy.

Effect of various thermal processing methods and pretreatment methods to reduce phosphorus content of chicken meat for CKD patients

PurposeThe management of dietary phosphorus in chronic kidney disease patients is an important issue. Phosphorus is often found with protein in foods. However, excessive protein restriction worsens the nutritional status of the patient; thus, phosphorus must be selectively restricted. This study aims to assess the effects of various pretreatments readily available in ordinary households on phosphorus loss in foodstuffs.Design/methodology/approachThis study evaluated the retention of phosphorus in cooked chicken meat (boiled, baked, steamed and microwaved). In addition, this study incorporated various pretreatments (pounding, stabbing, cutting and enzymatic treatment) to the method exhibiting the lowest phosphorus retention (boiling) and assessed the effects on phosphorus retention.FindingsBoiling (65%, vs baking, p < 0.001; vs steaming, p = 0.013; vs microwaving, p = 0.002) of the chicken meat resulted in the lowest phosphorus retention compared to the other cooking methods (baking [89%], steaming [73%] and microwaving [75%]). In addition, stabbing (58%, p = 0.009) or cutting (46%, p < 0.001) further reduced the retention of phosphorus in boiled chicken meat. The retention of phosphorus in enzyme-pretreated boiled chicken was reduced by approximately 10% compared to untreated chicken (p = 0.01). The cooking method that reduced phosphorus retention to the greatest extent was enzyme treatment prior to cutting and boiling.Originality/valueThis paper investigates the effects of common household cooking methods and combinations of methods on the phosphorus content of meat.

Commentary on the 2020 update of the KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in chronic kidney disease.

Commentary on the 2020 update of the KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in chronic kidney disease.

Evaluation of the Use of Organic Acids in the Reduction of Phosphorus Content in Iron Ore Particles

Evaluation of the Use of Organic Acids in the Reduction of Phosphorus Content in Iron Ore Particles

Evaluation of the Use of Organic Acids in the Reduction of Phosphorus Content in Iron Ore Particles

Evaluation of the Use of Organic Acids in the Reduction of Phosphorus Content in Iron Ore Particles

Phosphorus Removal and Phytonutrients Retention in the Refining of Solvent Extracted Palm-Pressed Mesocarp Fiber Oil.

Phosphoric acid is used in the refining of palm oil for the removal of phosphatides. The high concentration of phosphorus in solvent extracted palm-pressed mesocarp fiber oil hinders palm oil mills to recover this phytonutrients-rich residual oil in pressed fiber which typically contains 0.1 to 0.2% of total oil yield. This study aimed to refine the palm-pressed mesocarp fiber oil and determine the optimum dosage of phosphoric acid for acid-degumming of palm-pressed mesocarp fiber oil while retaining its phytonutrients. The refining process was carried out with combination of wet degumming, acid degumming, neutralisation, bleaching and deodorization. The optimum dose of phosphoric acid was identified as 0.05 wt.% by incorporating the wet degumming process. The refined palm-pressed mesocarp fiber oil showed a reduction in phosphorus content by 97% (from 901 ppm to 20 ppm) and 97% free fatty acid content removal (from 6.36% to 0.17%), while the Deterioration of Bleachability Index increased from 1.76 to 2.48, which showed an increment of 41%. The refined oil retained the key phytonutrients such as carotenoids (1,150 ppm) and vitamin E (1,540 ppm) that can be further developed into high-value products. The oil meets the quality specification of refined, bleached, and deodorized palm oil while preserving the heat-sensitive phytonutrients, which in turn provides a new resource of nutritious oil.

Evaluation of the diffusional coefficient in the acid baking process using microwave energy to reduce phosphorus content in iron ore particles

The reduction in phosphorus content using microwave energy as a heating source has recently received remarkable attention due to the possibility of high heating rates and fracture generation in the particles. Such advantages can lead to a potential increase in productivity in the process of reducing the phosphorus content of iron ore particles, thereby increasing the reuse of large volumes of sterile with a high phosphorus content. Thus, it is highly relevant to understand how the interaction between the phosphate structure and the reaction medium occurs. Thus, this paper deals with the study of a possible kinetic model aiming at the process of reducing the phosphorus content using microwave energy to heat iron ore particles in contact with concentrated sulfuric acid (acid baking).This model treats the microwave oven as a multiphase reactor and two phases are considered simultaneously: liquid and granular or fine solids (crude or comminuted iron ore). First, a basic case consists of the ore/sulfuric acid mixture, in a ratio of 2:1. After heating, the mixture is added to a specific volume of water and then the system is stirred at a speed of 620 rpm. After the leaching process, the liquid was filtered and taken for chemical analysis, which was performed using an ultraviolet spectrometer at a wavelength of 420 nm for phosphorus and 473 nm for iron. Through the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique, it was possible to observe the structure of the iron ore particles after their treatment with microwave energy and leaching. Kinetic models of diffusional and chemical control were used to understand the interaction phenomena of sulfuric acid inside the particles. The mixed control kinetic model was also evaluated, in which it was possible to evaluate different parameters regarding the interaction between mineral structure and sulfuric acid as leaching medium. The obtained results indicated that the developed process has relevant utility. The kinetic modeling results contribute to a better understanding of heating phenomena using microwave energy, and also to the development of new cleaner technologies to improve the efficiency of the acid baking/leaching process to reduce particulate phosphorus content in iron ores.

Preservation of minor components and deacidification of rice bran oil using strong anionic resin

Rice bran oil presents high levels of tocopherols/tocotrienols and gamma-oryzanol, which are recognized for their nutraceutical effects. However, these minor compounds can be sensitive to the traditional refining processes, which necessarily include a deacidification step. Therefore, alternative processes are required to preserve these nutraceuticals in the deacidified oil. This study aimed to investigate an alternative deacidification process based on strongly basic anion exchange resin. Aiming to evaluate the adsorption process efficiencies, breakthrough curves were obtained for systems containing Amberlyst A26 OH and a miscella composed of 50% by mass of degummed rice bran oil, with natural acidity (9.74% by mass), and n-propanol. The resin showed a high capacity for removing free fatty acids (90%–99% removal efficiency), and the adsorption process yielded deacidified rice bran oil with a reduced phosphorus content (2.2 mg/kg), preserving 83% of the gamma-oryzanol and 100% of the tocopherols/tocotrienols. Practical applications A softer deacidification process than traditional methods is proposed in this study. It permits to remove free fatty acids, preserving minor compounds of interest, notably nutraceutical compounds in the deacidified oil. The use of anion exchange resins in this step of refining process minimizes the effluent generation when compared to chemical refining, besides could be accomplished under milder conditions of pressure and temperature than physical refining.

Vitamin D, cancer, and dysregulated phosphate metabolism.

Recently reported findings from major clinical trials show no cancer protection from vitamin D supplementation, and results from observational studies of vitamin D in cancer prevention are inconsistent. There is a need for new hypotheses to guide investigations of the controversies surrounding vitamin D supplementation and cancer. Bioactive vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D, is an endocrine factor that regulates phosphate homeostasis by increasing dietary phosphate intestinal absorption. When phosphorus serum levels are high, as in hyperphosphatemia, an endocrine feedback mechanism lowers bioactive vitamin D which reduces intestinal phosphate absorption. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with cancer incidence, and tumorigenesis is associated with high levels of dysregulated phosphate in the body. In this mini-review, the author hypothesizes that hyperphosphatemia may be an intermediating factor in the association of lowered vitamin D levels and increased risk for tumorigenesis. Furthermore, this article challenges the UVB-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis which proposes that reduced cancer incidence at lower geographic latitudes is related to high levels of vitamin D from UVB exposure. The author proposes that reduced phosphorus content and availability in tropical and subtropical soil, and lower dietary phosphate intake from consumption of tropical and subtropical crops (as in the Mediterranean diet), may mediate the association of reduced cancer risk with lower latitudes.

High Efficiency Dephosphorization by Mixed Injection during Steelmaking Process

A new dephosphorization technology with introduction of partial CO2 into O2 is proposed in this paper. Thermodynamic characteristics and dephosphorization mechanism by introduction of CO2 are analyzed and the results show that using CO2 as partial dephosphorization oxidant can change the selective oxidation condition of steelmaking system, control the temperature of bath, strengthen the stirring ability, and finally obtain a high efficiency of dephosphorization. Meanwhile, the relationship between selective oxidation temperature T of C and P, partial pressure of CO gas, slag activity, and compositions of melt is obtained as follows. Furthermore, dephosphorization trails are carried out in a 30t steelmaking converter and a 300t special dephosphorization converter, respectively. It is concluded that the new technology of injecting CO2–O2 mixture is beneficial to reduce phosphorus content in liquid steel, increase the partition ratio of phosphorus, and reduce iron loss of slag.

Refining process for production of refined palm-pressed fibre oil

Palm-pressed fibre oil (PPFO) is rich in natural phytonutrients such as carotenes and tocotrienols (vitamin E), which makes it worth further development to enhance its quality. Crude PPFO is currently extracted using solvents without further refining. This study aimed to refine crude PPFO using a combination of processes including degumming, bleaching, and deacidification. Various doses of hot distilled water at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 v/v% were applied during water degumming to remove soluble and hydratable gummy materials in crude PPFO. Degumming with acids at doses ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 wt% were tested to obtain oil with low phosphorus content. Bleaching earth doses ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 wt% were used to absorb trace metals and other impurities. The bleached PPFO was subjected to deacidification to remove free fatty acid (FFA). The optimum refining conditions were using 5.0 v/v% of hot distilled water at 90 °C for 20 min for water degumming, 1.0 wt% of phosphoric acid at 90 °C for 10 min for acid degumming, 0.1 wt% of natural bleaching earth at 105 °C for 15 min during bleaching, and deacidification at 110 °C at 0.1 mtorr. The refined PPFO (RPPFO) showed a 98% reduction of phosphorus content (from 565 ppm to 13±2 ppm) and FFA removal of 97% (from 5.94% to 0.15%), while deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI) increased by 44% (from 1.99 to 2.87±0.17). In addition, RPPFO was rich in carotenoids (1208±23 ppm) and vitamin E (904±8 ppm) that can be developed into high value products. The RPPFO meets the quality specifications of refined, bleached, and deodorised palm oil (RBDPO) while maintaining the heat-sensitive phytonutrients.

Economic and environmental implications of incorporating distillers’ dried grains with solubles in feed rations of growing and finishing swine in Argentina

The Argentinean swine industry has quickly expanded over the past decade, hence increasing the demand for swine feedstuffs. The growing supply of distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) from the emerging Argentinean corn-based ethanol industry is a potential feedstuff for swine producers. Using a multi-objective linear programming model, this study examined the economic and environmental concerns (i.e. cost and phosphorus content) associated with introducing DDGS in swine feed rations. Results suggest that including DDGS in swine diets concurrently minimized cost and phosphorus content. The results were extrapolated to the entire Argentinean swine industry and show that the inclusion of DDGS in swine rations could potentially save the Argentinean swine industry about 19.21 million US dollars annually and reduce phosphorus content by up to 5%. In addition, sensitivity analysis of DDGS price was conducted and the potential demand for DDGS from swine by growth category was derived.

Influence of Machining Parameters on 3D Surface Roughness of Powder Bushings

The paper presents the results on research of machining anti-friction bushings of lever brake systems of rail transport, wherein the bushings are made of powder material based on iron and copper. Powder composition contains Fe-C-Cu with Ni and Mo content of less than 0.3%, and with reduced phosphorus content. The porosity of the bushings were in the range of 15 – 20 %. The main objective of the work was to determine the optimal machining parameters, as well as to evaluate the quality of the machined surface. The bushing were machined with cutting speed in the range of 130 – 150 m/min. To assess the quality of the machined surfaces the 3D roughness parameters were used, which allow to asses the surface roughness in more accurate details. The microstructure of the samples indicated the presence of pores onto the machined surfaces. It was found that to improve the quality of the surface it is necessary to adjust the parameters of the powder processing of parts with high porosity in the direction of their reduction. Studies of the microstructure and morphology of chips showed that the shape and structure of the chip is highly dependent on the porosity of the material and its processing conditions.

Analysis of Different Thermal Processing Methods of Foodstuffs to Optimize Protein, Calcium, and Phosphorus Content for Dialysis Patients

To analyze how different thermal processing methods affect the protein, calcium, and phosphorus content of hospital food served to dialysis patients and to generate recommendations for preparing menus that optimize nutritional content while minimizing the risk of hyperphosphatemia. Standard Official Methods of Analysis (AOAC) methods were used to determine dry matter, protein, calcium, and phosphorus content in potatoes, fresh and frozen carrots, frozen green beans, chicken, beef and pork, frozen hake, pasta, and rice. These levels were determined both before and after boiling in water, steaming, stewing in oil or water, or roasting. Most of the thermal processing methods did not significantly reduce protein content. Boiling increased calcium content in all foodstuffs because of calcium absorption from the hard water. In contrast, stewing in oil containing a small amount of water decreased the calcium content of vegetables by 8% to 35% and of chicken meat by 12% to 40% on a dry weight basis. Some types of thermal processing significantly reduced the phosphorus content of the various foodstuffs, with levels decreasing by 27% to 43% for fresh and frozen vegetables, 10% to 49% for meat, 7% for pasta, and 22.8% for rice on a dry weight basis. On the basis of these results, we modified the thermal processing methods used to prepare a standard hospital menu for dialysis patients. Foodstuffs prepared according to the optimized menu were similar in protein content, higher in calcium, and significantly lower in phosphorus than foodstuffs prepared according to the standard menu. Boiling in water and stewing in oil containing some water significantly reduced phosphorus content without affecting protein content. Soaking meat in cold water for 1h before thermal processing reduced phosphorus content even more. These results may help optimize the design of menus for dialysis patients.