Reduction In India Research Articles

Trends and predictors of severe and moderate anaemia among children aged 6–59 months in India: an analysis of three rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data

BackgroundChildhood anaemia remains a significant public health problem in India, as it adversely affects child development and overall health outcomes. This study aimed to analyse the prevalence of severe and moderate anaemia among children aged 6–59 months and identify consistent predictors of this condition over the past 15 years.MethodsData from the three most recent rounds of the NFHS were used for this analysis. The final weighted sample included 40,331 children from the NFHS-3 (2005–2006), 200,093 from the NFHS-4 (2015–2016), and 178,909 from the NFHS-5 (2019–2021). Descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted, followed by binary logistic regression to identify factors associated with severe and moderate anaemia in children aged 6–59 months. All statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 14.ResultsOver the past 15 years, the prevalence of severe and moderate anaemia among children in India has shown a slight decline. However, the influence of various predictors has changed over time. Young children (aged 6–23 months), those from Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) communities, and children born to mothers with high parity and low educational attainment remain particularly vulnerable to anaemia. Additionally, short-term illness significantly increases the risk of anaemia. Furthermore, women’s autonomy, indicated by higher education and lower fertility rates, along with maternal nutrition education, have emerged as key factors in reducing anaemia burden in the future. Notably, children whose mothers had no education were 1.4 times more likely to suffer from severe or moderate anaemia. Similarly, children born to mothers with four to five children (OR 1.1, p < 0.05) and those with six or more children (OR 1.2, p < 0.05) had an elevated risk of anaemia.ConclusionThe findings highlight three key areas for programmatic focus to accelerate anaemia reduction in India: [1] targeting young children (aged 6–23 months); [2] ensuring the inclusion of SC and ST communities in all relevant interventions; and [3] promoting women’s autonomy. These strategies are essential for reducing the burden of anaemia across the country.

A VECM Analysis on the Impact of Agricultural Exports, Financial Openness and Trade Openness on India's Ecological Footprint

The 21st century has witnessed a surge in concerns surrounding environmental degradation, prompting investigations into its contributing factors. This study delves into the impact of agricultural exports and financial openness on the ecological footprint of India, utilizing time series data for a comprehensive analysis. Employing unit root tests and the VECM model for cointegration analysis, the study offers compelling insights. The findings reveal a positive association between agricultural exports and a reduction in India’s ecological footprint in both the long and short run, suggesting that increased agricultural exports contribute to environmental sustainability. The study demonstrates a positive association between financial openness and the ecological footprint, indicating that increasing financial openness leads to environmental sustainability in India. These findings align with previous studies highlighting the potential trade-offs between economic growth and environmental protection. Conversely, the study identifies trade openness is negatively associated with the Ecological Footprint, increase in trade openness leads to an increase in environmental degradation. Furthermore, the study identifies economic growth as an additional factor significantly impacting India’s ecological footprint. These findings underscore the complex interplay between various economic and environmental forces. This study contributes to the ongoing dialogue on sustainable development by providing valuable empirical evidence on the specific case of Ind. The findings offer policymakers crucial insights for crafting strategies that promote economic growth while minimizing environmental harm.

Current status of harm reduction in India: Are we doing enough?

Current status of harm reduction in India: Are we doing enough?

Predicting Number of Accumulative Cases of Covid-19 Using the Iteration Method

The COVID-19 pandemic, first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, has rapidly spread to various countries, including India and Indonesia. This study utilizes data from the cumulative cases in India and Indonesia, espand specific provinces within Indonesia, such as DKI Jakarta and Gorontalo, spanning a period of approximately two years. The proposed method incorporates factors such as expected recovery and mortality rates to determine the maximum daily growth, which deviates from exponential growth and tends towards stability or decline. RStudio software was employed to estimate future trends based on the current available data. The results indicate that Indonesia, Jakarta, and Gorontalo exhibit a sloping average growth rate over the past 30 days, while India demonstrates linear movement compared to the previous period. A 20% increase in growth rate in Jakarta leads to a significant rise in new cases compared to the other regions. Conversely, a 0% growth rate reduction in India and Gorontalo results in a notable deviation of cumulative case numbers from the actual data. This method can be applied to analyze similar problems if in the future there is another spread of pandemic diseases.Keywords: COVID-19, Iteration Method, Exponential Growth, Gorontalo and DKI Jakarta.

Decomposing India's Trade Ratio: 1980–2021

ABSTRACTExternal trade balance is a critical constraint in the macroeconomic dynamics of a developing economy. Typically, external adjustment is said to occur through changes in the real exchange rate, and implicitly in the terms of trade. This article decomposes India's merchandise trade ratio into three parts, namely, change in terms of trade, relative expenditure growth and relative import intensity over the period 1980‒2021. It finds that terms of trade contribute little to the evolution of India's trade ratio since the 1990s. Instead, falling relative expenditure growth due to India growing faster than its trade partners, and rising relative import intensity due to a reduction in India's reliance on imports relative to its partners explain a large share of the change in the trade ratio post‐1991. Devaluations have not contributed to the improvement in the trade ratio while export growth and reduced domestic intensity have been critical.

A Study on Social Protection Programmes towards Poverty Reduction in India

A Study on Social Protection Programmes towards Poverty Reduction in India

India’s Strategy in Reducing Palm Oil Import and Its Impacts to Bilateral Trade with Indonesia

This article tries to analyze the strategy of Indian government in reducing its trade deficit through the import reduction of several main commodities including the palm oil. This research also seeks the impacts of the palm oil reduction in India towards India-Indonesia bilateral trade, as Indonesia is one of India’s main trade partners and largest exporter of palm oil to India. This research used literature study within content analysis to find the bilateral trade between India and Indonesia, also the impacts of India palm oil import’s reduction. The main data of research are secondary data from trusted and reputable news relating India palm oil imports from Indonesia. The result of study found that Indonesia needs to pursue efforts of trade diplomacy effectively so that the Indian strategy to cut imports will not be too impactful to the performance of its exports to India. This research enriches literature study about bilateral trade especially in India-Indonesia palm oil context. In practical implication, this research bring any recommendation to related stakeholder about bilateral trade strategy taken by Indonesian government.

ANALYZING THE LINK BETWEEN EXPORT ORIENTED GROWTH AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN INDIA (From the perspective of people at Welspun Transformation Services Ltd)

This research project aimed to explore the link between export-oriented growth and poverty reduction in India. The study used a descriptive research design with convenience sampling to select a small sample size of 208 respondents. The study collected primary data using questionnaires and analysed it using various statistical tools. The data analysis was facilitated by IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), applying suitable statistics like Reliability Test, Normality Test, Mann-Whitney U Test, Kruskal Wallis Test for testing six formulated hypothesis. The research found that export-oriented growth had a positive impact on poverty reduction and social and environmental well-being. However, the study's limitations included a small sample size and potential bias based on respondents' opinions. Despite these limitations, the research provides valuable insights into the link between export-oriented growth and poverty reduction in India and may serve as a basis for future research in this area.

Cash Waqf in Poverty Reduction in India: Lessons from Selected Countries

Cash Waqf revived in Muslim countries allows them to develop this system of charity further. However, Waqf has abundant financial and infrastructure resources in India, which can significantly reduce poverty, particularly among Muslims. Poverty is more prevalent among Muslims in India than in any other community. This library-based research aims to examine how faith-based endowments can reduce poverty in India through cash waqf. This study applies the content analysis of the existing cash waqf models, which examines current Waqf practices for their relationship to India's socio-economic situation. It helps to understand the adoption of cash waqf in India. The paper implemented the waqf shares scheme based on existing literature. Several important reasons make this scheme appropriate for India. First, raising funds from the public is a relatively straightforward process in India by using traditional ways of collecting money, such as cash collections or mobile payment systems that are widely used for raising money. Several poor Indians could benefit from the funds generated by creating employment opportunities and gaining financial, social, and educational empowerment.

Exploring the Interconnection of Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction in India

Exploring the Interconnection of Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction in India

A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Community-Based Intimate Partner Violence Interventions in India.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) in India remains an entrenched and prevalent public health issue. Despite ample evidence of the widespread problem of IPV in India and associated mental and physical morbidities, far less is known about intervention models to reduce IPV in India. The aims of this meta-analysis and systematic review are to assess the effectiveness of community-based interventions to reduce IPV in India and to provide a narrative synthesis of these intervention approaches. A total of 9 databases were searched to identify peer-reviewed, English-language articles published between January 2000 and September 2022. The search identified 10 studies that met study inclusion criteria, including 3 randomized control trials, 4 quasi-experimental, 2 pre/post, and 1 time-series evaluation. Eight studies were included in the meta-analysis. There was notable variation in the interventions and approaches employed to reduce IPV and varying measurement of IPV outcomes. The results of the meta-analysis show that participating in community-based IPV interventions produced a significant reduction in IPV among women. When considering different types of IPV, study participants were less likely to report physical and psychological IPV victimization. In addition, participants were also less likely to report approving of IPV after participating in community-based IPV interventions. Community-based interventions and research addressing IPV are still evolving in India. Missing descriptions of theoretical frameworks, sampling, intervention design, and inadequately reported effectiveness of intervention (both quantitative and qualitative reporting) need to be addressed. Moreover, long-term evaluations of the pilot interventions are needed to provide a clear picture of the long-term effectiveness, sustainability, and replicability of the community-based IPV interventions. The findings have implications for researchers, practitioners (community health workers, clinicians, and social workers), and policymakers keen on IPV reduction in India and globally.

Nexus between Agriculture Growth and Poverty Reduction in India

Poverty is an issue of concern in developing countries as it remains the most elusive social evil to derail the economic progress of the country and social status of population. India remains fastest growing economy in the world, however efforts have to be made to improve the standard of living and social wellbeing of people. Agriculture as primary sector benefits the poor sections of the population by providing employment opportunities and play a key role in reducing poverty. The present study was conducted to assess the impact of agriculture growth on poverty reduction by using secondary data and sixteen states of India were purposively selected. An attempt was made to analyse the relationship between poverty, Agriculture Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per worker and Non-Agriculture Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per worker using pooled regression analysis. The findings of the study shows that, as every one per cent increase in Agriculture GDP per worker found to have reduced poverty by 0.11 per cent as against 0.04 per cent in Non-Agriculture GDP per worker. This shows that increase in Agriculture GDP per worker causes higher poverty reduction as compared to Non- Agriculture GDP per worker. This is true in case of agrarian economy like India as majority of population are dependent on agriculture for their sustenance. However, it suggested that the balanced mutual growth between various sectors of the economy will help to alleviate poverty in the country.

A Theoretical Evaluation of the Microfinance and its impact on Living Standards and Poverty Reduction in India

One definition of microfinance is "any activity that includes the provision of economic services like loans, saving, and coverage to low-wage earners who are slightly over the nationally defined shortfall line and to poor people who are below that shortage line with the aim of fostering public value." Microfinance can also be defined as "any activity that includes the provision of economic services like loans, saving, and coverage to low-wage earners who are slightly over the nationally defined short In this study, an attempt is made to conduct a theoretical evaluation of the impact that microfinance has had on living standards and the reduction of poverty in India. In order to produce an assessment of the influence of microfinance on living standards and the reduction of poverty in India, secondary reports are analysed and evaluated. Research in the natural world is qualitative and descriptive. According to a recently published study, microcredit and microfinance have gained widespread acceptance as a strategy for reducing poverty and increasing economic autonomy. Microfinance is a strategy that may be used to combat poverty, particularly in rural regions, which are home to the majority of the world's poorest people. Give individuals with low incomes the opportunity to start their own small businesses by extending them modest sums of financing at reasonable interest rates. Numerous studies show that despite their socioeconomic status, impoverished individuals have greater rates of loan payback than other types of borrowers.

The Limits of Indonesia and India Trade Cooperation: The Case of Import Tariffs on Refined Palm Oil 2019–2020

AbstractThis article examines limitations present in India–Indonesia bilateral trade relations. Since January 2019, India has imposed higher import tariffs on Indonesian refined, bleached, deodorised palm oil (RBDPO) than those imposed on Indonesia's main competitor Malaysia. This tariff policy weakened Indonesia's exports, given that India is Indonesia's third-largest export destination for palm oil. To overcome these tariff disparities, the Indonesian government responded with a trade-off strategy, offering to lower its import tariffs on India's raw sugar in exchange for a reduction in India's import tariffs on Indonesia's RBDPO. However, this strategy has thus far failed to generate a satisfying outcome for Indonesia. This article examines the obstacles in enacting such a strategy from the Indonesian perspective. By mobilising the concept of reluctance in international politics, this article argues that India's reluctance hinders Indonesia's trade-off strategy. This reluctance is evidenced by India's hesitation and recalcitrance, resulting in delays, and reversal of policy as well as ignoring Indonesian requests regarding the trade-off strategy. This could indicate that India does not prioritise Indonesia in its Indo-Pacific vision, particularly in enhancing cooperation with Southeast Asian nations, particularly Indonesia.

Rural and Urban Poverty Trends in India and Gujarat

The present study investigates rural and urban poverty trends of Gujarat and India using a graphical and trend line method. The association of agriculture and allied sector growth rate, population growth rate, and GDP at factor cost with poverty trend were examined by correlation matrix in India during five-year plans. Poverty at National level has declined from 1951-52 to 2011-12. In 1966-67, the poverty rate reached the maximum level, and after the introduction of the green revolution in 1967-68, it has declined. Furthermore, in 2005-06, the MNREGA program’s implementation also influenced the reduction in poverty rate. Both rural and urban poverty at National level declined, however, rural poverty incidence was higher than urban poverty, which indicated rural poverty played a critical role in the overall incidence of Indian poverty. Rural and urban poverty in Gujarat has declined since 1958-59. A negative association between agriculture and allied sector growth rate and GDP at factor cost with poverty trend showed reduction in India’s incidence of poverty. Population growth rate positively affected poverty, which shows that as the population increases, poverty incidence also increases.

Mediating Effects on Poverty Reduction in India Through Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme

The employment opportunities in rural areas have signifi cantly decreased for the last few decades in India. Th erefore, Government of India introduced Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (MGNREGP) to create employment opportunities for ru ral people. Th e Programme is considered as a “silver bullet” for eradicating rural poverty and unemployment in India. Th e purpose of this empirical research study is to develop a new model for poverty reduction in rural India through this Programme. Th e novelty of this article is an attempt to develop an empirical research model that assists the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme when mapping the level of economics service quality and thereby enhance the same. Th is Programme provides an alternative source of livelihood, which will have an impact on reducing migration, restricting child labor, alleviating poverty, and making villages self-sustaining through productive assets creation such as road construction, cleaning up of water tanks, soil and water conservation work, etc. for which it has been considered as the largest anti-poverty programme in the world. Th e paper critically examines the implementation process of this Programme and its impact on tribal livelihoods. Th e following research methodology is used in the article: the data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Th e sampling procedure used for this study is stratifi ed random sampling. Th e stratifi cation is done based on the Taluks are Kumbakonam (Th anjavur District), Keeranur (Pudukottai District) and Nagappatinam (Nagappatinam District) of Tamilnadu state of South-India for the nature of region South, East, Centre, West and North while selecting the MGNREGP Employees from each category, non-probabilistic convenience and judgmental sampling technique is used. Th e fi ndings and conclusions of the study reveal that millions of rural poor with the inclusion of new works under this Programme could able to get some employment which supports their livelihoods. Eff orts are exerted to improve more transparency and accountability in implementing this programme to ensure that the benefi ts reach out to the poor and the needy villagers. Th e regression analysis revealed that the Poverty Eradication on the various dimensions of Economic Development, infl uenced Economic Development followed by Social Development. Th e visual representation of results suggest that the relationships between the dimensions of Economic Development, Social development resulted in a signifi cant impact on the mediated factor ‘Poverty Eradication’. Th e paper suggests the policy framework for the stakeholders in eff ective implementation of the Programme.

English

BACKGROUND Nasal obstruction secondary to inferior turbinate hypertrophy significantly affects the quality of life. Patients refractory to medical treatment are taken up for surgery. Laser turbinate reduction is an effective and simple method for treatment of nasal obstruction due to inferior turbinate hypertrophy. Only a few studies reported on the outcome of laser inferior turbinate reduction in India. The present study was done to assess the clinical outcome of laser inferior turbinate reduction in patients with nasal obstruction due to inferior turbinate hypertrophy. METHODS This prospective observational study was done in 31 patients (18 – 60 years) with nasal obstruction due to inferior turbinate hypertrophy refractory to medical management who underwent laser inferior turbinate reduction in ENT Department, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram from December 2017 to September 2019. RESULTS All patients had bilateral inferior turbinate hypertrophy. 21 out of 31 patients had allergic rhinitis and rest had non-allergic rhinitis. Pre-operatively most patients had symptom score between 15 and 20. After CO2 laser inferior turbinate reduction at the end of 3 months of follow up, subjective assessment by symptom scoring confirmed by objective assessment by flowmetry 29 out of 31 patients had good outcome with relief from nasal obstruction. The success rate was more in nonallergic rhinitis (100 %) than the allergic rhinitis group (90.47 %). CONCLUSIONS CO2 laser inferior turbinate reduction is an effective procedure to relieve nasal obstruction in patients with inferior turbinate hypertrophy refractory to medical treatment, with minimal complications. Post-procedure on follow up significant number of patients had relief from hyposmia, sneezing and running nose. KEYWORDS Nasal Obstruction, Peak Nasal Inspiratory Flowmetry, Symptom Scoring, CO2 Laser, Outcome

Is tourism pro-poor in India? An empirical investigation using ARDL approach

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between tourism sector development and poverty reduction in India using annual data from 1970 to 2018. The paper attempts to answer the critical question: Is tourism pro-poor in India?Design/methodology/approachStationarity properties of the series are checked by using the ADF unit root test. The paper uses the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing approach to cointegration to examine the existence of long-run relationships; error-correction mechanism for the short-run dynamics, and Granger non-causality test to test the direction of causality.FindingsThe cointegration test confirms a long-run relationship between tourism development and poverty reduction for India. The ARDL test results suggest that tourism development and economic growth reduces poverty in both the long run and the short run. Furthermore, inflation had a negative and significant short-run impact on the poverty reduction variable. The causality test confirms that there is a positive and unidirectional causality running from tourism development to poverty reduction confirming that tourism development is pro-poor in India.Research limitations/implicationsThis study implies that poverty in India can be reduced by tourism sector growth and price stability. For a fast-growing economy with respect to economic growth and tourism sector growth, this may have far-reaching implications toward inclusive growth in India.Originality/valueThis paper is the first of its kind to empirically examine the causal relationship between tourism sector development and poverty reduction in India using modern econometric techniques.

REDUCING SALT ADDED TO CEREAL-BASED FOODS - A POSSIBLE CONTEXT SPECIFIC STRATEGY FOR ACHIEVING SALT REDUCTION IN INDIA

Objective: Reducing dietary salt consumption is one of the World Health Organization's best buys. In India, about 80% of dietary salt comes from added salt during cooking at home or at table. In this study, we assessed whether or not adding salt to cereal-based foods such as roti or rice, which comprise the main staple food, is associated with higher salt intake in India. Design and method: We used population-based representative data from India collected during 2013-14. We estimated daily salt intake among 651 North and 540 South Indian adult participants who provided complete 24-hour urine samples. Participants were asked how many days a week salt was added to dough or rice cooked at home. We stratified the responses ‘0 days’ as ‘NO added salt’ and the responses ‘1–7’ as ‘added salt’. We did linear regression of sodium intake and added salt to dough and rice after adjusting for age, gender, and residence. Results: Salt was added to dough and rice at least once a week in 67% and 62% of North India and 62% and 12% in South India, respectively. Salt intake was significantly higher among participants who added salt to the dough (8.09 vs. 7.03 gm compared those who did not) in North India. No association was found with added salt to rice in North India and to dough or rice in South India and urinary sodium excretion. (Table 1) Conclusions: Roti and cooked rice are the most frequently consumed staple cereal-based foods in North and South India, respectively. Tailored public health messages on not adding salt to staple cereal-based foods, particularly to rotis in North India may contribute to salt reduction in India.

Collaboration, Co-Optation or Navigation? The Role of Civil Society in Disaster Governance in India

Existing research on civil society organizations (CSOs) facing restricted civic space largely focuses on the crackdown on freedoms and CSOs’ strategies to handle these restrictions, often emphasizing impact on their more confrontational public roles. However, many CSOs shape their roles through collaborative relations with government. Drawing on interviews with state agencies and CSOs, this article analyes state–CSO collaboration in the restricted civic space context of disaster risk reduction in India. Findings are that the shaping of CSOs’ roles through collaboration under conditions of restricted civic space is only partly defined by the across-the-board restrictive policies that have been the focus of much existing research on restricted civic space and its implications for CSOs. Interplay at the level of individual state agencies and CSOs, based on mutual perceptions, diverse organization-level considerations and actions, and evolving relations, shape who collaborates with whom and to what effect. This article thus stresses interplay and agency, moving away from simple understandings of co-optation, and calling for a more differentiated approach to the study of state–civil society collaboration under conditions of restricted civic space, with close attention to navigation.