Consolidation Reduction Research Articles

Behavior of clayey soil treated with nano magnesium oxide material

Clayey soils are spread in many countries and require significant improvement. Recently, nanomaterial have been entered to the geotechnical research as a treatment material. Current study utilized magnesium oxide (MgO) as an additive to enhance swelling potential, compressibility characteristics, and index properties of clayey soil from Mosul city using different content of nano-MgO and under varies curing periods. The results showed that the free swell and swell pressure of the soil specimens have been reduced by 25%, and 19%, respectively for 0.25, and 0.75% content of nano material under 3 days of curing time at 25C. Results also showed that the compressibility characteristic represented by the compression index parameter has been reduced by 20.3% for 0.75% of nano-MgO material. Moreover, the soil plasticity index exhibited a maximum increase at 0.75% of nano content. Moreover, results showed that the pH value increased while the electrical conductivity (EC) decreased with the nano-MgO content. To evaluate the curing time effect, specimens were cured for varies curing time under curing temperature of 25 ºC. Then, the free swell, swell pressure, compression index, and Atterberg limits were measured. The results revealed that the free swell and swell pressure for both untreated and treated specimens were reduced during different periods of curing time. Furthermore, the compression index of treated soil was reduced by approximately half for curing time of 28 days. In sum, the swelling and consolidation reduction with curing brought significant improvement and promising results for the treated samples.

Lipoic acid inhibits cognitive impairment induced by multiple cell phones in young male rats: role of Sirt1 and Atg7 pathway

The utilization of digital technology has grown rapidly in the past three decades. With this rapid increase, cell phones emit electromagnetic radiation; that is why electromagnetic field (EMF) has become a substantial new pollution source in modern civilization, mainly having adverse effects on the brain. While such a topic attracted many researchers’ scopes, there are still minimal discoveries made regarding chronic exposure to EMF. The extensive use of cell phones may affect children's cognition even indirectly if parents and guardians used their phones repeatedly near them. This study aims to investigate possible lipoic acid (LA) effects on cognitive functions and hippocampal structure in young male rats exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted from multiple cell phones. Forty young male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into three groups: control, multiple cell phones-exposed and lipoic acid-treated rats. By the end of the experimental period, the Morris water maze was used as a cognitive test. The rats were sacrificed for the collection of serum and hippocampal tissue. These serum samples were then utilized for assessment of Liver function tests. The level ofglutamate, acetylcholine (Ach) and malondialdehyde (MDA) was estimated, in addition to evaluating the expression of autophagy-related protein-7 (Atg7) and Sirt1 genes. The left hippocampal specimens were used for histopathological studies. Results showed that multiple cell phone-exposed rats exhibited shorter latency time to reach the platform by the fifth day of training; additionally, there was a reduction in consolidation of spatial long-term memory. Correspondingly, there was an elevation of hippocampal Ach, glutamate, and MDA levels; accompanied by up-regulation of hippocampal Sirt1 and Atg7 gene expression. Compared to the EMF-exposed group, LA administration improved both learning and memory, this was proved by the significant decline in hippocampal MDA and Ach levels, the higher hippocampal glutamate, the downregulated hippocampal Sirt1 gene expression and the upregulated Atg7 gene expression. In conclusion, EMF exposure could enhance learning ability; however, it interfered with long-term memory consolidation shown by higher hippocampal Ach levels. Lipoic acid treatment improved both learning and memory by enhancing autophagy and hippocampal glutamate level and by the reduced Ach levels and Sirt1 gene expression.

PERENCANAAN PONDASI TIANG BOR PADA BANGUNAN 12 LANTAI GEDUNG ATTIC SHOWROOM SURABAYA

Attic Showroom Building Surabaya is a 12-story building that stands in a densely populated area, with soil conditions at a clay-typed location. The purpose of this thesis is to plan the bored pile foundation on condition at the location by considering the carrying capacity of the pile and the consolidation reduction, which will later become a reference in planning the work implementation, calculating construction costs, and making scheduling. Calculation of loading refers to PPIUG 1983, while calculating and designing the foundation using Standard Penetration Test (SPT) data, as well as calculating cost estimates using the Surabaya City Base Unit Price 2020. From the calculation results obtained load loading of building structures amounting to 817,432 tons using LRFD combination . While from the results of calculation and foundation planning, the dimensions of the foundation pile foundation 1 m and foundation depth 20m with the carrying capacity of the press mast are 263,101 tons, and pile cap planning with dimensions of 5 x 5 x 1m with the number of piles in one pile cap is 4 pieces. The calculation of the budget plan for the cost of the foundations of the compressed pile is Rp 6.080.326.766,84. The method of implementation itself uses a bentonite. The duration obtained for this work is 35 days by scheduling using the MS Project application.

Pengaruh Penambahan Abu Serbuk Kayu Dan Serbuk Batu Bata Berdasarkan Uji Konsolidasi Dan Waktu Penurunan Tanah Lempung

The waste from the wood and brick industry in Central Kalimantan is largely unused. The research objective aims to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of clay soil in the Tumbang Rungan area of ​​Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan and the effect of adding sawdust ash and brick powder based on the consolidation test and the time of subsidence of the clay soil using the Terzaghi one-dimensional consolidation method with the addition of a mixture of 2 variations 2,5%, 5% and 7,5%. Tests conducted are to obtain the consolidation reduction value (Sc) and the consolidation coefficient value (Cv). The results of the study using a mixture of sawdust ash and brick powder obtained changes in the Sc and Cv values ​​of the original soil. The original soil has a value of Sc (e) = 0.291 cm and Cv (t50) = 0.01913205 cm²/s, Cv (t90) = 0.031062161 cm²/s and the addition of a mixture of 5% variation of material has decreased the value of Sc (e) = 0.203 cm and Cv (t50) = 0.00722173 cm²/s, Cv (t90) = 0.011679143 cm²/s. The effective mixture variation for adding mixed material to clay is a variation of 5%.

Comparable Toxicity and Outcome of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Fit Patients Therapy Independently If Daunorubicin or Idarubicin Were Added to Cytarabine/Cladribine Induction Regimens – the Single Centre Study

AbstractAbstract 4337This trial is a continuation of the earlier studies concerning optimalization of induction chemotherapy in acute myeloid (AML) patients using purine analogues (Ho≥owiecki J., Grosicki S., Robak T. et al. Leukemia 2004, Holowiecki J, Grosicki S, Giebel S. et al. J Clin Oncol. 2012).The goal of the study was to evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of combination including idarubicin – IAC (idarubicin 10 mg/m2/d iv, d 1–3; cytarabine 200 mg/m2/d ci, d 1–7, cladribine 5 mg/m2/d d 1–5) in comparison with DAC (daunorubicin 60 mg/m2/d iv d 1–3 in place of idarubicin).The primary endpoints were complete remission rate (CR) and toxicity, the secondary one was overall survival (OS).Patients who achieved CR received two courses of subsequent intensive consolidation: HAM (HD AraC, mitoxantrone) and HD AraC. Reduction of consolidation was accepted in patients treated with early alloBMT. In case of partial remission (PR) after the first induction course the same regimen was repeated. Patients with no remission (NR) or with PR after 2 induction courses were withdrawn from the study.Between 03.2009 and 03.2012, 52 adult untreated patients aged median 57 years (20–72), treated in one center - Department of Hematology of City Hospital in Chorzow/Poland were included to this study; 46% of study participants were male, 54% female and they were evaluated as fit with possibility of intensive chemotherapy including HSCT. PML/RAR alfa positive – FAB M3 cases were excluded.DAC regimen was a standard induction in this group of AML patients. When there was no possibility to apply DAC regimen because of not having access to daunorubicin in our center, the IAC regimen was used.Material and the results are summarized in the table.OutcomeDAC (n = 30)IAC (n = 22)pAge (median)20–72 (55)38–70 (59)NSSex (%)K-53, M-47K-55, M-45NSWBC at dgn. × 103/L median (range)27,7 (2,3–257)11,0 (0,9–210)NSCytogenetic risk (%)Low00NSintermediate5064NSHigh75NSNo data4331NSHSCT (n) auto/allo2/71/5NSCR rate (%)7059NS3-yr OS (%)2623NS2-yr LFS (%)2836NSThe study groups were well balanced with respect to age, sex, WBC and cytogenetics. The entire CR rates in both groups did not differ, and they were similar to previously published results after DAC induction regimen. All patients developed WHO grade IV thrombocytopenia and agranulocytosis. The frequency and severity of infections, mucositis, vomiting, diarrhea, alopecia, polyneuropathy as well as of cardiac, liver or kidney dysfunctions were comparable in particular arms. There were no significant differences in the OS and LFS rates.In conclusion, the results of our study authorize the replacement of daunorubicin to idarubicin in DAC induction regimen without risk of additional toxicity, and with similar outcome. Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

二層水平排水層簡易モデルとマットレジスタンスによる圧密遅れ

プラスチックボードドレーンによる圧密促進を研究対象にする．軟弱地盤における圧密促進工では地盤表層に水平排水層が敷設され，良好な透水係数の砂層が利用される．しかし従来使用されてきた1×10-2cm/s程度の良好な透水係数の砂の確保が困難になり，本論文で示す代替工法としてのプラスチックボードドレーンによる格子状配置が研究され，かつ採用されだした．本論文はこの工法の定着を図るために，格子状配置のプラスチックボードドレーンとその上に水平排水層としての機能を期待する盛土を敷設した複合排水層モデルを提案し，差分化して解析例を示した．さらにマットレジスタンス係数として提案されている吉国式に対する比較を行い，その近似性を示した．最後に，複合水平排水層モデルと吉国式の近似性を根拠にして，吉国式を拡張した格子状プラスチックボードドレーンの水平排水層としての設計法を提案した．

Cladribine in Combination with Standard Daunorubicine and Cytarabine (DAC) as a Remission Induction Treatment Improves the Overall Survival in Untreated Adults with AML Aged < 60 y Contrary to Combination Including Fludarabine (DAF): A Multicenter, Randomized, Phase III PALG AML 1/2004 DAC/DAF/DA Study in 673 Patients-A Final Update.

Abstract 2055Poster Board II-32This trial is a continuation of earlier Polish Adult Leukemia Group (PALG) studies on the use of purine analogues for therapy of AML patients (Leukemia 2004,18:989–97, updated at 7 y: ASH 2006, Abstr.N#2003, Ann Hematol. 2008, 87:361–7).The goal of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of combination including fludarabine – DAF (daunorubicine 60 mg/m2/d iv, d 1–3; cytarabine (AraC) 200 mg/m2/d ci, d 1–7, and fludarabine 25 mg/m2 iv d 1–5) in untreated adult patients with AML, based on head to head comparison with DAC (DNR, AraC, Cladribine), and standard DA regimens (preliminary results: ASH 2008, abstr.#133).Primary end-points were: complete remission rate (CR) and overall survival (OS); secondary objectives were: toxicity and leukemia-free survival (LFS). Patients achieving CR received two courses of subsequent intensive consolidation: HAM (HD AraC, mitoxantrone) and HD AraC. Reduction of consolidation was accepted in patients treated with early alloBMT. In case of partial remission (PR) after the first induction course the same regimen was repeated. Patients with no remission (NR) or with PR after 2 induction courses were withdrawn from the study.Between 09.2004 and 05.2008, 673 adult untreated AML patients aged 18–60 y, median 47 y, sex: male 49,5%, female 50,5%, treated in 18 co-operating PALG centers were centrally randomized to either DAF (n=225), DAC (n=224) or DA (n=224) arm (1:1:1). PML/RAR alfa positive - FAB M3 cases were excluded. The study groups were well balanced in respect of age, sex, FAB subtype, and WBC. The results are summarized in the table.OutcomeDAC (n = 223)DAF (n = 219)DA (n = 210)P Value (DAC vs DA)P Value (DAC vs DAF)CR685956.013.08CR after 1 cycle625550,5.017163-yr OS46303102.022-yr LFS474039NSNSBoth, the entire CR rate and the CR rate after a single induction course were significantly superior in the DAC arm if compared with DA and DAF subgroups. With a median follow-up of 34 months (the longest observation time 5y) the OS rate equaled 46% for the DAC treated subgroup and was higher in comparison to the standard DA arm and the DAF arm. There were no significant differences in the leukemia free survival rates. The early death rates of 8,5–11%. were similar in the studied treatment subgroups. All patients developed WHO grade IV thrombocytopenia and agranulocytosis. The frequency and severity of infections, mucositis, vomiting, diarrhoea, alopecia, polyneuropathy as well as of cardiac, liver or kidney dysfunctions were comparable in particular arms.In conclusion, this updated results of randomized study prove that the incorporation of cladribine to the standard DA induction regimen (DAC) improves CR rate and the overall survival in adults with AML aged up to 60 y, without additional toxicity. This beneficial effect was not observed in patients treated using the DAF protocol with fludarabine added to the standard “DA 3+7” schedule. Disclosures:Robak:Celgene: Consultancy; Roche: Honoraria, Research Funding; Genmab: Research Funding; Cambridge Antibody Technology: Research Funding; GlaxoSmithKline: Honoraria. Warzocha:BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy; Roche: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria.

Addition of Cladribine to the Standard Daunorubicine - Cytarabine (DA 3+7) Remission Induction Protocol (DAC) Contrary to Adjunct of Fludarabine (DAF) Improves the Overall Survival in Untreated Adults with Acute Myeloid Leukemia Aged up to 60 Y: A Multicenter, Randomized, Phase III PALG AML 1/2004 DAF/DAC/DA Study in 673 Patients

Our previous PALG study in 445 de novo AML patients has demonstrated that addition of cladribine to the standard daunorubicine-cytarabine (DA) remission induction regimen - DAC has a beneficial influence on both the CR rate after one induction cycle (p=0,0008) and on survival in patients older than 40 y (Leukemia 2004, 18:989–97, updated at 7 y: ASH 2006, Abstr.N#2003). The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of original combination including another purine analogue fludarabine – DAF (daunorubicine 60 mg/m2/d iv, d 1–3; cytarabine (AraC) 200 mg/m2/d ci, d 1–7, and fludarabine 25 mg/m2 iv d 1–5) in untreated patients with AML, aged up to 60 y, based on head to head comparison with DAC - (DNR, AraC, Cladribine), and standard DA regimens. We evaluated earlier the DAF protocol in relapsed or refractory AML (PALG pilot study; Ann Hematol. 2008, 87:361–7. Epub 2007 Dec 12); the tolerance was good, CR 44%, LFS 38%. Primary objectives of the presented trial were: complete remission rate (CR) and overall survival (OS); secondary objectives were: toxicity and leukemia-free survival (LFS). Additional analysis was planned for patients submitted to an early bone marrow allotransplantation (alloBMT) after CR. Patients achieving CR received two courses of subsequent intensive consolidation:HAM (HD AraC, mitoxantrone)HD AraC. Reduction of consolidation was accepted in patients treated with early alloBMT.In case of partial remission (PR) after the first induction course the same regimen was repeated. Patients with no remission (NR) or with PR after 2 induction courses were withdrawn from the study. Between 09.2004 and 05.2008, 673 adult untreated AML patients aged 18–60 y, median 47 y, sex: male 49,5%, female 50,5%, treated in 18 co-operating Polish Adult leukemia Group (PALG) centres were centrally randomised to either DAF (n=225), DAC (n=224) or DA (n=224) arm (1:1:1). PML/RAR alfa positive - FAB M3 cases were excluded. The study groups were well balanced in respect of age, sex, FAB subtype, and WBC. After a single induction course the CR rate for patients receiving DAC equalling 63% was significantly higher if compared with DA - 51% (p=0,01), whereas no significant differences were noted between DAC vs. DAF - 55% and DAF vs. DA subgroups. Also the entire CR rate of 68% in the DAC arm was higher in comparison with DA one - 57% (p=0,02). No significant differences were found between DAC vs. DAF - 60%, and DAF vs. DA. At median time of 24 months (longest observation time 3,5y) the OS rate equalled 51% for the DAC treated subgroup and was higher in comparison to the standard DA arm - 39% and the DAF arm - 36% (p=0,03). The leukemia free survival rates (LFS) in DAC, DA and DAF treated cohorts equalled 51%, 32% and 41% respectively (p=NS). The early death rates of 8–10%. were similar in the studied treatment subgroups. All patients developed WHO grade IV thrombocytopenia and agranulocytosis. The frequency and severity of infections, mucositis, vomiting, diarrhoea, alopecia, polyneuropathy as well as of cardiac, liver or kidney dysfunctions were comparable in particular arms. In conclusion, this randomised study proves that the addition of cladribine to the standard DA induction regimen (DAC) improves CR rate and the overall survival in adults with AML aged up to 60 y, without additional toxicity. This beneficial effect was not observed in patients treated using the DAF protocol with fludarabine added to the standard “DA 3+7” schedule

CONTRIBUTION OF CIRCADIAN PHYSIOLOGY AND SLEEP HOMEOSTASIS TO AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN HUMAN SLEEP

The circadian pacemaker and sleep homeostasis play pivotal roles in vigilance state control. It has been hypothesized that age-related changes in the human circadian pacemaker, as well as sleep homeostatic mechanisms, contribute to the hallmarks of age-related changes in sleep, that is, earlier wake time and reduced sleep consolidation. Assessments of circadian parameters in healthy young (∼20–30 years old) and older people (∼65–75 years old)—in the absence of the confounding effects of sleep, changes in posture, and light exposure—have demonstrated that an earlier wake time in older people is accompanied by about a 1h advance of the rhythms of core body temperature and melatonin. In addition, older people wake up at an earlier circadian phase of the body temperature and plasma melatonin rhythm. The amplitude of the endogenous circadian component of the core body temperature rhythm assessed during constant routine and forced desynchrony protocols is reduced by 20–30% in older people. Recent assessments of the intrinsic period of the human circadian pacemaker in the absence of the confounding effects of light revealed no age-related reduction of this parameter in both sighted and blind individuals. Wake maintenance and sleep initiation are not markedly affected by age except that sleep latencies are longer in older people when sleep initiation is attempted in the early morning. In contrast, major age-related reductions in the consolidation and duration of sleep occur at all circadian phases. Sleep of older people is particularly disrupted when scheduled on the rising limb of the temperature rhythm, indicating that the sleep of older people is more susceptible to arousal signals genernpated by the circadian pacemaker. Sleep-homeostatic mechanisms, as assayed by the sleep-deprivation–induced increase of EEG slow-wave activity (SWA), are operative in older people, although during both baseline sleep and recovery sleep SWA in older people remains at lower levels. The internal circadian phase advance of awakening, as well as the age-related reduction in sleep consolidation, appears related to an age-related reduction in the promotion of sleep by the circadian pacemaker during the biological night in combination with a reduced homeostatic pressure for sleep. Early morning light exposure associated with this advance of awakening in older people could reinforce the advanced circadian phase. Quantification of the interaction between sleep homeostasis and circadian rhythmicity contributes to understanding age-related changes in sleep timing and quality. (Chronobiology International, 17(3), 285–311, 2000)

The Architectural Heritage of Campania: Protection from and Prevention of Seismic Hazards

This paper concerns the rehabilitation of historical buildings located in seismic areas, and is organized in two parts. The first part considers some of the new trends in the field of research in preservation and rehabilitation. These are elaborated in the following five-point summary: 1) Maintenance of historical buildings as an efficient means of minimizing damage from an earthquake. 2) Reduction of consolidation. The present-day policy is that of limiting “strengthening work” intervention in favor of “small and timely repairs.” 3) In-depth knowledge as a necessary premise to plan a rehabilitation project. 4) Re-evaluation of traditional techniques by incorporating modern materials 5) Preservation of the function and character of monuments in their changing life (use) and new technological needs. The second part of the paper describes examples of rehabilitation undertaken in the aftermath of the 1980 Irpinia earthquake.

A Transformation Technique for Obtaining Least Cost Solutions to Covering Problems

This paper derives a transformation process called consolidation reduction which can be used to obtain least cost solutions to covering problems. The underlying principle is successive transformation of one covering problem into another in such a way that the final problem is solved essentially by inspection. A least cost solution to the initial problem is then easily identified. Each transformation is based upon the redefinition of some of the variables appearing in the problem to which that transformation is applied. At most 3n transformations are required, where n is the number of variables in the initial problem.All equal cost covering problems, and unequal cost problems where costs are powers of two, can be handled directly.