Reducing Power Assay Methods Research Articles

Antioxidant, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory and anthelmintic activities of bark essential oil of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) Sweet from North East India

Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) Sweetisa traditional anthelmintic and cardiotonic medicinal plant. The essential oil extracted from the bark of C. bejolghota was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and 28 constituents were identified. Monoterpenoids were found to be dominating chemical constituents with α-terpineol (18.57 %) as the major component of the essential oil. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated by DPPH radical, β-carotene bleaching and reducing power assay methods. The essential oil showed in-vitro dose-response hindering activity against angiotensin-converting enzyme with an IC50 value of 33.43 ± 0.46 µg/mL.The essential oil also exhibited potent anthelmintic property in-vitro against Caenorhabditis elegans with an ED50value of 80.53 ± 3.57 µg/mLin adult mortality assay. The inhibitory activity of essential oil against larval development assay showed an ED50value of 72.40 ± 2.68 µg/mL against C. elegans larva. Further, the egg hatching assay using C. eleganseggs demonstrated an ED50 value of 68.27 ± 3.51 µg/mL with this essential oil. Thus, the ethnomedicinal claim has been validated for the bark essential oil, which provides an excellent scope for the development of the C. bejolghota bark essential oil as novel herbal antihypertensive and anthelmintic agents.

Studies on antioxidant potential and total phenolic contents of dried powder and pulp of raw and ripe Carica papaya fruit

Introduction and Aim: Antioxidants are frequently used as active ingredients in anti-aging supplements with the intention of preserving health and preventing diseases. However, recent research has concentrated on conventional therapies that have a long history of successfully treating several diseases. C. papaya is a good alternative and exhibits significant antioxidant, diuretic, antihyperglycemic, anticancer, analgesic, and depressive properties from a key plant constituent. In this study, total phenolic content, and antioxidant potential of raw and ripe Carica papaya were examined. Materials and Methods: C. Samples of raw and ripe Carica papaya were collected from the local market of Dehradun. Dried powder and fresh pulp of the raw and ripe Carica papaya was individually subjected to phytochemical test principles. Total phenolic contents were estimated using the Folin-Ciocalteu and antioxidant potential using DPPH and ferric chloride reducing power assay method. Results: The fresh pulp and powder of ripe Carica papaya showed high content of phenolics in fresh ripe pulp, fresh raw pulp, dried ripe powder and raw dried powder as 200, 195,185 7 mg/100 g respectively with an antioxidant activity DPPH radical scavenging activity, 80.2, and 75. .76.4 and 74.5 respectively which is comparable to butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) and diphenhydramine (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Conclusion: The fresh pulp and powder of ripe Carica papaya showed wide antioxidant activity (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Hence, it can be effectively used as an organic substitute for chemical compounds (BHA, BHT) which have a lot of harmful side effects. Moreover, phytochemical studies of Carica papaya have shown the presence of phenolic compounds well justified by estimation of content which are responsible for its potent antioxidant activity.

In-vitro ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF NOVEL 1-SUBSTITUTED-3-SUBSTITUTED PROPANE-1,3-DIONES (β-DIKETONES) DERIVED FROM VANILLIN

In synthetic chemistry,propane-1,3-diones or β-diketones act as significant intermediates for the synthesis of core heterocycles due to their specific chemoselectivity properties as well as provide convenient building blocks to biologically active substituents. In the present work, a new series of β-diketones namely 1-(5’-Formyl-2’-hydroxy3’-methoxyphenyl)-3-(substitutedphenyl) propane-1,3-diones 4(a-e) have been synthesized from versatile 4- hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde viz. vanillin and studied their invitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential by performing inhibition of protein denaturation assay and reducing power assay method respectively. All the newly synthesized compounds exhibit notable and satisfactory anti-inflammatory potential as well as potent antioxidant activity due to the presence of vanillin moiety in their molecular structure

Production of Childinan SF-2 as Bioactive Compound from Daldinia childiae: A Survey on Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antitumor Properties.

Fungal extracts have received increased attention due to their great medicinal applications including antitumor, immune-modulating, antioxidant, radical scavenging, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and detoxificating properties. This study is the first report on a novel bioactive compound, namely Childinan SF-2 which was isolated from soil ascomycete fungus. The significant antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of the extract may lead to development of novel, safe and useful substances. The isolate was identified on the basis of molecular approach. Spore suspension was inoculated in the culture medium and the bioactive compound was isolated from the viscous fermented broth via ethanol precipitation of the extracellular compound. The basic chemical composition of the extract including protein, carbohydrate, sulfate radical and uronic acid content were measured. FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) and GC-MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis were used for further structural characterization. The extract was utilized for treatment of AGS and MDA cell lines to assess the cell cycle and apoptosis. The antioxidant activity was examined using DPPH, hydroxyl radicals scavenging, β-carotene bleaching inhibition and ferric reducing power assay methods. The extract was tested for evaluation of antibacterial activity using different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. The fungal isolate was identified as the new strain Daldinia childiae SF-2. Initial biochemical characterization of the extract showed that the fungal biopolymer was composed of total sugars, protein, uronic acids and sulfated groups with values of 91.6%, 2.15%, 2.25% and 1.05% (w/w), respectively. FTIR and GC-MS analysis revealed that Childinan SF-2 might be mainly constructed from D-glucose, D-mannitol and D-galactofuranose. The in vitro experiments revealed that Childinan SF-2 enhanced the percentage of necrosis and apoptosis of cancer cells and blocked the cell cycle progression as shown by flowcytometry. Childinan SF-2 represented a considerable antioxidant and antibacterial activity. These results indicated that Childinan SF-2 can serve as a potential source in medicinal applications. Keywords Exopolysaccharides; Fungal Biopolymers; Mycelial Secretions; Natural Pharmaceuticals; Xylariaceae.

Comparative study of phytochemicals, antioxidant activities and chromatographic profiling of different parts of Lycium ruthenicum Murr of Trans-Himalayan region

BackgroundLycium ruthenicum is one of the high values yet lesser explored medicinal plant of trans-Himalayan region of India. The local traditional medicine system (Amchi system) has immense interest in powerful biological activity of its fruits (black Goji berries). Lycium ruthenicum used for treatment of many health problems like abnormal menstruation, vision problem, heart disease, enhance liver and kidney function, as well as nutraceutical supplements. Purpose: In this study, we aim to have investigated, the comparative analysis of phenolics content, flavonoid, tannin, anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity and chromatographic profiling (GC–MS,LC-MS) of different parts (leaf, stem and berry) extracts of Lycium ruthenicum. MethodsTotal Phenolic Content, flavonoids, tannins and Anthocyanin content were spectrophotometrically measured and the antioxidant activity was investigate using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and reducing power assay method. Lycium potential extracts were characterized by GC–MS and LC-MS. ResultThe total phenolic content, flavonoid content and tannin content of leaf and stem soxhlet extract have shown highest values (91.5 ± 3.06 mg of (GAE)/ g DFE, 484.4 ± 4.1 mg of (QR)/ g DFE, 339.0 ± 1.61(CT)/g of DFE: 167.8 ± 2.7 mg of (GAE)/ g DFE, 310.9 ± 3.93 mg of (QR)/ g DFE, 237.0 ± 4.6(CT)/g of DFE) followed by antioxidant assays, DPPH (IC50: 0.182 mg/ml and IC50: 1.152 mg/ml) and ABTS (IC50: 0.046 mg/ml and IC50: 0.015 mg/ml) and FRAP potential (147.7 ± 4.27 mg of TE/ g DFE and100.8 ± 2.9 mg of TE/ g DFE), which significantly correlates to its high content of polyphenolics and flavonoids via a GC–MS analysis. Whereas in case of fruit, ultrasonic and maceration both extracts showed the similar results. GC–MS results of leaf and stem extracts shown the presence of 69 compounds comprising steroids, terpenes, fatty acids, esters, phenolic, aldehyde, furan, and pyridines compounds. ConclusionQuantitative analysis showed that soxhlet extracts of leaf and stem have higher contents of total phenolics and flavonoids as well as antioxidant activity as compared to other extraction methods. The present results support the Lycium ruthenicum leaf and stem extracts might be good source in healthy food supplements, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antioxidant activity of the leaves of Begonia picta smith

Like most other plants begonia picta smith contains various secondary metabolites with great potentials. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the phytochemicals by using quantitative and qualitative analysis of Petroleum ether , Chloroform, Methanol extracts ,with the help of standard methods as well solvent residual analysis byGCHS The findings from quantification and phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugars, Phenols, proteins, amino acids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids,Antioxidant activity was determined by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH)scavenging method, nitric oxide scavenging method, reducing power assay method and Inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were calculated. the residual solvents present in the three herbal extract also in current specified limits. Evaluation of In Vitro Anti-Oxidant activity reveals that methanolic extract is most potent as compare to other extracts by taking Ascorbic acid as standard. This information clearly represent that the plant Begonia picta smith is the good source of dietary antioxidant.

Determination of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of the Whole Plant Extracts of Argyreia imbricata (Roth) Sant. & Patel

Plants of the genus Argyreia posses’ ethno medicinal importance and various pharmacological activities are also reported. In this study, phenolic content, anti-oxidant potential of different extracts of Argyreia imbricata was evaluated. Extraction of powdered whole plant material was done with different solvents viz., petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol by soxhelation. The estimation of phenolics in the selected extracts of Argyreia imbricata was done by using a Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. The antioxidant potential of different extracts was evaluated by total anti-oxidant capacity, DPPH, hydroxyl and nitric oxide radical scavenging and reducing power assay methods. In the phenolics estimation, the methanol extract showed a significant presence of phenolic content followed by ethyl acetate extract. In case of anti-oxidant activity, the methanol and ethyl acetate extract showed a significant activity based on their concentration. The findings of this study clearly revealed the potential of methanol extract of A. imbricata in phenolic content and anti-oxidant activity. Also, the ethyl acetate extract showed significant results. Further studies on identification, isolation of the active constituents, toxicity evaluations may give useful results.

Pharmacognostical Standardisation of Ailanthus Excelsa Leaves and Randia Dumetorum Fruit Along with Antioxidant Activity and Free Radical Scavenging Capacity of Its Fractions

The world is observing an unprecedented development in the usage of herbal product at national as well as international levels. This requires the improvement of current and aimed standards for estimating the quality, safety and efficacy of these drugs. The leaves of Ailanthus excelsa and the fruits of Randia Dumetorum are medicinal plants that are used for many diseases around the world. We then collected the flavonoids and saponin fraction extracted from the leaves of Ailanthus excelsa and the fruits of Randia dumetorum. To determine the reliability, quality and purity of these particles, we provide a crucial pharmacological profile along with the antioxidant activity. Pharmacological studies, such as morphological, physicochemical, TLC, and phytochemical analysis of all fractions containing total phenol and flavonoids, were performed according to specific methods. DPPH tests estimated the antioxidant action of all fractions, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, and reducing power assay method. Previous phytochemical studies discovered the occurrence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and especially phenolic chemicals. All fractions have antioxidant effects, depending on the existence of a phenolic compound. The above parameters are vital to establishing pharmacological rules for the authentication of Ailanthus excelsa leaves and Randia Dumetorum fruits.

Assessment of ascorbic acid content and anti-oxidant activity in juices of selected fruits help in the prophylaxis of primary symptoms of COVID-19

Ascorbic Acid, a regimen claimed to use in the prevention of primary symptoms of COVID-19, is a hydrophilic anti-oxidant found plentiful in fruit juices, which also known to possess total anti-oxidant activity. Fruits play an essential part in our healthy diet. As many fruits contain anti-oxidant properties which means the presence of anti-oxidant constituents. In present study samples of the various fruit juices obtained from the local market were seek out for the ascorbic acid content and estimated for their anti-oxidant activity. For determining ascorbic acid content, the dichlorophenol-indophenol method was employed, while anti-oxidant activity was studied by employing Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay and reducing power assay method. As per the result obtained, the high amount of ascorbic acid was found in amla juice while bael juice was found for good anti-oxidant activity. The conclusion results out from the study that fruits rich in an appreciable amount of ascorbic acid possess good anti-oxidant activity. Those juices results in best anti-oxidant activity indicate the presence of phenolics, i.e. phenolic compounds.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemical investigation of Thuja occidentalis (Arbor vitae) leave extract

Various medicinal plants are common in use in India for the treatment of different diseases. Nowadays, drug resistance has emerged as a major problem for various infections, in such case plants can be used as alternative for the production of new medicine. Thuja occidentalis (T. occidentalis, Cupressacae) is a well-known medicinal plant. The aim of the present study was to evaluate qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaf of T. occidentalis collected from Bhopal region of Madhya Pradesh. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of the leaves was assessed against DPPH and reducing power assay method using standard protocols and in vitro antimicrobial activity was done by well diffusion assay method. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, flavonoids, tannins. The total phenolics content of leaves of methanolic extract was (0.125 mg/gm), followed by flavonoids (0.475mg/gm). The activities of all leaves extract against DPPH and reducing power assay method were concentration dependent. The antimicrobial acuity of methanolic extract of leave against all microorganisms was concentration dependent manner but less than standard drug (Ofloxacin, Amphotericin B). The present study concluded that the crude extract of T. occidentalis is a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents which impart significant antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. The findings of the present study will be helpful to phytochemists, pharmacologists and pharmaceutical industries.

Proximate composition and antioxidant activity of Syzygium cumini fruit grown at different regions in Bangladesh

The risk of degenerative diseases decreases with the consumption of high antioxidant containing fruits. This study aimed to analyze the proximate composition and antioxidant activity of pulp and seed of Syzygium cumini. Proximate composition was determined by following the AOAC method. Minerals and heavy metals were analyzed using a flame photometer and an atomic absorption spectrometer. In-vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by using phosphomolybdenum, ferrous ion chelating ability assay and reducing power assay methods. In proximate composition analysis pulp contained significantly (p<0.05) greater amount of minerals than seed but seed contained a higher amount of protein and lipid than pulp. In the bioactive compound analysis, seed extracts possessed significantly (p<0.05) greater amount of Chlorophyll A, Chlorophyll B and total carotenoids. Additionally, seed extracts exhibited significantly (p<0.05) more total antioxidant capacity, reducing power and ferrous ion chelating ability compared to pulp extracts. This study revealed that the seed of Syzygium cumini contains significantly (p<0.05) higher amount of minerals, bioactive compounds and showed better antioxidant property. Therefore, Syzygium cumini seed can be a potential source of natural antioxidant in medicine and food production.

Antioxidant activity of eugenol in Piper betel leaf extract.

Background:Extracts of Piper betel are used for the treatment of various ailments since ages due to its essential properties like antioxidant, anticancer, anti-allergic etc. In the present study antioxidant activity for Piper betel leaf extract and Eugenol was assessed. Eugenol was taken as marker compound.Methods:Nitric oxide, Hydroxyl radical and Reducing power assay methods were carried out for assessment of antioxidant activity of Piper betel.Results:The antioxidant activity for Nitric oxide, Hydroxyl radical and Reducing power assay at 1000 to 62.5μg/ml was performed. The antioxidant activity of Piper betel leaf extract exhibited the IC50 value for Nitric oxide and Hydroxyl radical >1000 whereas Eugenol exhibited the IC50 value 114.34± 0.46 and 306.44 ± 5.28 respectively, for reducing power assay (RPA) Piper betel leaf extract and Eugenol revealed the RPA value ranging from 0.44-0.08 and 0.53-0.12.Conclusion:The benefits of Piper betel have been mentioned in our ancient texts. Keeping in view the emergence of various diseases and the benefits of Piper betei, there is need that every effort should be made to revive this treasure of nature into our daily supplement.

ISOLATION AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FLAVONOID FROM LINDERNIA CRUSTACEA (L) F. MUELL

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the antioxidant property of different extracts of Lindernia crustacea (L) F. Muell and isolate flavonoid from the potent extract and characterize it.
 Methods: Isolation was carried out by flash chromatography using Toluene:acetic acid (4:1) as eluent. The isolated compound was characterized using spectroscopic methods. 2, 2′- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric thiocyanate, thiobarbituric acid, and reducing power assay methods were followed for the antioxidant study.
 Results: Characterization of the isolated compound confirms it as the flavonoid. Results of the antioxidant study showed that benzene extract has the highest antioxidant activity with a less IC50 value in comparison to ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts. The isolated compound showed significant antioxidant activity when compared with aspirin.
 Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that L. crustacea (L) F. Muell is a source of flavonoid which has potent antioxidant activity.

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL, PHYSICOCHEMICAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES OF CLEMATIS MONTANA LEAVES

Objective: To evaluate the phytochemical, physicochemical, antimicrobial and in-vitro antioxidant activity of Clamentis montana (Family: Rananculaceae).Methods: The extracts were evaluated for antibacterial activity against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa by cup plate method. In-vitro antioxidant activity was done by DPPH, ferrous chelating and reducing power assay method. The physicochemical parameter like a loss on drying, total ash value, foreign matter, etc. was evaluated by standard protocol.Results: The extract showed significant antibacterial activity against all test strains when compared with standard drugs amoxicillin. The extract showed significant antioxidant activity by DPPH method, reducing power assay and ferrous chelating method.Conclusion: The extract showed a dose-dependent significant antibacterial and antioxidant activity.

In vitro inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and α-amylase level and antioxidant potential of seeds of Phoenix dactylifera L.

ObjectiveTo evaluate and compare the antioxidant activity, total phenolic contents (TPCs) and in vitro antidiabetic activity of various pits extracts obtained from five Omani date cultivars. MethodsSun-dried mature fruits of five Omani date varieties, namely, Fardh, Naghal, Khalas, Khinazi and Khasab were purchased from the local market in Muscat, Oman in the month of September 2014. Four seed extracts viz. water, ethanol, methanol and acetone were prepared for each date variety and their antioxidant activities were investigated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide scavenging method and reducing power assay method, respectively. In vitro antidiabetic activity of the date pit extracts was evaluated by measuring their inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase and α-amylase level. TPCs were also quantified colorimetrically. ResultsThe results indicated that TPC of date seeds was solvent dependent. Acetone, ethanol and methanol were found to be significantly better solvents than water in extracting phenolic compounds from the date seeds. Pit extracts exhibited moderate to good in vitro antioxidant activity and increased reducing power. Among all date pit extracts, water extract exhibited significant in vitro antidiabetic activity in comparison to standard drug, acarbose. ConclusionsThe present study confirms that disposed waste of Omani dates is a rich source of dietary antioxidant because of its high TPC. The pits due to their inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and α-amylase level could be used as a monotherapy along with an appropriate diabetic diet and exercise or might be in conjunction with antidiabetic therapy to manage and prevent progression of diabetes.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Apple Peel and Pulp Extracts by Using Different Solvents

The present study was aimed for the Evaluation of antioxidant activity of apple peel and pulp extracts by using different solvents. Apple variety used for extraction was Gala. Apple peel and pulp extracts were prepared by using methanol, chloroform: acetone (4:1) and ethyl acetate solvents. The antioxidant activities of these extracts were determined by DPPH (1, 1- Diphenyl - 2- picryl hydroxyl) assay and RPA (reducing power assay) method. On comparing the activities of peel and pulp it was found that the activity of peel extracts was higher. It was found that free radical scavenging activity of both apple peel and pulp crude extracts was significantly higher in methanol extract among all the extracts studied. Reducing power assay (RPA) also gave significant results with methanol extract. All the extracts showed lower antioxidant activity compared to Gallic acid when used as standard.

Effect of high-pressure homogenization on formulation of TPGS loaded nanoemulsion of rutin – pharmacodynamic and antioxidant studies

Polyphenolic bioflavonoid, Rutin possesses wide range of pharmacological activities. However, it shows poor bioavailability when administered orally. The aim of this study was to formulate and compare the potential of nanoemulsions for the solubility enhancement of rutin (RU) by using different techniques. RU-loaded nanoemulsions were prepared by spontaneous emulsification method and high-pressure homogenization (HPH) technique using sefsol 218 and tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) (1:1), solutol HS15 andtranscutol P as oil phase, surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively. The prepared formulations were compared for various parameters like droplet size, percentage transmittance, zeta potential, viscosity, refractive index and in vitro release. The HPH nanoemulsions showed smaller droplet size and increased in vitro release when compared to nanoemulsions prepared by spontaneous emulsification method. The optimized formulation showed spherical globules with average globule diameter of 18 nm and zeta potential of −41 mV. Cumulative percentage drug released obtained for RU, PF6 (spontaneous emulsification formulation F6) and HF6 (HPH formulation F6) were 41.5 ± 0.04%, 49.5 ± 0.06% and 94.8 ± 0.03%, respectively, after 6 h. The permeability of RU from HF6 was found to be ≈4.6 times higher than RU suspension during ex vivo everted gut sac studies. Antioxidant activity was determined by using DPPH assay and reducing power assay method. Results showed a high scavenging efficiency toward DPPH radicals by HF6. Anti-inflammatory effect of RU as determined by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method was found to be higher (75.2 ± 4.8%) when compared to RU suspension (46.56 ± 3.5%). It can be inferred that TPGS-loaded nanoemulsion of RU serve as an effective tool in increasing solubility and permeability of RU.