Reduce Grounding Resistance Research Articles

Grounding Performance of Hydrogel, Silica Gel and Charcoal Ash as Additive Material in Grounding System

Grounding enhancement materials (GEMs) are one of the additive materials which can change the grounding performance without lots of significant costs. The study aimed to assess the performance of laterite and peat soil, copper and galvanized conductors, and determine the effectiveness of additional materials in reducing grounding resistance. Altering soil characteristics can enhance the conductor's contact area, achieving lower grounding resistance without high costs. Hydrogel, silica gel, and charcoal ash were mixed with soil for testing. Grounding resistance values were measured and collected using the Fall-of-Potential Method using Kyoritsu Earth-Tester-Model-4102. The number of GEMs used were 300g and 600g. Hydrogel, silica gel, and charcoal ash added to soil reduced grounding resistance. Among the various Ground Enhancement Materials (GEMs) tested, hydrogel exhibited the most impressive performance, boasting the lowest grounding resistance at just 56% compared to the reference grounding system. Silica gel followed closely as the second-best performer, with an average grounding resistance of 77% relative to the reference system and lastly is charcoal ash with an average grounding resistance of 77% relative to the reference system. These GEMs significantly enhanced soil conductivity. Furthermore, when considering different soil types and conductor materials, it was observed that peat soil combined with galvanized conductors achieved notably lower grounding resistance in comparison to laterite soil and copper conductors, respectively.

The grounding resistance improvement of distribution substation using multiple rods and wood charcoal as soil treatment

The grounding system plays the important role in securing the electric power system. Low grounding resistance ensures the proper operation of the grounding system. The lower the grounding resistance value, the easier current flow through the earth without any obstacles then prevents equipment from being damaged or causing the injury of personnel. According to the PUIL 2000 standard, grounding resistance should be less than 5Ω. Methods that can be performed to reduce grounding resistance are increasing the length and diameter of the grounding rod, using multiple rods, and treating the soil to reduce its resistivity. In this study, we would like to improve the grounding system of the KA2317 distribution substation located at Mertasari, Jimbaran in South Kuta, Bali which has a grounding resistance of 8.1Ω (more than 5Ω). The method that was applied in this study was grounding improvement by adding an electrode rod and adding wood charcoal to reduce soil resistivity. At the end of the study, grounding resistance can be reduced from 8.1Ω to 1.9 Ω or improved by 76.6%.

Soil Treatment to Reduce Grounding Resistance by Applying Low-Resistivity Material (LRM) Implemented in Different Grounding Systems Configurations and in Soils with Different Resistivities

In the present study, field tests were performed using low-resistivity materials (LRMs) in different grounding system (GS) configurations to reduce the grounding resistance (GR) and assess the variation in the effectiveness of the LRMs with increases in the complexity of the GS design. Different configurations were implemented in soils with different resistivity values to determine the variation in the effectiveness of each LRM design with increases in the soil resistivity. Lastly, the percentage decrease in the GR was assessed as a function of the increase in the complexity of the GS design and the variation in the soil resistivity. The results of this study provide a useful guide for engineers and researchers who study, design, and build innovative and effective GSs by applying improved compounds for safe electrical installations.

A New Grounding Resistance Reduction Method for Wind Turbines by Grounding Grid Connection in Limited Areas

Restricted by cultivated land vegetation, road construction, and land acquisition compensation costs, the grounding electrode extension method is not applicable for grounding resistance reduction of some wind turbines in limited areas. A new grounding resistance reduction method is proposed and verified for wind turbines by connecting nearby wind turbine grounding grids. To study the efficiency of the proposed method, the grounding characteristics of connected grounding grids are calculated. Simulation results indicate that the grounding resistance of connected grounding grids is smaller than that of box extension grounding grids. The grounding characteristics of the grounding grid connection are affected by grounding current frequency and material parameters. The grounding grid connection increases the current dispersion area and reduces the ground potential rise of the grounding conductor.

Pemanfaatan Drainase (Saluran) Air Bekas Limbah Rumah Tangga sebagai Solusi untuk Penurunan Resistansi Pentanahan (Grounding)

This study aims to anticipate a high value of grounding resistance by utilizing drainage or waste water from household waste as a planting medium to reduce the value of grounding resistance. The research method used is an experimental method of testing and measuring at field locations. In this study, a round rod electrode is coated with copper, namely testing with one electrode rod and two electrode rods that are installed in parallel or better known as the use of a driven rod. The results showed a decrease in the value of the grounding resistance where the average value for 1 grounding rod was 18.32 ohms and 11.82 ohms for the measurement of 2 grounding rods installed in parallel. From the test results, there was a decrease in the resistance value of 59.52% for 1 electrode rod and a 51.75% decrease for 2 electrode rods, where the decrease in the resistance value in the field was caused by factors of water, humidity and used water minerals from household waste. In conclusion, housing with reddish yellow podzolic soil that is clay (high soil resistance) by utilizing water drainage is a solution to reduce grounding resistance.
 Keywords: Resistance, Drainage, Grounding (Grounding)

Compound mixtures based on hydrolyzed Polyacrylonitrilereducing soil electrical resisctivity

THE PURPOSE. The purpose of the article is to define the reasons to improve the system of grounding devices design. Author studies technical decisions that reduce grounding resistance values. Results are given researches how a mineral conductive mixture, that normalizes grounding, influences a seasonal coefficient. Analysed the results of the experimental surveys. Аlso evaluates a test grounding devise’s resistance decrease compared to the resistance decrease of a control grounding device. METHODS. While solving the above problem, a number of field experiments were carried out to measure the resistance values of experimental circuit grounding devices after their near-electrode soil space had been treated with the mixture that improves the resistance of a grounding wire. RESULTS. The composition of the mixture that normalizes (reduces) soil electrical resistivity has been developed, it has contained hydro-stabilizing and lowdispersed conducting additives. There has been proposed the analytical expressions to evaluate equivalent soil electrical resistivity values after aporton of soil had been submitted by the mineral conducting mixture. CONCLUSION. The use of the mixtures based on hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile is most effective together with the grounding wires buried in soil no deeper than the soil freezing depth that is located in the soil layers with maximum seasonal fluctuations, and will increase with the increase of the contact area of such grounding wires with the soil treated with hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile. Additional decrease of a seasonal coefficient for the vertical compound grounding wires apparently is due to the mixture influencing their parts mounded near the ground surface. The use of complex mixtures containing both hydro-stabilizing additives and low-dispersed conducting substances allows up to three times decrease of the resistance values of a grounding device compared to a control grounding device, it allows to even seasonal fluctuation of resistance of a grounding device, and to decrease mounting capital investment for a grounding device by means of the decrease of the number of the electrodes and the territory on which they are located.

The Effect of Charcoal on the Improvement of Grounding Resistance as a Soil Treatment in Reducing Grounding Resistance

Current technological developments are very competitive with each other, both in electric power distribution systems or electronic equipment. Disturbances that occur are usually caused by short circuits and ground disturbances, or lightning strikes. These disturbances will result in a voltage drop or increase in voltage, which results in decreased system stability, endangers people's lives, and can damage electronic equipment. Coconut Shell Charcoal has a lower resistivity value than soil and has a larger pore structure to absorb more water, and has conductive properties. The results obtained from the comparison using dry coconut shell charcoal and wet coconut shell charcoal show that measurements using wet coconut shell charcoal are better (less resistance) than using dry coconut shell charcoal. Soil resistivity measurements will be much better at the maximum depth than the usual depth (110 cm), better than 10cm.

Study on lightning protection scheme of multi‐terminal MMC‐MVDC distribution system

Based on a ±10 kV three-terminal MMC-MVDC (medium voltage DC distribution system based on modular multilevel converter) system, in this study, the authors mainly study on the influencing factors and protection schemes of the lightning intruding overvoltage (including direct lightning and back-flashover lightning). Firstly, a lightning intruding overvoltage simulation model of the MMC-MVDC distribution system using overhead lines is established based on the PSCAD/EMTDC program. The influence of steady-state operating voltage and the number of converter stations on the simulation results are simulated and analysed. Meanwhile, the proper simulation modelling method of the lightning intruding overvoltage for multi-terminal MMC-MVDC system is proposed. Secondly, the lightning intruding overvoltage is simulated when the line is struck by the lightning stroke current that occurs once in 20 years and the different lightning protection schemes are proposed. Finally, based on the lightning impulse withstand voltage, lightning trip-out rate and the cost of the protection schemes, the lightning protection schemes in different scenarios are proposed. The simulation results show that if the cost of the system is prioritised, the protection scheme of increasing the number of parallel stacks of the DL arresters can be selected, and if the power supply reliability of the system is prioritised, the protection scheme of installing the overhead ground wire as well as reducing grounding resistance can be selected.

Analysis of the Behaviour and Effect of Grounding Filler Materials on Grounding System

The grounding system plays an important role in the electrical system part as it gives protection during fault or lightning occur. The main purpose of the grounding system is to protect humans, electrical appliances and buildings from electrical shock due to lightning or another form of electricity that hazardous. Thus, to install an excellent electrical system and complete its circuit, a grounding system performance must be taken into account. But, in certain cases, due to the geological condition, the soil resistivity is not good enough. Therefore, enhancement filler material has been used to reduce grounding resistance. In this project, it is aimed to elaborate on the usage of Coconut Husk, Paddy Husk, and Bentonite as grounding filler materials to reduce the soil resistivity and improves the grounding system. The result showed that Bentonite showed better performance compared to Coconut Husk and Paddy Husk.

A Guideline on Designing a Safe and Appropriate Grounding System: A Review of Selected Papers

This study to review scientific articles from some of the international journal, published from 2005 to 2017. This study focused on articles that discuss how reduce grounding resistance. The article is discussed systematically, criticized, and analyzed. To secure the system from the disorder, we need to design a system. This system was later known with the grounding system. The criteria used in the review journal is focused in terms of: how reduce grounding resistance with electrode be planted a single or parallel, giving conductive material/reducing material, including some of the methods used in reduce grounding resistance specific to regions with high soil resistivity, and the obstacles faced. The discussion on the above issue is a major problem in the article. The article that reviewed published in language of United Kingdom from 2005 to 2017. The analysis of reviewing 20 journal produces two staples of the discussion is existing problems in the grounding system and optimal way in reduce grounding resistance. The reduction of resistance on the location of the grounding that have very high soil resistivity needs to be done, some way is offered in several articles that are discussed so that it could be a guideline the planners in designing a grounding system that is safe and appropriate for the system to be secured.

Analysis on Topology of Grounding System Using Bentonite and Coconut Husk as Additive Material

Electrical grounding is a system to remove undesired electrical charge to the ground via grounding mass. The unwanted electrical charged maybe created due to grounding fault of electrical apparatus and transient. Without proper grounding system, any structure will have exposed to the risk that caused by fault current and lightning. This situation will contribute to the loss of life and damaging the equipment. The purpose of this research is to investigate the behavior of bentonite and coconut husk as additive material to improve the performance grounding system by reducing grounding resistance value. At the same time, the proposed grounding system is also installed in two different topologies which are the single driven rod as the first topology and the radial multiple driven rod as the second topology instead of the conventional method that installing multiple rod in straight line. After the installation process is completed, the measurement of grounding resistance work was conducted using fall of potential method and recorded within 64 days. The data gained then was compared and analyzed to identify the best material to be used as the grounding enhancement or additive material. The results obtained show that the Bentonite has better performance than coconut husk in reducing grounding resistance. This research also found that the new configuration of multiple driven rod topology was able to reduce grounding resistance compared to the single driven rod.

Composition of mixing gypsum additives as environmentally friendly material in tropical soil to reduce grounding resistance

Grounding resistance is directly proportional to the amount of soil type resistance. While soil type resistance is influenced by several things, namely soil structure, temperature, the effect of water content (moisture), and the effect of chemical content in the soil. The purpose of this study was to analyze the decrease in the value of earth resistance by adding additives in the form of gypsum without a mixture of soil and gypsum mixed with soil. The results showed that the value of grounding resistance with the addition of gypsum without soil mixtures had a higher resistance value than grounding resistance without the addition of additives. Grounding resistance with the addition of gypsum mixed with soil on average can reduce the value of grounding resistance by 153.56 ohms with 25% gypsum, 157.2 ohms with 75% gypsum and 169.91 ohms with 50% gypsum.

Analysis of the effect of explosion grounding electrode on grounding resistance reduction

Developing cracks in the soil by means of explosions in the holes, as is called the explosion grounding electrode in this study, is a very effective way to reduce the grounding resistance in the area with high resistivity soil. In this study, the influence of the grounding grid scale and the arrangement of the grounding electrode on reducing the grounding resistance of three-dimensional grounding grid with explosion grounding electrode are studied. There is a strong shielding effect between the explosion grounding electrodes. When the distance between the explosion grounding poles is short, the effectiveness of reducing the grounding resistance by using the long explosion grounding electrode is obviously restrained. The distance between the explosion grounding electrodes should be more than half the length of the electrodes.

Helix grounding electrode with good grounding performance

Grounding electrode is used for discharging current and ensure the safe and stable operation of electrical equipment. Grounding performance of grounding electrode will degradation with limited installation space. This paper proposes helix grounding electrode and builds theoretically and simulating model on the helix grounding electrode. Analyzing grounding surface potential and step voltage distribution, grounding resistance and surface current density distribution. Results show helix grounding electrode can reduce grounding resistance, improve grounding surface potential distribution and the discharging current distribution.

A Mathematical Method for Determining Optimal Quantity of Backfill Materials Used for Grounding Resistance Reduction

During installation of grounding system, which represents a significant part of any electrical power system, various backfill materials are used for grounding resistance reduction. The general mathematical method for determining an optimal quantity of backfill materials used for grounding resistance reduction, based on the mathematical tools, 3D FEM modeling, numerical analysis of the obtained results, and the “knee” of the curve concept, as well as on the engineering analysis based on the designer’s experience, is developed and offered in this paper. The proposed method has been tested by applying it to a square loop enveloped by a backfill material and buried in a 2-layer soil. The results obtained by the presented method showed a good correlation with the experimentally obtained data from literature. The proposed method can help the designers to avoid the saturation areas in order to maximize efficiency of backfill material usage.

Pengaruh Panjang Elektrode Sangkar Delta pada Nilai Resistans Pentanahan di Lokasi Sempit

Grounding rod is more practical than grounding plate or grounding strip. Grounding resistance value must be set as small as possible. But, it is hard to approach the standard grounding resistance value. There are some methods used to reduce grounding resistance like paralleling ground rod, extending ground rod, or enlarging ground rod diameter. This paper explains the effect of length variation of delta cage electrode (dimension of delta side is 1 meter) on single ground rod resistance value. In this paper, ground rod’s length and diameter are 1.5 meters and 10 millimeters respectively. Ground rod is planted on the ground while the but is on land surface. Grounding resistance value of that single ground rod then is being compared with grounding resistance value of the combination of single ground rod and the delta cage electrode (dimension of delta side is 1 meter). After this research, we can conclude that: (a) delta cage electrode (its side 1 m) with three edge rod (length 0.5 meters, 1 meter and 1.5 meters; diameter 10 millimeters) can minimize grounding resistance value of single ground rod (length 1.5 meters, diameter 10 millimeters) by 33 ohm, 45 ohm, dan 50 ohm; (b) delta cage electrode (its side 1 m) with six edge rod (length 0.5 meters, 1 meter, and 1.5 meters; diameter 10 millimeters) can minimize grounding resistance value of single ground rod (length 1.5 meters, diameter 10 millimeters) by 45 ohms, 52 ohms dan 56 ohms.

Experimental Study on the Ground Resistance Reduction Based on Different Types of Grounding Rod

Grounding of electrical installation is primarily concerned with ensuring safety. The main purpose of grounding is to channel the fault current straightly to the earth. To produce a good grounding system, the value of earth resistance must be reduced as low as possible. Otherwise, current may flows through to those who touch the damage electrical equipment instead of flowing through grounding system. In this project, a 3 meter length of copper, galvanized iron and pure steel rod were installed in formatting of grounding system. The installation of the grounding rods was based on the fall of potential method. Both single rod testing and parallel rod testing were performed in this project. A comparison on grounding resistance value for copper rod, steel rod and galvanized iron rod was examined and the selection of the best grounding rod was determined from the experimental data. Result shows that different types of rod will produce different value of resistivity in which depend on installation technique and soil condition.

Study of reducing ground resistance for transmission tower on rocky mountain tops with constrained area

An effective device to reduce the earth resistance of grounding systems for power transmission towers on rocky mountain tops with high soil resistivity and constrained area is proposed in this paper. In these scenarios, conventional methods such as using horizontal electrodes to reduce ground resistance require more space and fine‐grained soil for backfill. These methods are not applicable to scenarios where the ground consists of rock or crushed stone. To tackle such limitations, we propose an effective approach with less space and soil requirements. Based on the steady electric current field theory and the electrostatic field, the proposed approach designs a central grounding system by a special steel reinforcement cage. The layout of the cage is strictly based on theoretical calculations. The resistance of the central grounding system can be obtained by calculation and measurement. Results show that this scheme can reduce ground resistance effectively in comparison with the traditional method of imbedding horizontal radial electrodes in high‐resistivity soil on mountain tops where space is limited and excavation conditions are poor. The proposed method has also been validated in practical applications. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Research of Mountain Area Wind Farm Grounding Scheme

Wind power has become one of the most potential and vital green energy sources. Location of the wind farm has a better wind resource，and it is also relatively open. Lightning accident in the wind farm happened occasionally, in order to avoid the situation, which impulse current damages the wind turbine, in the accident, lightning protection grounding system of wind turbine is essential .In this paper, according to the experience of Dongshan wind farm project , the method of how to design the wind turbines and booster station grounding grid as required, the calculation of ground resistance and specific measures to reduce grounding resistance of wind turbine grounding device are discussed.

OPTIMAL PROGRAMS TO REDUCE THE RESISTANCE OF GROUNDING SYSTEMS

In this paper, some optimal programs have been proposed through the analyses of transient grounding resistance (TGR) to reduce the grounding resistance using the flnite-difierence time-domain method. First, the TGR of various electrode types, lengths and sectional programs is studied, and it is found that a ∞at bar is the most flnancially e-cient conductor to be used as grounding electrode. Enlarging grounding electrode length can reduce grounding resistance when it is shorter than the efiective length, but the reduction efiect declines as the length increases. Additionally, a series of small electrodes would lead to a much lower resistance than a single large one. Second, it is demonstrated that locally improving the soil near the grounding system is an e-cient way of reducing the grounding resistance. Improving a limited area soil surrounding the lifting line would reduce the peak resistance signiflcantly, while local enlarging electrodes surrounded soil conductivity can reduce the grounding system steady resistance obviously.