Reduce Cigarette Consumption Research Articles

Smoke-Free Policies and Cigarette Consumption Impact on Myocardial Infarction Mortality in Europe

Abstract Background Limited evidence exists on the association between smoke-free policies and per-capita cigarette consumption and mortality due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Europe. Therefore, our study aimed to assess this association and evaluate influencing factors. Methods We conducted an interrupted time series analysis involving 27 European Union member states and the UK, examining per-capita cigarette consumption and AMI mortality. A multivariate meta-regression assessed potential influencing factors. Results Approximately half of introduced smoke-free policies were associated with level or slope changes, or both, in per-capita cigarette consumption and AMI mortality (17 of 35). Notably, the smoking ban in Poland in 2010 resulted in the most substantial level reduction in cigarette consumption (rate ratio (RR): 0.47; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.53), while the intervention in Bulgaria in 2012 led to the largest level reduction in AMI mortality (RR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.42). More recent policies or those from countries with lower human development indices were linked to greater decreases in cigarette consumption. Furthermore, smoking bans encompassing bars exhibited a stronger inverse association with both cigarette consumption and AMI mortality. Conclusions Our findings indicate the effectiveness of smoke-free policies in reducing per-capita cigarette consumption and AMI mortality. Continued monitoring and data collection on tobacco, prevalence, and consumption are crucial for concerted efforts to address its health impacts. Key messages • Smoke-free policies lower cigarette consumption, reducing heart attack deaths in Europe. • Monitoring tobacco data crucial for health efforts: Study shows smoke-free policies save lives.

Episodic Future Thinking Increases Quitting Intention and Reduces Cigarette Consumption: The Role of Anticipated Regret

Background: Episodic future thinking (EFT), which refers to people simulating possible future life events, has been suggested as a promising intervention for substance use disorders. Objectives: To examine the effect of gain-oriented and loss-oriented EFT on smoking cessation and its underlying mechanisms. Results: Two online experiments were conducted (Total N = 362). The results suggested that engaging in EFT led to increased short-term quitting behavior among smokers by bolstering their intentions to quit smoking (indirect effect = 0.10, bootstrap = 5000, bias-corrected 95% CI [0.0008, 0.2353]). Furthermore, the influence of EFT on quitting intention was mediated by anticipated regret (indirect effect = 0.37, bootstrap = 5000, bias-corrected 95% CI [0.2062, 0.5321]). There were no significant differences observed between the effects of gain-oriented and loss-oriented EFT on quitting intention (F = 0.28, p = .60). Importance: Our findings contribute to a growing body of literature on the adaptive functioning of EFT and lend support to the regret regulation theory. Health practitioners may consider integrating EFT into clinical interventions to help smokers quit smoking.

Determinants of tobacco use transitions in smoker nursing students in Catalonia: A prospective longitudinal study.

The use of emerging tobacco and nicotine products affects tobacco use behaviors among college students. Thus, we aimed to examine transitions in tobacco use patterns and identify their predictors among smokers in a cohort of nursing students in Catalonia (Spain). We conducted a prospective longitudinal study of Catalan nursing students between 2015-2016 and 2018-2019. We examined transitions in tobacco use patterns between baseline and follow-up among smokers from: 1) daily to non-daily smoking, 2) non-daily to daily smoking, 3) cigarette-only use to poly-tobacco use, 4) poly-tobacco use to cigarette-only use, 5) between products, 6) reducing consumption by ≥5 cigarettes per day (CPD); and 7) quitting smoking. We applied a Generalized Linear Model with a log link (Poisson regression) and robust variance to identify predictors of reducing cigarette consumption by ≥5 CPD and quitting smoking, obtaining both crude and adjusted (APR) prevalence ratios and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Among daily smokers at baseline, 12.1% transitioned to non-daily smoking at follow-up, while 36.2% of non-daily smokers shifted to daily smoking. Among cigarette-only users, 14.2% transitioned to poly-tobacco use, while 48.4% of poly-tobacco users switched to exclusive cigarette use. Among all smokers (daily and non-daily smokers), 60.8% reduced their cigarette consumption by ≥5 CPD and 28.3% quit smoking. Being a non-daily smoker (APR=0.33; 95% CI 0.19-0.55) and having lower nicotine dependence (APR=0.78; 95% CI 0.64-0.96) were inversely associated with reducing cigarette consumption, while being a non-daily smoker (APR=1.19; 95% CI: 1.08-1.31) was directly associated with quitting smoking. Nursing students who smoked experienced diverse transitions in tobacco use patterns over time. Evidence-based tobacco use preventive and cessation interventions are needed to tackle tobacco use among future nurses.

Price elasticity of cigarette smoking in Bangladesh: evidence from the Global Adult Tobacco Surveys (GATS)

IntroductionThe overall prevalence of cigarette smoking has not changed significantly for over a decade in Bangladesh. Raising the price of cigarettes through taxation is an important policy instrument for reducing...

Effects of the illicit market on the price elasticity of cigarette consumption in Brazil

BackgroundAn important element to consider in tobacco tax policy is the illicit market of cigarette sales. The objective of this paper is to provide estimates of both conditional and unconditional...

Estimating own-price and cross-price elasticity of cigarette consumption by price tiers in Bangladesh

ObjectivesThe overall price elasticity of cigarette consumption in Bangladesh has been studied extensively. The estimates of price elasticity by price tiers are not available in the existing literature.MethodsUsing cohort data...

A Cross-Country Study of Cigarette Affordability and Single-Stick Purchases Using Survey Data From African Countries.

Reducing cigarette affordability is paramount for reducing cigarette consumption. Measuring affordability requires data on cigarette prices. Unlike the commonly used retail price of a 20-pack of the most-sold cigarette domestically, survey-derived cigarette prices reflect differences arising from the brand variety and the types of packaging in which cigarettes are purchased. This paper uses self-reported cigarette price data from the eight African countries that have implemented the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) to construct country-level Relative Income Prices. The relationship between cigarette affordability, cigarette smoking prevalence, and cigarette smoking intensity, is examined using logit models for smoking participation (N = 51122) and generalized linear models for conditional cigarette demand (N = 2443). GATS data are also used to produce nationally representative estimates of the prevalence of single-stick cigarette purchases in the sampled countries. The estimated affordability elasticity of cigarette smoking participation is -0.245 (95% CI = -0.411 to -0.078). The estimated affordability elasticity of smoking intensity is -0.155 (95% CI = -0.286 to -0.023). Single-stick cigarette sales dominate all-markets. The proportion of smokers who reported buying cigarettes in the form of single sticks during their most recent cigarette purchase exceeds 90% in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. The results point to the need for governments in the countries sampled to increase excise taxes in a manner that renders cigarettes less affordable over time, and to enact and enforce legislation that prohibits the sale of single cigarettes. These findings highlight that measures to reduce both the demand and supply of cigarettes will be required to reduce their use in the region. This study is the first to examine the prevalence of single-stick cigarette purchases, and the association between cigarette affordability and smoking outcomes, in the African setting, using data from the GATS. Findings provide local evidence for the countries sampled, which represent over half of sub-Saharan Africa's adult population (aged 15 and older), on the importance of implementing excise tax increases that reduce cigarette affordability over time. They also highlight the need to enact and enforce legislation that prohibits the sale of single cigarettes.

Switching Away From Smoking and Reduction in Cigarette Consumption Among U.S. Adult Purchasers of the JUUL System Across 24 Months Including Diverse Subpopulations Disproportionately Affected by Cigarette Smoking.

Electronic nicotine-delivery systems (ENDS) can reduce tobacco-related health risks for adults who smoke cigarettes (AWS) by facilitating complete switching away from cigarettes. However, little is known about ENDS use and switching among subpopulations that have been disproportionately affected by smoking. AWS (age ≥ 21 years) were recruited following their first purchase of a JUUL Starter Kit in 2018. Participants who self-reported switching (no past-30-day cigarette smoking) at 1-, 2-, 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, 15-, 18-, 21-, and 24-month follow-ups. Percent switched and percent with substantial smoking reduction (≥50% decrease in cigarettes per day among those who continued smoking) were calculated. Analyses focused on racial and ethnic minorities, persons with low income and education levels, sexual minorities, and those with mental and physical health conditions. Overall rates of switching away from cigarettes increased across follow-ups to 51.2% (month-12) to 58.6% (month-24, 87% of whom used ENDS). Among those who continued to smoke at 24 months, 45.4% reduced cigarettes per day by ≥ 50%. Rates of switching and substantial smoking reduction were largely similar across subgroups, with some statistically significant, but small, differences in month-24 switching rates (eg, education, mental and physical health conditions; switch rate range: 42%-57%). AWS demonstrated progressively increasing switching rates over 2 years after purchasing JUUL products. Similar trends in switching and smoking reduction were observed across populations disproportionately affected by smoking. By facilitating switching and smoking reduction, ENDS products such as JUUL may provide an opportunity to reduce smoking-related harm among some populations disproportionately affected by smoking, potentially reducing tobacco-related health disparities. ENDS have the potential to benefit population health if they can replace cigarettes. This benefit must extend to populations disproportionately affected by smoking. In this real-world study, 59% of JUUL purchasers reported complete switching 2 years later (no past-30-day smoking, with most continuing to use ENDS). Furthermore, 45% of those who continued to smoke reduced cigarette consumption by at least half. These rates of switching and smoking reduction were largely comparable across populations disproportionately affected by smoking (defined, eg, by ethnicity and income). ENDS can serve as an effective harm reduction strategy to complement current efforts to reduce tobacco-related disparities.

A randomized controlled trial of intermittent theta burst stimulation to the medial prefrontal cortex for tobacco use disorder: Clinical efficacy and safety

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of administering intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) to the medial prefrontal cortex for tobacco use disorder. MethodsA randomized sham-controlled trial was conducted, with 38 participants receiving 28 sessions of active (n=25) or sham (n=13) iTBS (2 sessions/day, 600 pulses/session, 110% resting motor threshold, AFz target) along with smoking cessation education (Forever Free © booklets) over 14 visits. Primary outcomes included self-reported cigarette consumption and abstinence, verified by urinary cotinine tests. Secondary outcomes included symptoms of tobacco use disorder, negative mood, and safety/tolerability. ResultsBoth active and sham groups reported reduced cigarette consumption (β = −0.12, p = 0.015), cigarette craving (β = −0.16, p = 0.002), and tobacco withdrawal symptoms (β = −0.05, p < 0.001). However, there were no significant time x group interaction effects for any measure. Similarly, the two groups had no significant differences in urinary cotinine-verified abstinence. Adverse events occurred with similar frequency in both groups. ConclusionThere were no differences in cigarette consumption between the active and sham iTBS groups, both groups decreased cigarette consumption similarly. Further research is needed to compare iTBS to standard high-frequency rTMS and explore the potential differences in efficacy. Despite limitations, this study contributes to experimental design considerations for TMS as a novel intervention for tobacco and other substance use disorders, emphasizing the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the stimulation parameters and target sites.

Effects of liquid nicotine concentration and flavour on the acceptability of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among people who smoke participating in a randomised controlled trial to reduce cigarette consumption

BackgroundResearch is needed to understand the acceptability of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) as a smoking reduction aid. This study examines the acceptability of ENDS by liquid nicotine concentration and...

Do smoking abstinence periods among pregnant smokers improve birth weight? A secondary analysis of a randomised, controlled trial

ObjectivesMaternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight (LBW). Reduction of cigarette consumption does not seem to improve birth weight but it is not known whether implementation of...

Tobacco-Free Nicotine Pouches and Their Potential Contribution to Tobacco Harm Reduction: A Scoping Review.

Tobacco harm reduction (THR) refers to strategies designed to reduce the health risks associated with tobacco smoking but may involve continued use of nicotine and/or tobacco. Next-generation products (NGPs) are a THR alternative as they do not burn tobacco or produce smoke and deliver nicotine and have fewer and substantially lower levels of harmful chemicals compared to cigarettes.Tobacco‑free nicotine pouches (TFNPs) are an emerging category of nicotine‑containing oral products that donot combust or contain tobacco leaf. Similar to Swedish snus, TFNPs are placed between a user's lip and gum, and nicotine is absorbed through the oral mucosa rather than being inhaled.The aim of this scoping review was to systematically collate and evaluate published scientific evidence (cut‑off of 31 May 2023) identified from bibliometric databases investigating the potential of TFNPs to contribute to THR. Overall, studies examining chemical constituents indicated that the use of TFNPs may result in lower exposure to toxicants than other tobacco or nicotine-containing products, both combustible and non‑combustible.This reduction in toxicant exposure has been demonstrated by multiple human biomarker studies andin vitrotoxicological assessments to translate to harm reduction potential in smokers switching to TFNPs. However, further study is warranted.At present, there is some evidence from human behavioral research that TFNPs can support either transitioning away from smoking or reducing cigarette consumption. Furthermore, TFNP use appears very much limited to current users of traditional tobacco products, and youth uptake has been limited.In conclusion, the findings of this review indicate that TFNPs have the potential to support THR effortsand may help inform evidence‑based regulation.

Intended and unintended effects of e-cigarettes in clinical studies: a plea for (more) transparency

E-cigarettes are used in clinical trials to facilitate smoking cessation. Due to the health risks associated with the use of e-cigarettes, the results of clinical trials should be fully reported, including continued exclusive use and dual use of tobacco and e-cigarettes. Nicotine cessation outcomes should be reported as the primary endpoint as well as the analysis of tobacco cessation alone. As there is currently no robust evidence that reducing cigarette consumption provides substantial health benefits, cigarette consumption reduction should not be used as a health outcome in clinical trials. Continued nicotine dependence should be included as an "adverse event" in the reporting of trial results.

"The ban is there, but it is not there": perceptions of cigarette users and tobacco vendors regarding ban on the sale of loose cigarettes in India.

Banning the sales of loose cigarettes is recommended by Article 16 of the World Health Organization - Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. This study aims to understand the perceptions of cigarette users and tobacco vendors regarding such a ban. Using a systematic recruitment and interview protocol, we interviewed cigarette users (n = 28) and tobacco vendors (n = 28) from two Indian cities where sales of loose cigarettes were banned (Mumbai) or not banned (Delhi). Separate semi-structured interview guides were used for users and vendors. Interview questions focused on reasons for purchasing loose cigarettes, preference for buying and selling loose vs. packs, thoughts on the necessity of banning loose cigarettes, and the perceived impact of the policy ban for vendors and cigarette users. We performed thematic analysis and used NVivo for organizing transcript coding. The main reasons users cited for purchasing loose cigarettes were financial constraints, social restrictions (fear of getting caught), and limiting cigarette consumption. In Mumbai, awareness of the existing ban was poor among both users and vendors. Those who were aware did not think the policy had been implemented. Users thought that loose cigarettes promoted smoking initiation and prevented them from quitting. Both users and vendors reported that a ban on loose cigarettes would reduce cigarette consumption and promote quit attempts as it would not be possible for everyone to purchase packs because of financial and social reasons. Users in both cities reported easy access to and widespread availability of loose cigarettes. Low awareness of the ban in Mumbai suggested inadequate enforcement. A country-wide ban on the sale of loose cigarettes could be highly effective in preventing smoking initiation and promoting quitting.

Use of nicotine replacement therapy to reduce children’s exposure to second-hand smoke in the home: a qualitative pilot study involving local community pharmacies

BackgroundIn Scotland, and in several other countries, most second-hand smoke exposure now occurs in low-income households, where housing constraints and sole parenting often make it harder to create a smoke-free home. This pilot study provided people who smoke with a free 12-week supply of nicotine replacement therapy through local community pharmacies to reduce smoking indoors.MethodsTwenty-five parents/caregivers who smoked in the home and cared for children at least weekly were recruited via Facebook during the COVID-19 pandemic. Air quality (PM2.5) was monitored in participant homes for seven days before their first pharmacy visit and 12 weeks later. Qualitative interviews (N = 14) were conducted with 13 participants who completed the study and one who withdrew part-way through. The interviews explored views/experiences of using nicotine replacement therapy to help create a smoke-free home. Another participant took part in a shorter telephone discussion at their request, with detailed notes taken by the interviewer, because of their speech disorder.ResultsThree participants reported smoking outdoors only, one of whom subsequently quit smoking. Six participants reported reduced cigarette consumption by 50% in the home, four reported no (sustained) reduction and one reported increased smoking indoors. Self-reported outcomes were not always consistent with PM2.5 readings. Participants’ experiences of accessing nicotine replacement therapy through community pharmacies varied. Some suggested ongoing support to use nicotine replacement products could better assist behavioural change, and that access could be streamlined by posting products to the home. Several suggested that focusing on changing home smoking behaviours using nicotine replacement therapy might facilitate a future quit attempt.ConclusionAccess to free nicotine replacement therapy for temporary use indoors may support some people who smoke to reduce children’s exposure to second-hand smoke. Our findings confirm the need to modify the intervention before undertaking a definitive trial to assess the effectiveness of this approach. This work is now underway.

Cigarette Displays Around the School Area and Cigarette Sales in the School Area

&lt;div&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="left" valign="top"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The tobacco industry continues to promote tobacco through cigarette displays, especially in areas easily accessible to youth and school students. One of the tactics that cigarette companies keep using is cigarette displays around the school area. This study aimed to determine the impact of cigarette displays around schools on cigarette sales in the school area. This study was conducted on cigarette sellers around schools in Medan City. This study was conducted on 18 cigarette sellers for 14 days. The interventions given were cigarette displays covered with cloth, cigarette displays hidden, and cigarette displays without intervention. Data analysis was conducted using an ANOVA test using JASP version 17.The results showed a difference in total sales between cloth-covered displays, hidden treatments, and no intervention (ANOVA test p = 0.015). The results showed a difference in sales profit between cloth-covered displays, hidden treatments, and no intervention (ANOVA test p = 0.004). The provision of interventions on cigarette displays treated as hidden reduced average cigarette sales in cigarette stores. Intervention in cigarette displays covered with cloth reduced average cigarette sales in cigarette stores. The Medan City Government should regulate cigarette displays at cigarette stores around the school area to reduce cigarette consumption among students. The Education Office and schools should collaborate with cigarette sellers around the school area to stop the display of cigarettes and not sell cigarettes to students.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords: Cigarettes, Cigarette displays, Cigarette stores, School area&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;

Smoking Cessation Behavior in Children: What is the Role of Parents and Peers?

Background: Pangarengan District is one of the areas in Sampang Regency with a fairly high number of child smokers, namely the age of 14 years as much as 26.6% and 11 years old as much as 15.4%, among elementary schools as much as 24.3%. Aims: The purpose of this study was to analyze the form of social support from parents and peers on smoking behavior in children in Pangarengan District, Sampang Regency. Method: This research is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. There are 15 informants consisting of 5 main informants and 10 additional informants. Determination of informants used a purposive technique. Data collection techniques in this study were in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis used thematic content analysis. Credibility tests used source triangulation and technical triangulation. Results: Based on the results of the study, all informants received emotional support in the form of smoking bans, attention, care, and advice. Informants get instrumental support in the form of suggestions, input, and appeals to reduce cigarette consumption. In addition, the informants received support in the form of positive enthusiasm and encouragement to stop smoking, as well as gifts promised by their parents. Informants also received information support about the dangers of smoking and diseases made worse by smoking. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that all informants have received social support from their parents and peer groups. This study is expected to change smoking behavior in children by reducing cigarette consumption.

Tobacco Tax Policy and Its Impact on Health Finance in Different Countries: A Systematic Review

The consumption of detrimental products, such as cigarettes, has a significant impact on health financing. Smoking is a detrimental practice that has negative effects on health, and the medical expenses linked to smoking-related ailments are considerable. In response, many countries have established cigarette excise laws with the aim of mitigating the adverse effects of smoking on public health and health financing. The implementation of cigarette excise taxes has resulted in a notable reduction in cigarette consumption, an increase in government revenue, and the funding of health programmes. This study aimed to enhance the understanding of the role of tobacco excise laws in promoting sustainable health financing. This study involved the review of 8 papers, and it was conducted following the guidelines of PRISMA-P, 2015 for systematic reviews. A comprehensive literature search was conducted utilizing multiple databases, including PubMed, EBSCO, and ScienceDirect. The tobacco excise management policy has generally aligned with its intended objectives. However, certain aspects, such as reducing consumption, allocation amounts, tariff patterns, and burdens, have yet to be fully effective. Therefore, it is necessary to implement strategic measures to enhance adequacy, such as increasing the pattern of excise tariffs and allocations and ensuring accountability and transparency in implementation.

Resting-state electroencephalography theta predicts neurofeedback treatment 4-month follow-up response in nicotine addiction

BackgroundThe high rate of long-term relapse is a major cause of smoking cessation failure. Recently, neurofeedback training has been widely used in the treatment of nicotine addiction; however, approximately 30%...

Cadmium levels in the urine of cigarette smokers in Bangoan village, Tulungagung district

Cadmium (Cd) which accumulates in the body for a long time can damage human organs such as the respiratory tract, reproductive organs, liver, and kidneys. However, many smokers ignore this, so laboratory evidence is needed to advise smokers. This study analyzed the levels of cadmium (Cd) in the urine of smokers in Bangoan Village, Tulungagung District. The research method used is descriptive analytics. The research sample consisted of 15 smokers obtained through random sampling from 15 cafes in Bangoan Village, Tulungagung Regency. The research instrument was a urine examination result sheet. Urine samples were examined with an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The data analysis technique was carried out using quantitative descriptive. The results showed that 8 (53%) smokers had normal cadmium levels, and 7 (47%) other smokers had abnormal cadmium levels with the lowest level being 0.503 µg/L and the highest level being 83.892 µg/L. The community is expected to reduce cigarette consumption and avoid exposure to cigarette smoke in the surrounding environment in order to reduce organ damage.