Reduced Schiff Base Research Articles

Novel Copper (II) Complexes with Fluorine-Containing Reduced Schiff Base Ligands Showing Marked Cytotoxicity in the HepG2 Cancer Cell Line.

Several novel copper (II) complexes of reduced Schiff bases containing fluoride substituents were prepared and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complexes exhibited diverse structures, with the central atom in distorted tetrahedral geometry. The biological effects of the products were evaluated, specifically their cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, and antiurease activities, as well as affinity for albumin (BSA) and DNA (ct-DNA). The complexes showed marked cytotoxic activities in the HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, considerably higher than the standard cisplatin. The cytotoxicity depended significantly on the substitution pattern. The best activity was observed in the complex with a trifluoromethyl group in position 4 of the benzene ring-the dichloro[(±)-trans-N,N'-bis-(4-trifluoromethylbenzyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine]copper (II) complex, whose activity (IC50 28.7 μM) was higher than that of the free ligand and markedly better than the activity of the standard cisplatin (IC50 336.8 μM). The same complex also showed the highest antimicrobial effect in vitro. The affinity of the complexes towards bovine serum albumin (BSA) and calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) was established as well, indicating only marginal differences between the complexes. In addition, all complexes were shown to be excellent inhibitors of the enzyme urease, with the IC50 values in the lower micromolar region.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Adsorbents Based on Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Schiff Base and Reduced Schiff Base for Pesticide Removal.

Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were functionalized with Schiff base and reduced Schiff base. Covalent and non-covalent functionalized GO nanostructures have been tested for the removal of pesticides with different chemical structures and properties (e.g., Epoxiconazole, Dimethomorph, Cyprodinil, Chlorothalonil, Acetochlor, Trifluralin) from aqueous solutions. The structure and morphology characteristics of the prepared structures were analyzed using techniques such as solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results of the experiments showed that, although the non-covalent functionalization did not affect the adsorption properties of GO much, the covalent functionalization increased the adsorption capacity of GO against the mentioned pesticides.

Fluorometric and naked eye detection of cadmium ion by reduced Schiff base zinc-based probe in potable water: Theoretical and experimental approach

Alarmingly increasing population and industrial growth has immensely affected water bodies and potable water sources by elution of many heavy toxic metal ions, including cadmium (II). The rising threat has demanded easy and cost-effective detection of this heavy metal ion so as to spread widely across the masses and eliminate the poisoning of water. With this aim, we have synthesized a zinc-based fluorescent probe (rBDZn) having reduced Schiff base backbone with N- and O- donor atoms derived from 5-bromosalicaldehyde and 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine, characterized with the aid of single crystal X-ray analysis, revealing a trimeric structure linearly bridged by azide ion. The complex has been found to exhibit a cyan blue fluorescence getting ‘turned-off’ in the presence of cadmium ion selectively along with many other cations in the aqueous solution together with a naked-eye visible color change from pale yellow to colorless. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence titration, and absorption titration experiments were performed. During the investigation of the sensing pathway it is observed that the detection of Cd2+ is being associated with the formation of the cadmium complex rBDCd from the probe rBDZn and this has been explained though a probable mechanism. In support of the fact a single crystal of Cd-substituted complex have been isolated and verified with single crystal XRD and computational calculations. Proper justification of the selectivity of the probe towards cadmium ion with a very low detection limit of 1.72 nM enables its genuine impact in the pollution management.

An insight into the non-covalent Cl•••Cl interaction in the solid state structure of carboxylate bridged trinuclear mixed valence cobalt(III/II/III) complexes with tetradentate N2O2 donor reduced Schiff base ligands

Two mixed-valence trinuclear cobalt(III)-cobalt(II)-cobalt(III) complexes, [CoII{(μ-L1)(μ-OOCC6H5NO2)CoIII(N3)}2] (1) and [CoII{(μ-L2)(μ-OOCC6H4NO2CH3)CoIII(N3}2] (2) have been synthesized using two tetradentate N2O2 donor 'reduced Schiff base' ligands, H2L1 {2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediyl)bis(iminomethylene)bis(4-chlorophenol}, and H2L2{2-hydroxy-1,3-propanediyl)bis(iminomethylene)bis(4-chlorophenol}, and 3-nitrobenzoic benzoic acid or 4-methyl 3-nitrobenzoic benzoic acid as anionic co-ligands. The complexes have been characterized by spectroscopic measurements and their solid state structures have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The trinuclear cobalt(III)-cobalt(II)-cobalt(III) skeleton of both the complexes are linear and centrosymmetric. Both the central cobalt(II) and terminal cobalt(III) of both the complexes are hexa-coordinated. DFT calculations have been used to analysed some supramolecular assemblies of the complex that have been observed in the solid state, specifically the Cl···Cl interactions that result in the creation of a stable 2D supramolecular assembly in the solid state. QTAIM and NCI Plot computational tools have been used to characterize the interactions. Thermo-gravimetric (TG) analysis was used to examine the thermal behaviour of both complexes. The redox behaviors of both the complexes were studied by using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV).

Reduced Schiff base as novel two-faced sensor for the detection of iron(III) and carbonate ions

The reduced Schiff base–naphthalene-2-ol (RSB) can be utilized as multifunctional probe to detect both Fe3+ and CO32–. The complexation was formed through coordinate covalent bond between Fe3+ and RSB, and through hydrogen bond between CO32– and RSB. The characterizations were investigated by UV–visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The quenching mechanism of RSB with Fe3+ and CO32– were described through inner filter effect (IFE) and static quenching (SQ), respectively. Furthermore, the quenching of RSB was correlated to the concentrations of Fe3+ (R2 = 0.9966) and CO32– (R2 = 0.9954) within a linear range of 1 – 50 ppm. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for Fe3+ were determined as 0.75 ppm and 2.52 ppm, respectively. Meanwhile, for CO32–, the LOD and LOQ were 0.27 ppm and 2.73 ppm, respectively. Finally, we demonstrate the application of RSB which can be easily synthesized and obtained with high yield to samples containing Fe3+ and CO32– with concentrations correlated to LOD and LOQ values.

Variation of carboxylate binding mode in self-assembled Ni(II) complexes with tridentate reduced Schiff base ligand: Syntheses, structural analysis

Variation of carboxylate binding mode in self-assembled Ni(II) complexes with tridentate reduced Schiff base ligand: Syntheses, structural analysis

Application of a distinctly bent, trinuclear, end-to-end azide bridged, mixed valence cobalt(iii/ii/iii) complex in the fabrication of photosensitive Schottky barrier diodes.

A mixed-valence trinuclear cobalt(iii)-cobalt(ii)-cobalt(iii) complex, [(μ-1,3-N3)Co3L(N3)3]·MeOH has been synthesized using a tetradentate N2O2 donor 'reduced Schiff base' ligand, H2L {1,3-bis(2-hydroxybenzylamino)2,2-dimethylpropane} and azide as anionic co-ligand. The complex has been characterised by elemental analysis, IR, UV-vis spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies etc. The cobalt(iii)-cobalt(ii)-cobalt(iii) skeleton in the complex is non-linear and non-centrosymmetric. The redox behavior of the complex was studied by using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). The complex is found to be a semiconductor material as confirmed by determining the band gap of this complex by experimental as well as theoretical studies. The band gap in the solid state has been determined experimentally. The conductivity of the synthesized complex based device improves considerably in illumination conditions from the non-illuminated conditions. The complex has also been used to fabricate Schottky barrier diodes.

Structural features and antiproliferative activity of Pd(II) complexes with halogenated ligands: a comparative study between Schiff base and reduced Schiff base complexes.

In order to investigate the structural features and antiproliferative activity of Pd(II) complexes containing halogenated ligands with different flexibility, several Schiff base and reduced Schiff base Pd(II) complexes, namely X1X2PicPd, X1X2PyPd, X1X2Pic(R)Pd, and X1X2Py(R)Pd (where X1 = X2 = Cl, Br and I; Pic: 2-picolylamine; Py = 2-(2-pyridyl)ethylamine), were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods and, in the case of Br2PyPd, Cl2Py(R)Pd and ClBrPy(R)Pd, also by X-ray crystallography. The results of the X-ray crystallography showed that in both series of complexes the Pd(II) ion has a distorted square-planar geometry, although the coordination modes of the two ligands are different. In the Schiff base-type complexes the ligand acts as a tridentate chelate with NN'O donor atoms, whereas in the reduced Schiff base-type complexes the ligand acts as a bidentate chelate with NN' donor atoms. In both series of complexes, the chloride ions occupy the residual coordination sites of the Pd(II) ion. TD-DFT calculations were performed for a better understanding of the UV-Vis spectra. From these calculations it was found that the signal appearing at ∼400 nm in the complexes with reduced Schiff base ligands (X1X2Pic(R)Pd and X1X2Py(R)Pd) is mainly due to a HOMO → LUMO transition, while for the Schiff base complex ClBrPyPd the signal is due to a HOMO → LUMO+1 transition. For the complex I2PicPd, combinations of HOMO-4 → LUMO and HOMO-2 → LUMO transitions were found to be responsible for that signal. In regard to the biological activity profile, all complexes were first investigated as proteasome inhibitors by fluorometric methods. From these enzymatic assays, it emerged that they are good inhibitors with IC50 values in the low-micromolar range and that their inhibitory activity is strictly related to the presence of the metal ion. Subsequently they were also subjected to cell-based assays (the resazurin method) to assess their antiproliferative properties by using two leukemic cell lines, namely the drug-sensitive CCRF-CEM cell line and its multidrug-resistant sub-cell line CEM/ADR5000. In this test they displayed IC50 values in the sub-micromolar and low-micromolar range determined for a selected metal complex (Br2Pic(R)Pd) and ligand (Cl2Pic(R)), respectively. Moreover, docking studies were performed on the two expected molecular targets, i.e. proteasome and DNA, to shed light on the mechanisms of action of these types of Pd(II) complexes.

The crucial role of hydrogen bonding in shaping the structures of zinc-based coordination polymers using tridentate N, N, O donor reduced Schiff base ligands and bridging acetates.

In this manuscript we report the synthesis and characterization of two new polynuclear zinc(ii) complexes, [Zn2L1(μ-OAc)3]n·H2O (1) and [Zn2L2(μ-OAc)3]n (2) using two tridentate ligands, HL1 {4-chloro-2-(((2-(methylamino)ethyl)amino)methyl)phenol} and HL2 {2,4-dibromo-6-(((3-(methylamino)propyl)amino)methyl)phenol}. The structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Both complexes form 1D chains. The energy of H-bonding interaction in the solid state structures of the complexes has been estimated by DFT calculation and the crucial role of hydrogen bonding in shaping their structures has been highlighted.

DNA Cleavage and Cytotoxic Activity of Copper(II) Complexes Based on Reduced Schiff Bases Derived From Salicylaldehyde and Amino Acids

Abstract Metal complexes, which, under physiologic conditions, show redox properties and are able to bind to DNA, are great tools to cleave the DNA chain. This aspect is of great importance for their use as antineoplastic drugs. We synthesized ligands derived from short-chain amino acids and from salicylaldehyde. The prepared ligands of the type of reduced Schiff bases were subsequently used for the preparation of copper(II) complexes. The aim of the study was in vitro testing of copper(II) complexes, where it was confirmed that they are capable of cleaving DNA. Their cytotoxic activity was also confirmed by the resazurin redox method on Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on preserved healthy mitochondrial function.

Dynamics of lipoperoxidation and amino acid spectrum in patients with delirium after intramedullary osteosynthesis with ropivocaine epidural anesthesia

Introduction The pathogenesis of postoperative delirium, its causes, and factors contributing to its development remain a subject of debate. We consider it promising to study the dynamics of lipoperoxidation, cortisol levels and amino acid metabolism in patients with postoperative delirium. Such studies will reveal diagnostic and prognostic markers.The aim was to identify differences in the dynamics of lipoperoxidation, amino acid balance and cortisol levels in patients with and without delirium.Materials and methods A total of 41 patients who underwent surgery for a femoral fracture under epidural anaesthesia were included in the study. All patients underwent a daily test, the Confused Consciousness Assessment Method. If it was positive, delirium was diagnosed; thus, two groups were identified: with postoperative delirium (n = 12) and without delirium (n = 29).Results In the preoperative delirium group, there was a relative lack of glucocorticosteroids as measured by reduced cortisol levels (pU < 0.01) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation as reduced Schiff bases (pU = 0.01). There were no significant differences in amino acid metabolism of the major amino acid pools. The intraoperative period in both groups had similar characteristics and no significant differences. In the postoperative period inhibition of lipoperoxidation in the delirium group changed into its greater activation, which was revealed by increased levels of ketodienes and conjugated trienes in isopropanol phase (pU < 0.01). There was also an increase in the aromatic pool (pU < 0.01) due to an increase in large neutral amino acids (phenialanine, pU = 0.0, tryptophan, pU = 0.02, tyrosine, pU < 0.01) and a decrease in the aliphatic pool (pU < 0.01). Cortisol levels remained significantly lower in the delirium group (pU < 0.01).Discussion The preoperative decrease in the studied indices in the delirium group may indicate initial reductive stress. In the postoperative period, patients with and without delirium differ in their metabolic activity with respect to lipoperoxidation and amino acid metabolism, and cortisol levels remain significantly lower in the delirium group.Conclusion The development of delirium is facilitated by initial reductive stress and a tolerant adaptation strategy.

New complexes based on reduced Schiff base carboxylic acid ligand: Electric properties, fluorescence properties and detection of Fe3+

Two kinds of complexes [M(L)(H2O)]n(1–3) [M = Cd(1), Co(2), Mn(3)] and {[Ln(L)(HL)]·(H2O)3}n (4–6) [Ln = Sm(4), Gd(5), Tm(6)] were dexterously constructed via reduced Schiff base carboxylic acid ligand (H2L=5-((4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzyl)amino)isophthalic acid) under solvothermal reactions. Complexes 1–3 are two-dimensional (2D) framework consisted of binuclear [M2O10N2] building unit. Complexes 4–6 are three-dimensional (3D) network structure with ecu topological net. Importantly, with the 2D layered structure complex 3 as the electrode material for a supercapacitor has a maximum specific capacitance is 412.3 F·g−1 at a current density of 1 A·g−1, and even at 5 A·g−1, the specific capacitance retention is about 59.2 % of the initial capacitance. The electrochemical property ascribed attributed to the inherent properties of complex 3, including its layered structure and favorable exposed facets. Remarkably, the exploration of luminescence studies demonstrated that complex 1 has an outstanding capacity for detecting Fe3+ with excellent selectivity and sensitivity, where individual quenching efficiency Ksv (1.18 × 103 M−1) and detection limit (2.1 × 10−5 M) were regarded as the excellent coordination polymers sensors for detecting Fe3+.

Equilibria in the aqueous system of cobalt(II) based on 2-picolinehydroxamic acid and N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)phenylalanine and its ability to inhibit the propagation of cancer cells

Mixed-ligand complexes of cobalt(II) with two bioligands, viz. 2-picolinehydroxamic acid and the reduced Schiff base N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)phenylalanine, were studied in aqueous solution by potentiometry and UV–Vis spectroscopic analysis. The coordination mode of the complexes and their stability were determined and compared to their parent species. Stacking interactions between the rings present in the ligands influence the stability of the complexes. Also, UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed that the stacking interactions affected the intercalation of DNA and mixed-ligand complexes. The in vitro anticancer activity of the free ligand 2-picolinehydroxamic acid and the complexes was tested against cervical and gastric human adenocarcinoma epithelial cell lines. At concentrations of 0.06 and 0.11 mM, the mixed-ligand structures showed the ability to reduce gastric cancer cells with no inhibitory effect on mouse fibroblasts. The cytotoxic effect was accompanied by damage to the cell nuclei, which may confirm that the complexes demonstrate effective binding to DNA. No determination of minimal inhibitory and bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations against the test organisms was possible at higher complex concentrations due to precipitation.

Synthesis, structural characterization and magnetic studies of two Cu(II)-azide based one-dimensional polymeric chains derived from reduced Schiff base ligands

This article describes syntheses, structural characterizations and magnetic studies of two new Cu(II)-azido based coordination polymers. The complexes, [Cu4(L1)2(N3)6]∞ (1) and [Cu4(L2)2(N3)6]∞ (2) have been synthesized by using Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O, reduced Schiff base ligands (HL1−2) and NaN3 in 1:1:2 M ratios. HL1 and HL2 are the condensation products of salicylaldehyde with N-ethyl-1,2-ethylenediamine and N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, respectively. Structural analysis shows that both complexes have similar tetrameric Cu(II) building units in which Cu(II) ions are linked by phenoxo oxygen atoms and two different bridging azido linkages (µ1,1-N3− and µ1,1,3-N3−). An azide co-ligand is also attached with one of the Cu centres through terminal mode. The Cu(II) ions occupy distorted penta-coordinated square pyramidal geometry in complexes 1 and 2. Magnetic susceptibility measurements in the range of 300 K–2 K exhibit the presence of antiferromagnetic interactions between Cu(II) centeres of both complexes 1 and 2.

Antimicrobially Active Zn(II) Complexes of Reduced Schiff Bases Derived from Cyclohexane-1,2-diamine and Fluorinated Benzaldehydes-Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Bioactivity.

A series of Schiff base ligands obtained by the condensation of trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine and fluorinated benzaldehydes were prepared, followed by their reduction with NaBH4. The reduced ligands were employed in the synthesis of zinc complexes of the general formula [ZnCl2(L)]. The structures of both the original and the reduced Schiff bases, as well as of the zinc complexes, were characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis, along with NMR and IR spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activities of the reduced Schiff bases and their zinc complexes were evaluated in vitro against E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. The compounds containing the 4-(trifluoromethylphenyl) moiety showed marked antibacterial activity. Interestingly, the antimicrobial effect of the zinc complex with this moiety was significantly higher than that of the corresponding free reduced ligand, comparable with ciprofloxacin used as standard. Thus, a synergic effect upon the complexation with zinc can be inferred.

In situ reduction synthesis of quinoline-based copper(I) complexes: “Self-activating” chemical nuclease, antioxidation and anticancer activity

Two new Cu(І) complexes, [Cu2(L1)2(μ-Br)2] (1) and [Cu2(L1)2(μ-Cl)2] (2) were synthesized from Cu(II) halogen salts and the reduced Schiff base ligand. Stable Cu(І) complexes were obtained via in situ reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) and the CN was oxidize to C = N in the ligand. The structures of two complexes were characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis as well as IR and UV–Vis spectra. The two complexes have potential antioxidant capacity and exhibit efficiently self-activated DNA cleavage activity and hydroxyl radical ROS cleavage mechanism. MTT was used to assay cytotoxicity of the complexes toward a series of tumor cell and HUVEC cell lines. Both complexes exhibited higher selective cytotoxicity against tumor cells than normal cells, which is significantly superior to the positive control. The complexes could induce cell apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway by increase of ROS levels and decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). Furthermore, the complexes can obviously inhibit the migration and invasion of the quiz tumor cells, as well as inhibit the angiogenesis of HUVEC cells.

Metallomacrocycle or 1D chain: Synthesis, structures, and antifungal activities of zinc(II) and silver(I) complexes based on two reduced Schiff base ligands

Two reduced Schiff base ligands (L1 and L2) were synthesized from two Schiff base compounds containing pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide skeletons. In the presence of Zn(II) or Ag(I) ions, five complexes, formulated as [ZnL1Cl2] (1), [AgL1NO3]·4CH3CN (2), {[AgL1]·NO3·DMSO}n (3), {[ZnL2Cl2]·2DMF·H2O}n (4), and [Ag2(L2)2(CH3CN)2]·2NO3·2CH3CN (5), were synthesized and further characterized via elemental analysis, FT-IR spectra and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complexes 1 and 2 exist as similar mononuclear [1+1] metallomacrocycles. Complexes 3 and 4 exist as 1D zig-zag chain polymers. Complex 5 exists as a centrosymmetric [2+2] metallamacrocycle. The structural differences of the complexes reveal two different configurations of the ligands in coordination with metal ions. Furthermore, antifungal measurements show that all of the three Ag(I) complexes exhibit good inhibiting effects against M. grisea and S. sclerotiorum.

Magnetic, fluorescence and electric properties of rare earth complexes based on reduced Schiff base carboxylic acid ligand

By regulating the reaction system, two kinds of rare earth complexes [M(L)(HL)(DMF)]n [M = Eu(1), Nd(2), Pr(3) and [M(L)(HL)(H2O)3]n [M = Eu(4), Ho(5), Dy(6), Er(7), Y(8)] with different structures were designed and synthesized based on the reduced Schiff base carboxylic acid ligand [H2L=5-((4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzyl)amino)isophthalic acid]. The crystal structures, electrochemical, magnetic and fluorescence properties of complexes were characterized and discussed. Complexes 1-3 are two-dimensional (2D) framework composed of binuclear [M2O14N2] building unit. Complexes 4-8 are three-dimensional (3D) network structure with ecu topological net. Fluorescence properties of complexes 1 and 4 in the solid state were investigated at room temperature. Magnetic measurements indicate that the 2, 3 and 5-7 exhibit typical antiferromagnetic. Complex 2 has been evaluated as a candidate electrode material for supercapacitors with a maximum specific capacitance is 412.3 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, and the specific capacitance retention is about 59.4% of the initial capacitance even at 5 A g−1. The excellent rate capability makes it as the best candidate for high capacity supercapacitor electrode material.

Functionalization of cellulosic and polyester textiles using reduced Schiff base (RSB) of eco-friendly vanillin.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-023-05085-z.

Equilibria of complexes in the aqueous cobalt(II)–N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)phenylalanine system and their biological activity compared to analogous Schiff base structures

Due to their excellent prospects in biological applications, Schiff bases and their complexes are a source of continuing interest. The present study examines the formation of four cobalt(II) complexes with the reduced Schiff base N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)phenylalanine (PhAlaSal) in alkaline aqueous solution by pH-metry. UV–Vis and ESI–MS studies confirmed the model of proposed species. Kinetic analysis indicated that the single- and bi-ligand cobalt(II) complexes transitioned from octahedral to tetrahedral structures. The Schiff base and its complexes detected under physiological pH were tested for antimicrobial abilities and compared with analogous structures of the Schiff base derivative, N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)alanine (AlaSal). The ability of these structures to influence cell growth was tested on L929 mouse fibroblasts and on cervix and gastric adenocarcinoma cancer cell lines. N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)phenylalanine demonstrates greater antimicrobial efficacy than N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)alanine but also higher cytotoxicity; however, it is nonetheless effective against cancer cells. In turn, AlaSal demonstrates low cytotoxicity for fibroblasts and high cytotoxicity for gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cells at bacteriostatic concentration for Helicobacter pylori and Candida strains. The presence of these microorganisms in the gastric milieu supports the development of gastritis and gastric cancer; AlaSal therapy may be simultaneously effective against both. Due to their cytotoxicity, Schiff base complexes are not suitable for use against fungal and bacterial infections, but may effectively prevent cancer cell growth. Data availabilityData will be made available on request.