Reduced Glutathione Antioxidant Research Articles

Anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and biocompatibility properties of aqueous extract of Tamarindus indica L. fruit coat analyses by in-vitro and in-vivo approaches

The anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and biocompatibility nature of Tamarindus indica L. fruit coat aqueous extract were investigated in this research through in-vitro and in-vivo studies. The anti-inflammatory property was determined through albumin denaturation inhibition and antiprotease activities as up to 39.5% and 41.2% respectively at 30 mg mL−1 concentration. Furthermore, the antidiabetic activity was determined through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition as up to 62.15% and 67.35% respectively at 30 mg mL−1 dosage. The albino mice based acute toxicity study was performed by different treatment groups (group I–V) with different dosages of aqueous extract to detect the biocompatibility of sample. Surprisingly, findings revealed that the T. indica L. fruit coat aqueous extract had no harmful impacts on any of the groups. Urine, as well as serum parameter analysis, confirmed this. Moreover, the findings of SOD (Superoxide Dismutase), GST (Glutathione-S-transferase), & CAT (Catalase) as well as glutathione peroxidase as well as reduced glutathione antioxidant enzymes studies stated that the aqueous extract possess high antioxidant ability via a dose-dependent way. These findings indicate that T. indica fruit coat aqueous extract contains medicinally important phytochemicals with anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties, as well as being biocompatible in nature.

Discovery of the Effects of the Hemiprotonic Phenanthroline-Phenanthroline+ against Trichophyton rubrum by Inducing Fungal Apoptosis

Trichophyton rubrum (T.rubrum) is the most common causative agent of dermatophytosis worldwide. The development of antifungal drugs will contribute to treating the disease. In this study, we suggest that a hemiprotonic compound phenanthroline-phenanthroline+ (ph-ph+) is active in inhibiting the growth and reproduction of T.rubrum, and the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration values were 2 μg/ml and 8 μg/ml, respectively. In an invitro onychomycosis model, ph-ph+ killed T.rubrum by inducing apoptosis, which was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy and Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining. Transcriptomic analysis and biochemical assay showed that ph-ph+ elevated iron ion content in T.rubrum cells and reduced glutathione antioxidant system level, leading to an increase in the contents of ROS and malondialdehyde. Therefore, the antifungal mechanism of ph-ph+ would be associated with iron ion-induced cell apoptosis, which is different from other known antifungal drugs. Furthermore, ph-ph+ was prepared into gel for application in guinea pigs with dermatophytosis caused by T.rubrum. The results showed that the ph-ph+ gel eliminated the fungus in the animals without causing skin irritation or other adverse reactions. The study would not only provide a potential compound to treat dermatophytosis, but also suggest that iron ion-induced cell apoptosis might be a new approach to killing fungi.

Autochthonous buffalo-gut origin Pediococcus pentosaceus RM119 decreased diarrhea and enhanced gut health, immunity in neonatal Murrah calves

This study assessed the effect of autochthonous probiotic Pediococcus pentosaceus RM119 on gut health, growth, and nutrient utilization in calves. Twelve buffalo calves (<15 d) were divided into two groups, control without probiotics, and probiotic group with P. pentosaceus RM119 @ 108 CFU/calf/d. The probiotic group showed a reduction (p < 0.05) in fecal score, diarrhea episodes and duration of diarrhea. The fecal pH, fecal ammonia was lower, whereas lactate was higher in probiotic group than control. There was a significant increase (p < 0.01) in the concentration of fecal acetate, propionate and butyrate levels in the probiotic supplemented group. The fecal lactobacilli and bifidobacterium were higher (p < 0.01), whereas, fecal coliform and clostridial count were lower (p < 0.01) in P. pentosaceus RM119 supplemented group. There was an improvement in reduced glutathione anti oxidant. Overall, buffalo-gut origin P. pentosaceus RM119 reduced the frequency and severity of diarrhea in neonatal buffalo calves and improved the gut health.

Reduced Glutathione Antioxidant Stability in Polymer Solutions Toward Wound Bioactive Dressing Application

Reduced glutathione (GSH) is incorporated in polymeric wound dressings to prevent oxidative stress-induced cellular damage and the development of chronic wounds. The present study investigates the influence of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and PVA/PEO blend polymeric solutions on the stability of GSH during the preparations or storage. The stability was studied in three concentrations which were 3%, 5% and 8%, after sometimes between 0 to 7 days. The level of GSH achieved the highest electron donor activity at day 7 in 8% PVA/PEO (95.42%) and 8% PVA (94.27%) solutions, whereas GSH activity decreased when incorporated with PEO solutions. Such a decrease in the GSH activity due to PEO being less water-resistant and hydrolytic degradation susceptibility could expose the GSH to an aqueous environment and lead to the loss of GSH activity. In conclusion, a higher concentration of polymer and less-water resistant polymers can shield the GSH from an aqueous environment and maintain its stability in the polymer solutions used in wound dressing applications.

Supplementation of soybean lecithin-based cryopreservation medium with glutathione: Fertility and flow cytometry study of ram frozen-thawed semen

Abstract This study was aimed to evaluate the beneficial effects of reduced glutathione antioxidant in soybean lecithin-based cryopreservation medium on fertility and quality parameters of ram semen. In experiment 1, semen samples were collected from five rams and diluted in the freezing extender contained various concentrations of glutathione as follows: extender without glutathione (G0), extender containing 0.5 mM (G0.5), 1 mM (G1), 2 mM (G2), 4 mM (G4) and 8 mM (G8) glutathione. Motility, membrane functionality, morphology, mitochondrial activity, acrosome integrity, viability, apoptosis status, lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration were assessed after thawing. In experiment 2, pregnancy, parturition, lambing and twining rates were evaluated after artificial insemination with frozen-thawed semen. In results, G4 showed higher (P ≤ 0.05) total and progressive motility, membrane functionality, acrosome integrity, and lower (P ≤ 0.05) lipid peroxidation and ROS concentration compared to the other groups. Mitochondrial activity and viability were higher (P ≤ 0.05) and late apoptotic-like changes were lower (P ≤ 0.05) in G2 and G4 compared to the other groups. DNA fragmentation and late apoptotic-like changes were higher (P ≤ 0.05) in G8 compared to the other groups. No significant difference was observed among groups in cases of morphology and reproductive performance. In conclusion, supplementation of cryopreservation medium with 4 mM reduced glutathione improves the quality parameters of ram spermatozoa but it was not reflected to the reproductive performance.

Open-Label Trial of Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Volume X, Number x, 2016 a Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Pp. 1–10 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2015.0159 Original Article Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Methyl B12 for Children with Autism Robert L. Hendren, DO, 1 S. Jill James, PhD, 2 Felicia Widjaja, MPH, 1 Brittany Lawton, BS, 1 Abram Rosenblatt, PhD, 1 and Stephen Bent, MD 1 Abstract Objective: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been reported to have reduced ability to methylate DNA and elevated markers of oxidative stress. We sought to determine if methyl B12, a key metabolic cofactor for cellular methylation reactions and antioxidant defense, could improve symptoms of ASD. Methods: A total of 57 children with ASD were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of treatment with methyl B12 (75 lg/kg) or saline placebo every 3 days in a subcutaneous injection. The primary outcome measure was overall improvement in symptoms of ASD as measured by the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) score. Secondary outcome mea- sures included changes in the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Laboratory measures of methionine methylation and antioxidant glutathione metabolism were assessed at baseline and 8 weeks. Results: A total of 50 children (mean age 5.3 years, 79% male) completed the study. The primary outcome measure – the clinician rated CGI-I score – was statistically significantly better (lower) in the methyl B12 group (2.4) than in the placebo group (3.1) (0.7 greater improvement in the methyl B12 group, 95% CI 1.2–0.2, p = 0.005). Clinical improvement among children treated with methyl B12 was positively correlated with increases in plasma methionine ( p = 0.05), decreases in S-adenosyl-l- homocysteine (SAH) ( p = 0.007) and improvements in the ratio of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to SAH ( p = 0.007), indi- cating an improvement in cellular methylation capacity. No improvements were observed in the parent-rated ABC or SRS. Conclusions: Methyl B12 treatment improved clinician-rated symptoms of ASD that were correlated with improvements in measures of methionine metabolism and cellular methylation capacity. Clinical Trial Registry: Efficacy Study of Subcutaneous Methyl B12 in Children with Autism: NCT01039792 (clinical trials.gov1). Introduction with autism had significantly lower plasma methionine, S- adenosylmethionine (SAM), homocysteine, cystathionine, cysteine, and total glutathione as well as significantly higher levels of S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH), adenosine, and oxidized gluta- thione. These laboratory changes were consistent with increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with ASD ( James et al. 2004). As shown in Figure 1, these abnormalities are related to three interconnected metabolic pathways known col- lectively as methionine transmethylation/transsulfuration metabo- lism (Hirsch et al. 2008; Kalinina et al. 2014; Watson et al. 2014). A second study in 2006 of 80 children with ASD and 73 controls again demonstrated the same pattern of methylation deficit and oxidative stress ( James et al. 2006). A more recent study in 2012 examined 68 children with ASD, 40 unaffected siblings, and 54 age- matched unaffected, unrelated control children. Reduced methyla- tion capacity was associated with DNA hypomethylation and reduced glutathione antioxidant defense in the children with ASD but not in their unaffected siblings or control children (Melnyk et al. A utism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodeve- lopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social inter- action and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior that now affects 1 in 68 children (Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network Surveillance Year Principal and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2014). ASD has a significant genetic component, with up to 25% of cases being caused by an identifiable genetic defect (Huguet et al. 2013). However, two recent epide- miologic studies have concluded that environmental influences have a greater contribution than genetic factors in the etiology of autism (Hallmayer et al. 2011; Sandin et al. 2014). Many metabolic processes have shown specific deficits in children with ASD, including both cellular methylation and glutathione- mediated antioxidant defense (Rossignol and Frye 2012). In 2004, James et al. reported findings of a small study of 20 children with autism compared with 33 healthy controls, and found that children Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California. Arkansas Children’s Hospital Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas. Funding: This study was supported by a grant from Autism Speaks (grant #3031 to Dr. Hendren).

Estimation of plasma glutathione levels in NIDDM patients with and without cardiovascular disease

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic derangements characterised by hyperglycemia resulting from defective insulin secretion or action or both. Persistent hyperglycemia generates reactive oxygen species causing oxidative damage to cells and various biomolecules. In this study the levels of reduced glutathione antioxidant were estimated in NIDDM patients with cardiovascular disease (n=50) by HPLC method and compared to healthy controls (n=50). The results indicated that plasma glutathione levels are significantly decreased showing that antioxidant defence is lowered in diabetic patients with cardiovascular complications. .

English

This study was designed to investigate the preventive effect of ethanolic extract ofRhododendron arboretum&nbsp;(ERA) against isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia in rat myocardium. Wister rats were pretreated with ERA (100, 250, 500 mg kg-1) orally for 42 days and then intoxicated with isoproterenol (ISO, 150mg/kg body weight, s.c. for 2 days). MI induced in rats by subcutaneous injection of ISO-(150 mg/kg body weight) at interval of 24 h for 2 days showed significant elevation in serum cardiac marker enzymes like lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT). Lipid peroxidative product like lipid hydroperoxidase was elevated in tissue and serum, decline in enzymatic antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and non-enzymatic reduced glutathione antioxidants. Pretreatment with ERA to ISO-treated rats caused a significant protective effect. Administration of ERA in normal rats did not have any significant effect on cardiac markers, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant levels. The results of our study show that ERA possesses protective effect result from suppression of oxidative stress in ISO-induced myocardial infracted rats. Histopathological examination further confirmed the cardioprotective effect of ERA against ischemic insult. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Myocardial infarction, isoproterenol, antioxidants,&nbsp;Rhododendron arboreum, oxidative stress.

Responses of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione antioxidant defenses in gills of the freshwater catfish ( Heteropneustes fossilis) to short-term elevated temperature

Superoxide anion radical ( O 2 −) has been hypothesized as one of the possible factors involved in the oxidative stress in aquatic animals. The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) catalyzes the conversion of O 2 − to hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) whilst glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px; EC 1.11.1.9) metabolizes the H 2O 2 to H 2O in part of the cell (cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum). Reduced glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant which serves, in part, to set the redox status in tissues. In the present study the patterns of SOD and GSH-Px activities and GSH content were investigated, in an experimental model of elevated temperature, in gills of the fish Heteropneustes fossilis in order to investigate whether temperature elevation for 1–4 h may alter the antioxidant system. After an elevated temperature exposure from 25 (control) to 37°C, the SOD activity increased while GSH-Px activity and GSH content decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 32 and 37°C at 1–4 h in comparison to control. Nevertheless a transient increase in GSH-Px activity was observed at 1 and 2 h at 32°C. The results at 27°C temperature were non-significant (P < 0.05) in comparison to control. During the extended hours (1 to 4 h) of each elevated temperature, a general trend of increase in SOD activity at 32 and 37°C was observed. However, GSH-Px activity and GSH content were not changed significantly for most of the extended period of elevated temperature. In conclusion, the elevated temperature caused changes in SOD and GSH-Px activities and GSH (thiol) content in gills.

ω3-Lipid peroxides injure CaCo-2 cells: Relationship to the development of reduced glutathione antioxidant systems

Background/Aims: Dietary polyunsaturated fats are significant sources of luminal lipid hydroperoxides whose accumulation can be injurious to the intestinal epithelium. The current study examines the cytotoxicity of peroxidized fish oil to CaCo-2 cells. Methods: Chromate release from cells was used as an index of CaCo-2 injury, and day 1 and day 7 postconfluent monolayers were used to represent the immature and mature states, respectively. Results: Air oxidation of fish oil yielded equimolar quantities of hydroperoxyeicosapentaenoic (20:5) and docosahexaenoic (22:6) acids. Their cytotoxicity were time- and concentration-dependent and were related to the developmental stages. A 100-μmol/L dose of hydroperoxides caused a 40% and a 15% 51Cr release from day 1 and day 7 cells, respectively. Cellular glutathione (GSH), GSH redox enzyme, and γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase activities were significantly lower in day 1 than in day 7 cells, indicating that hydroperoxide metabolism in immature cells is rate limited by reductant supply. GSH supplementation increased cell GSH in day 7 cells (twofold) but not in day 1 cells, suggesting a limited ability of immature cells to use exogenous GSH. Conclusions: These results show that nondifferentiated cells are more sensitive to oxidant-induced injury than mature cells. This enhanced susceptibility is associated with a lower GSH-dependent detoxication capacity of the immature cells.