Reduction In Fat Intake Research Articles

Adherence to a low-fat dietary pattern reduces head and neck cancer risk: evidence from the PLCO trial

PurposeLow-fat dietary (LFD) pattern refers to a dietary structure with reduced fat intake. The aim was to investigate the association between LFD pattern and risk of head and neck cancer (HNC).MethodsData were derived from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. LFD score was used to assess adherence to an LFD pattern, with higher scores indicating greater adherence. Cox regression was used to evaluate the association between LFD score and risk of HNC and its subtypes. To visualize the trend in risk of HNC and its subtypes with changing LFD score, restricted cubic spline plots were utilized. A series of subgroup analyses were conducted to identify potential confounders. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the results.ResultsAmong 98,459 participants of PLCO trial, 268 cases with HNC were identified during an average of 8.8 years of follow-up. In the fully adjusted model, participants in the highest compared with the lowest quartiles of LFD score had a lower risk of HNC (HR Q4 vs. Q1: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.40–0.90; P for trend = 0.026) and larynx cancer (HRQ4 vs. Q1: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.22–0.96; P for trend = 0.039). The restricted cubic spline plots demonstrated a linear dose-response relationship between the LFD score and the risk of HNC and its subtypes (all P for nonlinearity > 0.05). The primary association remained robust in the sensitivity analysis.ConclusionOur findings suggest that adherence to an LFD pattern may lower the risk of HNC in the US population.

Effect of reducing saturated fat intake on cardiovascular disease in adults: an umbrella review.

Our objective was to explore the effect of the reduction of saturated fat (SAF) intake on cardiovascular disease, mortality and other health-related outcomes in adults. We conducted an umbrella review, searching Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and LILACS databases for systematic reviews from December 1, 2012, to December 1, 2022. We have included meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies. We extracted effect sizes (95%CI), heterogeneity (I 2), and evidence quality rating based on the population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes. 21 meta-analyses were included (three were from RCTs, and 18 were from cohort studies). Among meta-analyses of RCTs, 15 of the 45 associations were significant. The effect of reduction in SAF intake on combined cardiovascular events (RR 0.79, 95%CI 0.66-0.93) was graded as having moderate certainty of evidence. We found no effect on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cancer deaths, and other cardiovascular events. Among meta-analyses of cohort studies, five of the 19 associations were significant. There was an increase in coronary heart disease mortality (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01-1.21) and breast cancer mortality (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.09-2.09) in participants with higher SFA intake compared to reduced SFA. We found no effect on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and other cardiovascular events. This umbrella review found the reduction in SAF intake probably reduces cardiovascular events and other health outcomes. However, it has little or no effect on cardiovascular mortality and mortality from other causes. More high-quality clinical trials with long-term follow-up are needed.Systematic review registration: CRD42022380859.

Effects of genetic disclosure on SNPs rs1761667, rs8065080, and rs662799 on the limitation of salt and fat intake

Excess salt and fat intake in our food leads to a higher risk of obesity and hypertension. One of the factors that affect our preference is genetics, where a person's preference is related to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in taste receptors can also influence food choices. Currently, several prog to limit salt intake are often unsuccessful because lack of individual motivation. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of genetic disclosure on salt limitation and fat intake. The study recruited forty-one adult participants aged 20-50 years who underwent a 14-day healthy transformation Nutricare program organized by PT. Nutrifood Indonesia. Participants were divided into two groups, the first group (n = 20) as the control group and the second group (n = 21) as the genetic disclosure group. The genetic disclosure was performed with rs8065080 on the TRPV1 gene (related to salty taste sensitivity), rs1761667 in the CD36 gene (related to fatty taste sensitivity), and rs662799 in the APOA5 gene (related to the hyperlipidemia risk). Overall, 90% of genetic disclosure group participants showed a significant reduction in salt (7.02±2.25 g/day vs. 4.42±1.98 g/day, p = 0.002) and fat (70.84±18.45 g/day vs 48.54±12.25 g/day, p = 0.000) intake. Results comparison between groups also showed that the group with genetic information resulted in a greater decrease in the intake of salt (-1.95±2.28 vs. 2.60±3.05, p = 0.397) and fat (-11.43±22.01 vs -22.31±21.46, p = 0.1). Therefore, genetic disclosure could help individuals live healthier by motivating the participants to reduce salt and fat intake.

BENEFICIAL ROLE OF DIETARY CHANGES IN MENOPAUSE: IMPACT ON CARDIOVASCULAR RISK

Objective: The changing hormonal milieu in post-menopausal women (PMW) predisposes them to increase cardiovascular (CV) risk, due to a constellation of risk factors, such as visceral obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension. Our ongoing study aims to evaluate the impact of dietary changes in CV risk in PMW. Design and method: For 1 year, 65 PMW with BMI 24-39 Kg/m2 and at least another CV risk factor were followed. Anthropometric parameters, plicometry and blood pressure (BP) were taken. Questionnaires on medical history, physical activity, and food frequency (FFQ) were administered. Balanced low-calorie dietary plan with quantitative advice were released. Repeated measures ANOVA at 1 year were performed. Results: We observed at 1 year significant reductions (p<0.01) in weight (δ=-4.5 Kg), BMI (δ=-1.7 Kg/m2), waist (δ=-4.3cm) and hips (δ=-3.1cm) circumferences, subscapular (δ=-5.8mm), suprailiac (δ=-3.3mm) and triceps (δ=-5.5mm) skinfolds, adipose area of the arm (AFA) (δ=-7.3cm2), and fat mass (δ=-4.5kg) without variation of the lean mass (δ=-0.1 kg, p=0.48). All those reductions were followed by change in the obesity prevalence (-21.1%), in the fat mass distribution with 10% reduction in abdominal and truncular obesity and 5.2% reduction on waist-to-height ratio, and in systolic (δ=-8.8 mmHg) and diastolic (δ=-4.3 mmHg) BP. Significant positive correlations (p<0.0001) were observed between weight reduction and the following variables: waist (r=0.61) and hip (r=0.77) circumferences, subscapularis (r=0.56) and triceps (r=0.66) skinfolds, and AFA (r=0.73). Significant reductions (p<0.05) were observed in daily caloric intake (δ=-99.8Kcal/day), due to the reduction in fat intake (36.6->33.6%), specially saturated fatty acids (12->10.8%) and cholesterol (δ=-23.1mg/day), with maintenance of the average level of physical activity and in agreement with a significant reductions in consumption of animal meats, visible fat, processed meats, olive oil, sweets and baked goods detected by FFQ. Conclusions: The study underlines the medium-term utility of a 1 year balanced low-calorie diet in PMW with elevated CV risk factors with a clear reduction in CV risk.

Optimization of land use to accommodate nutritional transformation of food systems: a case study from the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region

The transformation and reconstruction of China’s food system not only faces many risks, such as the unceasing growth of food consumption on the demand side and the structural imbalance of dietary nutrition, but also must address serious challenges, such as constraints of resources, environment, and production capacity on the supply side. The optimal allocation of land use structure is an important method to realizing a transformation of sustainable food systems, achieving the goal of nutrition security, and guiding coordinated spatial development. This study takes the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region as an example, analyzing the development trends of the region’s dietary nutrition structure clarifies the objectives for improving dietary nutrition. This study uses comprehensive optimization model and dynamic land system model, exploring land use optimization schemes under different nutritional goals and development scenarios. The result show that the dietary structure in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region is transitioning from “food based” to “intake balance” and gradually evolved to “intake diversity,” with the main objectives being to maintain stable calorie intake while moderately increasing protein intake and reducing fat intake. Achieving this goal will gradually increase demand for cultivated land and intensify spatial competition for land use. However, by optimizing land use allocation, it is possible to free up more spatial resources to balance economic development and ecological protection and reduce land use fragmentation, thereby significantly enhancing regional economic benefits and the value of ecosystem services based on improvements in dietary nutrition.

IJCM_390A: A study to assess body weight perception, weight control practices, and their association with menstruation among adolescent girls in the rural field practice area of Bangalore medical college and research institute

Background: Adolescent girls are concerned about their weight, physical appearance, and how society perceives them. The identities they seek and create in this phase influence society and their peers. In this process, a lot of Emotional, Biological, and Social problems are faced by them. One such problem is Menstrual disorders. Keeping this rationale in mind, the above study was undertaken to Assess Body weight perception, Weight control practices, and their association with Menstruation among Adolescent girls. Objective: 1. To assess Body weight perception and Weight Control Practices, among Adolescent girls 2. To compare Body weight perception and Weight control practices among Adolescent girls with normal and abnormal Menstrual cycles Methodology: A Cross-sectional study was conducted among Adolescent girls residing in the rural field practice area of Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru. A Sample size of 192 was determined based on a previous study done by Bhurtun DD et al, and Simple random sampling was used for participant recruitment. Data collection utilized a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Data analyzed using SPSS 21.0 Results: Among the 192 participants, based on Body mass index (BMI), 13(6.7%) were Overweight and the rest of the participants 135(70.3%) were of Normal weight. Out of 118(61.5%) respondents reported trying to lose weight, reducing fat intake 100(84.7%) was the most common method. The majority of the Adolescent girls had a positive perception of weight control but had problems accepting their body image as healthy. Body weight perception and Weight control practices affected normal menstrual cycles as well as girls with Menstrual disorders. Conclusion: The findings revealed Body weight perception affected the girls with Normal Menstruation as well as with Menstrual disorders. Therefore, Adolescent girls need to be educated on the need for a Healthy body image as well as a Healthy lifestyle.

Relationship between the percentage of energy intake from macronutrients and obesity among adult residents in 15 provinces of China in 1991-2018

To explore the relationship between the percentage of energy intake from macronutrients and obesity in Chinese adult residents, and analyze the cut-off values of macronutrients for predicting obesity. Data was collected in China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS)in 1991-2018. Adults who participated in at least two waves of the surveys and were not obese at baseline were selected as the study subjects. Obesity was defined as body mass index(BMI)≥28.0 kg/m~2. Generalized estimating equation was used to analyze the relationship between the percentage of energy intake from macronutrients and BMI and obesity, and receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC) was used to analyze the cut-off values of percentage of energy intake from macronutrients to predict obesity. The percentage of energy intake from protein and fat of adult residents in 15 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities) in China showed an increasing trend(P<0.01), and the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate showed a decreasing trend(P<0.01) between 1991 and 2018. After adjusting for covariates, the group of percentage of energy intake from fat in 20%～30%(β=0.05, 95%CI 0.01-0.08)and ≥30%(β=0.15, 95%CI 0.11-0.18)were positively correlated with BMI compared with the group of percentage of energy intake from fat <20%, and the risk of obesity in 20%-30% and ≥ 30% was increased by 17%(OR=1.17, 95%CI 1.04-1.31)and 6%(OR=1.06, 95%CI 1.24-1.56), respectively. Compared with the group of the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate < 50%, the group of 50% to 65%(β=-0.08, 95% CI-0.11--0.05) and ≥ 65%(β=-0.17, 95%CI-0.20--0.13) was negatively correlated with BMI, and the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate ≥ 65% reduced the risk of obesity(OR=0.71, 95%CI 0.63-0.80). Carbohydrate intake was inversely correlated with the risk of obesity, and fat intake was positively correlated with the risk of obesity. Moderate intake of carbohydrates and reduced fat intake can prevent obesity.

Dietary Intervention Favorably Influences Physical Functioning: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Dietary Modification Trial

BackgroundIn the Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification randomized trial, the dietary intervention reduced breast cancer mortality by 21% (P = .02) and increased physical activity as well. ObjectiveTherefore, the aim was to examine whether or not these lifestyle changes attenuated age-related physical functioning decline. DesignIn a randomized trial, the influence of 8 years of a low-fat dietary pattern intervention was examined through 20 years of cumulative follow-up. Participants and settingFrom 1993 to 1998, 48,835 postmenopausal women, ages 50 to 79 years with no prior breast cancer and negative baseline mammogram were randomized at 40 US clinical centers to dietary intervention or usual diet comparison groups (40 out of 60). The intervention significantly reduced fat intake and increased vegetable, fruit, and grain intake. Main outcome measuresIn post hoc analyses, physical functioning, assessed using the RAND 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, evaluated quality or limitations of 10 hierarchical physical activities. Longitudinal physical functioning, reported against a disability threshold (when assistance in daily activities is required) was the primary study outcome. Statistical analyses performedSemiparametric linear mixed effect models were used to contrast physical functioning trajectories by randomization groups. ResultsPhysical functioning score, assessed 495,317 times with 11.0 (median) assessments per participant, was significantly higher in the intervention vs comparison groups through 12 years of cumulative follow-up (P = .001), representing a reduction in age-related functional decline. The intervention effect subsequently attenuated and did not delay time to the disability threshold. Among women in the dietary intervention vs comparison groups, aged 50 to 59 years, who were physically inactive at entry, a persistent, statistically significant, favorable influence on physical functioning with associated delay in crossing the disability threshold by approximately a year was seen (P value for interaction = .007). ConclusionsIn the Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification randomized trial, a dietary intervention that significantly reduced breast cancer mortality also significantly reduced age-related functional decline through 12 years, which was attenuated with longer follow-up.

Effects of promoting eating foods containing bitter vegetables on nutritional status in the elderly

Background: Non-communicable diseases pose a considerable risk for the elderly population. This study aimed to investigate the impact of incorporating bitter vegetables into the diets of elderly individuals on their nutritional status. The study involved regular consumption of northern foods, such as Malidmai (Peka), salae, neem (neem), bitter gourd, and cassia, at least once a day for three months. Materials and methods: A randomized clinical trial recruited eighty individuals aged 60 years and above. One group was allowed to eat ad libitum, while the other group followed a recommended menu that emphasized bitter flavors. The study assessed dietary intake, body composition, and blood biochemical parameters. Results: The findings revealed a significant reduction in energy, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake, with the bitter group experiencing a statistically significant decrease in sugar consumption. The bitter group also demonstrated a considerable reduction in anthropometric and metabolic parameters when compared to the control group and baseline measures. These results indicate the potential benefits of bitter substances in managing or preventing obesity and type 2 diabetes in the elderly. Conclusion: Encouraging the elderly to consume at least one bitter meal per day for 12 weeks resulted in a reduction in weight gain, adipose tissue, sugar levels, and LDL-C. The study highlights the importance of incorporating bitter vegetables into the diets of elderly individuals for better nutritional status and health outcomes.

Association between oxidative balance score and hearing loss: a cross-sectional study from the NHANES database.

The oxidative balance score (OBS), a composite score of dietary nutrients and lifestyles, reflects an individual's oxidative and antioxidant status. Evidence showed that oxidative stress levels were related to hearing loss. The relationship between OBS and hearing loss remains unclear. This study was to explore the association between OBS and hearing loss in adults. In this cross-sectional study, data of participants aged 20-69 years who received hearing tests were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database (2011-2012, 2015-2016). Hearing loss was defined as hearing threshold >25 dB in either ear. The OBS was composed of 16 dietary nutrients and 4 lifestyles. The covariates were screened using the backward stepwise regression analysis. The association of OBS and hearing loss was assessed with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroups of age, gender, occupational noise exposure, recreational noise exposure, firearm noise exposure, and veteran status were further evaluated the associations. The importance ranking of OBS components was analyzed by the weighted random forest model. Of the total 3,557 adults, 338 (9.5%) suffered from hearing loss. High OBS levels were associated with lower odds of hearing loss (OR = 0.58, 95%CI: 0.41-0.82), after adjusting age, gender, race, hypertension, tinnitus, recreational noise exposure, and occupational noise exposure. Similar results were discovered in individuals aged50-59 years old (OR = 0.47, 95%CI: 0.24-0.93), aged 60-69 years old (OR = 0.31, 95%CI: 0.16-0.61), with female (OR = 0.44, 95%CI: 0.20-0.96), without occupational noise exposure (OR = 0.31, 95%CI: 0.16-0.62), recreational noise exposure (OR = 0.48, 95%CI: 0.30-0.76), firearm noise exposure (OR = 0.38, 95%CI: 0.19-0.77), and veteran status (OR = 0.57, 95%CI: 0.39-0.82). In OBS components, vitamin B12, total fat and physical activity were important for hearing loss. Elevated OBS may be associated with hearing health in adults. Appropriate vitamin B12 supplementation, reduction of total fat intake, and increased physical activity may be beneficial to the prevention of hearing loss.

Effect of High-Protein and High-Fiber Breaders on Oil Absorption and Quality Attributes in Chicken Nuggets.

Consumption of fried foods is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular and other diseases; therefore, consumers are looking to reduce fat intake. We evaluated the effect of high-protein breaders and fiber on oil absorption and quality attributes in chicken nuggets, using flour blends (wheat, chickpea, coconut, oil-quinoa-chia), soy protein concentrate, and brewers' spent grain. We evaluated the chemical composition, water and oil retention capacity (ORC), viscosity profile, and flour particle size distribution, along with the developed breaders (Formulation 1 and 2) and a commercial breader (CB), in addition to texture, color, fat, and moisture contents of the fried chicken nuggets prepared with the developed breaders and the CB. The total dietary fiber content (TDF) of the nuggets breaded with only Formulation-1 and CB was determined. Nuggets breaded with Formulation-1 showed lower (p ≤ 0.05) ORC, better moisture retention (67.6%), and more TDF (4.5% vs. 2.3%, p ≤ 0.05) compared to CB-breaded nuggets. Nuggets with Formulation-1 showed the expected texture and color characteristics for fried products. Formulation-1 has the potential to be used as a breader due to its moisture, reduced ORC, and the texture and color it imparts to the fried nuggets, providing higher amounts of nutrients and possible health benefits.

Dietary intake during a pragmatic cluster-randomized weight loss trial in an underserved population in primary care

BackgroundCurrently there are limited data as to whether dietary intake can be improved during pragmatic weight loss interventions in primary care in underserved individuals.MethodsPatients with obesity were recruited into the PROPEL trial, which randomized 18 clinics to either an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) or usual care (UC). At baseline and months 6, 12, and 24, fruit and vegetable (F/V) intake and fat intake was determined. Outcomes were analyzed by repeated-measures linear mixed-effects multilevel models and regression models, which included random cluster (clinic) effects. Secondary analyses examined the effects of race, sex, age, and food security status.ResultsA total of 803 patients were recruited. 84.4% were female, 67.2% African American, 26.1% received Medicaid, and 65.5% made less than $40,000. No differences in F/V intake were seen between the ILI and UC groups at months 6, 12, or 24. The ILI group reduced percent fat at months 6, 12, and 24 compared to UC. Change in F/V intake was negatively correlated with weight change at month 6 whereas change in fat intake was positively associated with weight change at months 6, 12, and 24 for the ILI group.ConclusionsThe pragmatic weight loss intervention in primary care did not increase F/V intake but did reduce fat intake in an underserved population with obesity. F/V intake was negatively associated with weight loss at month 6 whereas percent fat was positively correlated with weight loss throughout the intervention. Future efforts better targeting both increasing F/V intake and reducing fat intake may promote greater weight loss in similar populations.Trial registrationNCT Registration: NCT02561221

Compliance to modification of risk factors for recurrent myocardial infarction in the long term of the disease: a randomized study

Purpose: to study the relationship between awareness and commitment to modifying risk factors for recurrent myocardial infarction in a long period of the disease. Material & Methods: to study the awareness of risk factors and adherence to secondary prevention of myocardial infarction (MI), a representative sample was created. Of 912 patients treated for myocardial infarction, 333 patients were randomized, taking into account proportional distribution in the population by age (under 65 and over 65 years) and gender. The average age of patients was 62.5±9.8 years: 70,27% of men and 29,73% of women. Patients' awareness of risk factors, the use of preventive measures and adherence to treatment were assessed on the basis of a questionnaire. Statistical processing of the obtained material was carried out using the statistical program STATISTICA 12.5 (StatSoft.Inc). Results are presented as mean and standard deviation (M±s), number of options (n). To compare the qualitative characteristics (frequency tables), the χ2 test and Fisher's exact test were used. All participants were informed about the aims of the study and gave written consent to participate in the study. Results: low awareness (Aw) and commitment (Cm) to the modification of such risk factors for recurrent infarction in a long period of the disease as: reduced fat intake Aw 16,52%, Cm 19,4%; regular consumption of vegetables and fruits Aw 11,41%, Cm 9,7%; smoking cessation Aw 15,92%, Cm 11,04%; decrease in alcohol consumption Aw 16,52%, Cm 10,70%; increased physical activity Aw 14,41%, Cm 12,37%; weight loss with its excess Aw 3,0%, Cm 2,34%; avoidance of stress Aw 28,53%, Cm 18,06%. Although the vast majority of patients received appropriate recommendations from the doctor. Conclusions: low awareness of the possibility of modifying heart disease risk factors is associated with the failure to implement such non-pharmacological measures in secondary prevention after MI: decrease in fat intake (χ2=65,12; p=0,000) and regular consumption of vegetables and fruits (F p=0,000), unwillingness to quit smoking (F p=0,000) and decrease in alcohol consumption (F p=0,000), unwillingness to increase physical activity (χ2=17,61; p=0,000) and reduce weight in case of its excess (F p=0,015), avoiding stress (χ2=27,42; p=0,000).

Dietary interventions for dyslipidemia

The prerequisite for any diet is that it is nutritionally adequate, that is, it contains sufficient amounts of macro and micronutrients, in order to meet the recommendations. To do so, it must include a wide variety of foods. Fruits, vegetables and legumes (beans, peas) are good sources of vitamin A, C, folic acid, fiber and minerals. Cereals and derivatives (rice, flours, breads, etc.), especially whole grains, contain B vitamins, complex carbohydrates, fiber, as well as a small amount of protein and iron. Chicken, fish, beef and eggs are good sources of protein, iron and B vitamins. However, these last two food groups are also rich in saturated fats and cholesterol and therefore should be used in small amounts or in a modified form. More specifically, the following modifications should be considered: Total fat - The recommendation that total dietary fat should not exceed 30% of total calories has two goals, to facilitate the reduction in saturated fat intake and to promote weight reduction when necessary. In this article the focus is mainly on diet interventions and lipoprotein metabolism as understood so far.

Impact of an augmented intervention on self-regulatory, dietary and physical activity outcomes in a diabetes prevention trial among adults with prediabetes.

Self-regulation can facilitate modifications in lifestyle to promote behavioral change. However, little is known about whether adaptive interventions promote improvement in self-regulatory, dietary, and physical activity outcomes among slow treatment responders. A stratified design with an adaptive intervention for slow responders was implemented and evaluated. Adults ≥ 21years old with prediabetes were stratified to the standard Group Lifestyle Balance intervention (GLB; n = 79) or the adaptive GLB Plus intervention (GLB + ; n = 105) based on first-month treatment response. Intake of total fat was the only study measure that significantly differed between groups at baseline (P = 0.0071). GLB reported greater improvement in self-efficacy for lifestyle behaviors, goal satisfaction with weight loss, and very active minutes of activity than GLB + (all P < 0.01) at 4-months. Both groups reported significant improvement in self-regulatory outcomes and reduction in energy and fat intake (all P < 0.01). An adaptive intervention can improve self-regulation and dietary intake when tailored to early slow treatment responders.

Effects of a One-Week Intensive Wellness Camp on Dietary Behaviors among Southwest American Indian Youth

American Indians (AI) suffer the highest rates of diabetes in the United States (US); a chronic disease that is increasingly prevalent among AI children and is associated with increased risk of cancer. A summer camp was developed to improve disease risk-reducing behaviors, including diet, among AI youth in Arizona. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of a one-week intensive summer health camp conducted from 2016 to 2019 on change in dietary behaviors and compliance for Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) among AI youth. AI children aged 10 to 15 years from several Arizona tribes participated in one-week intensive residential camps. Participants engaged in a week of experiential learning focused on healthy eating and physical activity. Twenty-four hour dietary recalls were collected from AI youth by trained staff six weeks before and six weeks after camp. T-tests were conducted to analyze differences in mean intake pre-and post-camp. Diet recalls for 45 children (boys = 19, girls = 26) were included in the current analysis. Results showed a statistically significant reduction in median intake of total fat by 19.5% (P-value = 0.01), and saturated fat by 14.9% (P-value = 0.01). Further, a statistically significant decrease in median energy intake of 18.7% (P-value = 0.002), a 22.9% decrease in total fat (P-value = 0.01), and 22.3% reduction in saturated fat was observed among boys only. However, post-camp, a higher percentage of girls met guidelines for fruit intake (54% vs 26%), percent saturated fat (23% vs 16%), calcium (7% vs 0%) and whole grains (15% vs 0%), while a higher percentage of boys met guidelines for vegetables (63% vs 50%) and sodium (25% vs 23%). The AI health camp was effective at reducing energy intake (kcals/day), total fat (g/day) and saturated fat (g/day) among participants aged 10 to 15 years. The camp was observed to be more effective at decreasing energy, total fat, and saturated fat intake among boys.

Influence of environmental factors and polymorphic loci rs6580502 of the SPINK1 gene, rs10273639 of the PRSS1 gene, rs213950 of the CFTR gene on the risk of developing acute alcoholic-alimentary pancreatitis

The study of genetic and environmental factors on the risk of acute alcoholic-alimentary pancreatitis (AАAР) is especially relevant to interpret individual links of pathogenesis, to reduce the incidence by eliminating the impact of harmful factors and improve the quality of life of the population through the introduction of optimal nutrition, and a healthy lifestyle, which is especially important for carriers of risk genotypes. The aim of the research was to study the influence of environmental factors and polymorphic loci rs6580502 of the SPINK1 gene, rs10273639 of the PRSS1 gene, rs213950 of the CFTR gene on the risk of АAР. Material and methods. Blood DNA samples obtained from 547 patients with AАAР and 573 healthy individuals were used as the material for the study. The groups were comparable by sex and age. All participants were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively for risk factors, smoking and alcohol consumption, the frequency, quantity and regularity of intake of various types of foods, as well as the size and number of portions eaten. Genomic DNA was isolated by the standard phenol-chloroform extraction method, multiplex genotyping of SNPs was performed on a MALDI-TOF MassARRAY-4 genetic analyzer. Results. It was found that the T/T genotype (p=0.0012) of the rs6580502 SPINK1 was associated with an increased risk of AAAP, and the T allele (p=0.0001) and C/T and T/T genotypes (p=0.0001) of the rs10273639 PRSS1, A allele (p=0.01) and A/G and A/A genotypes (p=0.0006) of the rs213950 CFTR were associated with an decreased risk of the disease. The revealed effects of polymorphic loci of candidate genes were enhanced by the effect of alcohol consumption. The risk of AAAP was reduced by fat intake of less than 89 g per day in carriers of the A/G-A/A CFTR genotypes (rs213950), consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits of more than 27 g per day in carriers of the T/C-T/T PRSS1 genotypes (rs10273639), protein intake of more 84 g per day in carriers of T/C-T/T PRSS1 rs10273639 and A/G-A/A CFTR rs213950. The most significant models of gene-environment interactions included risk factors: deficiency in the diet of protein, fresh vegetables and fruits, smoking, and polymorphic variants of the PRSS1 (rs10273639) and SPINK (rs6580502) genes. Conclusion. In order to prevent the development of AAAP, carriers of risk genotypes of candidate genes need not only to exclude or significantly reduce alcohol consumption (in terms of volume, frequency and duration); but also carriers of the A/G-A/A CFTR genotypes (rs213950) need to balance the diet by reducing fat intake to less than 89 g per day and increasing protein intake to more than 84 g per day; carriers of the T/C-T/T PRSS1 (rs10273639) genotypes should increase their intake of fresh vegetables and fruits over 27 g/day and protein over 84 g/day.

An overview on the types, applications and health implications of fat replacers.

Driven by the demand of consumers for low-fat foods, the field of fat replacers has made a tremendous breakthrough over the past decade. A fat replacer is a substance that replaces whole or part of the fat in food while asserting the same physiological properties. Based on the source, fat replacers can be carbohydrate, protein or lipid-based. They serve two major purposes in food viz. reducing the calorie content and amount of fat used in the preparation of food products as well as impart fat-like properties. Fat replacers exhibit its functionalities by providing texture, acting as stabilizers, emulsifiers, gelling and thickening agents. It is crucial to select the proper kind of fat replacer because fat functionality varies considerably depending on the meal type and the formulation. Evidence suggests that reducing fat intake can help in controlling body weight and the risk of diseases like type-2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Consumers should not be misled into believing that fat and calorie-reduced foods may be consumed indefinitely. Fat replacers are most beneficial when they aid in calorie control and promote the consumption of meals that provide essential nutrients. This review aims to provide a deep insight into the fact that fat replacers can be utilized in various food commodities in order to meet the dietary guidelines for reducing fat intake with a healthy lifestyle and prudent dietary approach.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 and dietary macronutrient intake in female mice

Fibroblast growth factor- 21 (FGF21) is a metabolic stress hormone that is released from the liver in response to various nutritional challenges. Because of its notable effects to improve metabolic health, including body fat loss, glucose control, and hepatosteatosis, several pharmaceutical analogs of FGF21 are in development for the treatment of metabolic disease. In addition, a small but developing literature clearly demonstrates that FGF21 also controls feeding behavior. Pharmacological administration of FGF21 reduces the consumption of simple sugars and other sweet tastants, and it increases the consumption of dietary proteins in males, suggesting another potential mechanism by which FGF21-treatment could improve metabolic health— by promoting healthy eating. Despite that sex is a key biological variable influencing feeding behavior and macronutrient selection, the current literature to date primarily on males. In this study, we investigated the effect of FGF21 on sucrose intake and macronutrient selection in female mice. Similar to our previous findings in male mice, we report that FGF21 administration decreases the consumption of sucrose solution by females, and that this is offset by increased chow intake. Also in agreement with our previous findings in males, we report that FGF21 increases the consumption of dietary protein by female mice, and this is offset by either reduced carbohydrate or by reduced fat intake. Lastly, we find that the effect of FGF21 to direct macronutrient intake in females depends on its actions in neurons. Overall, our data support a role for FGF21 to direct macronutrient intake in a similar manner in female and male mice.

Lifestyle and health changes in wheelchair users with a chronic disability after 12 weeks of using the WHEELS mHealth application

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine changes in physical activity, nutrition, sleep behaviour and body composition in wheelchair users with a chronic disability after 12 weeks of using the WHEELS mHealth application (app). Methods A 12-week pre-post intervention study was performed, starting with a 1-week control period. Physical activity and sleep behaviour were continuously measured with a Fitbit charge 3. Self-reported nutritional intake, body mass and waist circumference were collected. Pre-post outcomes were compared with a paired-sample t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Fitbit data were analysed with a mixed model or a panel linear model. Effect sizes were determined and significance was accepted at p < .05. Results Thirty participants completed the study. No significant changes in physical activity (+1.5 √steps) and sleep quality (–9.7 sleep minutes; −1.2% sleep efficiency) were found. Significant reduction in energy (–1022 kJ, d = 0.71), protein (–8.3 g, d = 0.61) and fat (–13.1 g, d = 0.87) intake, body mass (–2.2 kg, d = 0.61) and waist circumference (–3.3 cm, d = 0.80) were found. Conclusion Positive changes were found in nutritional behaviour and body composition, but not in physical activity and sleep quality. The WHEELS app seems to partly support healthy lifestyle behaviour. Implications for Rehabilitation Healthy lifestyle promotion is crucial, especially for wheelchair users as they tend to show poorer lifestyle behaviour despite an increased risk of obesity and comorbidity. The WHEELS lifestyle app seems to be a valuable tool to support healthy nutrition choices and weight loss and to improve body satisfaction, mental health and vitality.