Rapid growth of thermophilic bacteria during a high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) field experiment.

Optimizing bioenergy biofuel harvest: a comparative analysis of stepwise and integrated methods for economic and environmental sustainability.

Greenhouse gas emissions from black soldier fly composting of silver and silver sulfide nanoparticle-enriched sludge.

Carbon emission reduction through major e-waste recycling in China: Comprehensive assessment and trend analysis.

Impact of GHG mitigation measures in sanitation service chains: A focus on septic tanks and sewers.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the role of the International Civil Aviation Organization in solving the problem of global warming, one of the main causes of which is considered to be the increase in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, highlights directions for achieving the goal of decarbonization of civil aviation by 2050. An analysis of aviation experts' proposals for reducing CO₂ emissions through AI was conducted, which can help reduce the environmental impact of aviation, improve aircraft and engine technologies, use sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), implement economic measures, and improve air traffic management and aircraft operations. Harnessing the power of AI to develop more efficient aircraft and engines will help bring zero-emission aircraft to market by 2035. An important area of carbon reduction is the ability of airports to provide clean airspace. Airports Council International has set high standards for reducing absolute carbon emissions. ACI and its member airports have already committed globally to achieving net zero carbon emissions by 2050, with the support of governments. Ukraine has undertaken international legal obligations to implement a program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, which are mandatory for implementation after the restoration of airport infrastructure destroyed as a result of the Russian invasion, in particular, obtaining Airport Carbon Accreditation. It is argued that research into AI capabilities, technological advancements, infrastructure development and operational improvements, and collaboration between governments and industry stakeholders are crucial to creating the necessary foundation to achieve decarbonization goals.

This study presents a comparative analysis of the performance of R-410A, a widely used refrigerant in residential split-type air conditioning systems, and R-32, a low-GWP alternative. Experimental findings indicate that R-32 provides approximately 10–15% higher energy efficiency and has a global warming potential (GWP) three times lower than that of R-410A. These advantages contribute to both reducing direct emissions and mitigating indirect CO₂ emissions through lower electricity consumption. However, as R-32 is classified as an A2L refrigerant (mildly flammable), compliance with international safety standards such as EN 378 and ISO 5149 is required. From a policy perspective, the findings align with Türkiye's climate commitments, including the Paris Agreement, the Kigali Amendment, and the Climate Law enacted in 2025, which formalised the national target of net-zero emissions by 2053. The adoption of R-32 is therefore a strategic measure for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in line with the country's Emissions Trading System (ETS) and compliance with the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Overall, the results demonstrate that R-32 can serve as a transitional refrigerant in Türkiye's air-conditioning sector, providing technical, environmental, and economic benefits. Additionally, its adoption can enhance energy security, strengthen industrial competitiveness, and support national climate change goals. Further research should focus on long-term performance under various climatic conditions, life cycle climate performance (LCCP), and pathways toward natural refrigerants, such as R-290 and CO₂.

ABSTRACT The continuous growth in global population is driving a substantial increase in electricity demand, resulting in higher fuel consumption and worsening environmental degradation. As a sustainable alternative, electric vehicles (EVs) have gained prominence due to their potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and their lower operating and maintenance costs compared to internal combustion engine vehicles. However, the widespread integration of EVs introduces new challenges for microgrid (MG) operations, particularly in terms of operational optimization and grid stability. This paper investigates the impact of EV charging behavior and regulation on the optimal operation of MGs, focusing on minimizing both operational and environmental protection costs. The analysis considers dynamic conditions, including high penetration levels of EVs charging simultaneously, which may compromise MG performance. A MATLAB‐based optimization framework was developed to evaluate the economic distribution of power within the MG, incorporating two critical factors: the scheduling of EV charging and the implementation of vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G) technology. The results underscore the importance of coordinated charging strategies in improving the cost‐effectiveness and reliability of MG operations under increasing EV integration. The novelty of this work lies in the integration of EV charging/discharging schedules with V2G impact in a unified optimization model, providing actionable insights for MG operators and highlighting the dual role of EVs as both loads and distributed energy resources.

This article examines a current trend in Southeast Asia driven by economic growth and, consequently, increased energy consumption, as well as challenges to energy security. Although governments in the region are focusing on renewable energy sources (RES) in the medium term, nuclear energy holds a special place in their strategic plans as a promising area for ensuring energy sovereignty, economic prosperity, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The paper examines the countries’ efforts to implement nuclear energy, the prospects for incorporating "peaceful atom" technologies into their energy mixes, and the obstacles to the "nuclear transition." The publication notes that a successful transition to nuclear energy in Southeast Asia depends not only on the technical and financial capabilities of each country but also on the decisions of its leaders, including their ability to develop cooperation with international partners experienced in implementing nuclear technologies.

This research examined the dynamics of governance in waste management through a case study of the Putri Cempo waste-to-energy (WTE) power plant. The growing volume of global waste has driven the need for multi-level governance to advance WTE technology. The application of WTE technology became part of the national commitment to climate change mitigation outlined in the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) framework. The development of WTE also contributed to the attainment of several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), notably SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 13 (Climate Action), by providing renewable energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The main focus was to analyse how multi-actor governance was implemented in WTE management practices at the local level, as well as the challenges that arose in ensuring operational sustainability. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, this study adopted a multi-actor and institutional governance perspective and applied Biermann’s Five A’s concept, architecture, agency, adaptiveness, accountability, and allocation, as the analytical framework for mapping the governance situation of the Putri Cempo WTE facility. The findings indicated that despite regulatory support, including Presidential Regulation No. 35 of 2018 and Indonesia’s enhanced NDC targets, the implementation of the Putri Cempo WTE still faced technical challenges, particularly high moisture content specifications and inadequate waste sorting, which disrupted the gasification process. In addition, the surrounding community reported environmental problems. Increasing technical capacity, developing an effective waste-sorting system, and ensuring more transparent environmental monitoring by managers and supervisors were needed to support the long-term sustainability of waste-to-energy power plant operations.

Animal manure storage facilities are sources of greenhouse gas emissions in Canada, with the majority of emissions in the form of methane and nitrous oxide. This study was conducted to assess how effective adding gypsum powder to cow manure is at reducing the emissions of methane and nitrous oxide. At a pilot-scale research facility in Nova Scotia, Canada, gypsum powder was added to tanks containing ∼10,000 L of local dairy manure in duplicate at three rates: low rate (3.2g L-1), high rate (7.1g L-1), and the control (0g L-1). Each manure tank was enclosed within a steady-state chamber, and gas samples were manually taken using a syringe from the exhaust into pre-evacuated vials at regular intervals between June and November (143 days). Using gas chromatography, methane and nitrous oxide measurements were analyzed from each vial, allowing for calculations of cumulative emissions and CO2-e. Compared to the control, both the high rate and low rate of gypsum significantly reduced cumulative methane emissions. Though the cumulative nitrous oxide emissions were reduced using both rates of gypsum, the nitrous oxide emissions were minor and not statistically significant. Methane emissions were reduced by 87% using the low rate of gypsum and by 92% using the high rates of gypsum. Gypsum additive to slurry in storage facilities is a safe and effective mitigation strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Further research is required to support on-farm application rates and feasibility.

Most countries are expanding their programs for electric vehicles as part of an action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel consumption. In Indonesia, EV development is significantly behind target. Indonesia has specific conditions regarding innovative products in the automotive industry. The majority of automotive users are economy users. Foreign-origin equipment manufacturers dominate the automotive industry, whereas local manufacturers are comparatively less competitive. This study examines the critical policies for EV adoption and the ecosystem in Indonesia. This analysis employs the analytic network process method based on the benefits, opportunities, costs, and risks model. The results show that, in both the short and long term, the top three priorities offer users greater attractiveness in terms of price and charging-station availability, including purchasing incentives, annual tax incentives, and incentives for charging infrastructure providers. In the short term, the following priorities focus on a producer-oriented policy, specifically co-production with local start-ups and EV share-targeted production. In the long term, the priority is to enhance the appeal of EVs by granting them driving privileges, which will continue through co-production with local start-ups to increase local content-based EV production.

The rapid proliferation of Electric Vehicles (EVs) offers a promising pathway toward reducing greenhouse gas emissions and fostering a sustainable environment. However, the large-scale integration of EVs presents significant challenges to distribution networks, potentially increasing stress on grid infrastructure. To address these challenges, this study proposes the integration of a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) framework within EV charging stations as a novel approach to facilitate dynamic power management. The proposed framework integrates electric vehicle (EV) scheduling, battery energy storage (BES) charging, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) support, while dynamically monitoring energy generation and consumption. This approach aims to enhance voltage regulation and minimize both EV charging durations and waiting periods. A modified IEEE 13-bus test network, equipped with six strategically placed EV charging stations, has been employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. Simulation results indicate that the proposed VPP-based method enables dynamic power coordination through EV scheduling, significantly improving the voltage stability margin of the distribution system and efficiently reduces charging times for EV users.

Although the agricultural sector in Türkiye has met/is meeting various criteria during its accession process to the EU, it has not yet formulated a strategy for mitigating or adapt-ing to climate change, particularly in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which con-tribute to climate change. One of the significant reasons behind the farmer protests ob-served in the EU may be the perceived strict stance of EU leaders on combating climate change. This study examines the relationship between farmgate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and economic growth in Türkiye. Using Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR), the causal relationship between agricultural and non-agricultural emissions and GDP is explored in a country where agriculture remains a significant source of income. Accord-ing to the VAR results, although there is no statistical causality found between GDP, non-agricultural emissions, and farmgate emissions, it is suggested that Türkiye, which is following the path of emerging economies and the EU, needs to undertake measures both on the supply side and the demand side. The transition of rural residents in Türkiye to alter agricultural techniques that have been practiced for centuries for mitigation pur-poses may require time. The current findings of the paper do not dictate this. However, in a growing economy, transitioning to regional studies and demand-side mitigation policies for non-agricultural emissions can be implemented more readily. The process that began with supply-side mitigation efforts in countries like the EU, where farmers were structurally more prepared, could start with demand-side mitigation efforts in Tü-rkiye (such as dietary changes, measures in the processing industry, etc.). The wave of change observed in consumers and agricultural raw material processors could lead to-wards farmgate mitigation efforts.

The use of full-battery electric vehicles is an essential strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change. This study examined the transition to full-battery electric vehicles by conducting a cross-sectional household survey in 2023 that collected information on vehicle preferences, evaluations, purchase intentions, environmental attitudes, and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. The results show that among households using a vehicle as their primary mode of transportation, approximately 89% relied on fossil fuel vehicles, whereas only 6% used electric vehicles. The study further finds that acceptance of vehicles during inter-vehicle transitions is closely linked to energy type: households currently owning fossil fuel vehicles exhibited a high likelihood of repurchasing a fossil fuel vehicle, while electric vehicle owners were more inclined to choose another electric vehicle across cities and areas of different sizes. Households that own electric vehicles tend to report higher levels of well-being compared with those that own fossil fuel vehicles. In addition, sufficient charging infrastructure, stronger knowledge of environmental issues, participation in altruistic donation activities, and cooperative behavior positively influenced electric vehicle adoption. These findings suggest several policy implications, including the expansion of charging stations for business and public use, setting reasonable vehicle prices, improving charging speed, developing electric vehicles suitable for large families, and encouraging individuals to gain initial driving experience with electric vehicles to promote adoption.

In Burkina Faso, livestock feeding during the dry season is constrained by recurrent quantitative and qualitative deficits of available fodder biomass, a challenge further exacerbated by climate change. One promising strategy to mitigate these shortages is the use of vegetable crop residues (VCR) as supplementary fodder, particularly in areas with intensive vegetable production. This study aimed to characterize the practices of VCR utilization in the vegetable-growing region of Guiriko, in western Burkina Faso. A survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire among 243 farmers in the locality. Principal component analysis followed by hierarchical clustering was used to classify farmers according to their agricultural and livestock practices. This analysis revealed three distinct groups: market gardeners, agro-pastoralists, and livestock farmers. VCR were widely used across all groups as animal feed, with green bean haulms (GBL: 100%) and sweet potato vines (100%) being preferred by nearly all producers. Cucumber residues were also commonly used, particularly by market gardeners (p < 0.05). Most VCR were offered through open grazing, while GBL and cabbage leaves were more frequently dried prior to be stored and fed in barns, especially by agro-pastoralists. Sweet potato vines were often sold and transported to Bobo-Dioulasso for use in urban livestock systems. VCR were primarily allocated to weak livestock, lactating cows, draft animals, and calves, underscoring their functional importance in smallholder systems. These findings highlight the potential of VCR recycling as a means to alleviate dry-season fodder shortages and to support integrated crop-livestock management. Further laboratory analyses are recommended to determine the chemical composition and nutritional value of these residues, which would inform better feeding strategies, improve animal productivity, and contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions per unit of livestock product.

The amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated worldwide is constantly growing. In many countries, anaerobic digestion (AD) is the recommended process for converting organic waste, playing a crucial role in the transition to a circular economy. Capturing and using biogas helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper summarizes the results of comprehensive studies conducted at three municipal waste biogas plants (MWBPs) located in Poland. These studies include measurements related to concentrations of odor (cod) and odorants (C) as well as microclimate parameters. We statistically analyzed the research obtained. However, the microclimatic parameters were not used in a final PCA model and were only used in exploratory correlation. Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the methods of statistical factor analysis, which allows for the organization of a large set of data from three objects from the annual study. The use of PCA allowed us to determine which substance at a specific biogas plant is primarily responsible for odor nuisance and to estimate the percentage of variability contained in the first two principal components. The obtained results clearly indicate the influence of the technological regime and the type of fermentation feed on the determining effect of a specific odorant. In connection with the vision of creating new MWBPs that are consistent with circular economy assumptions, it seems advisable to extend the conducted analysis to include an immission study outside the plant boundaries. This study could play a crucial role in public consultations and serve as a tool for minimizing odor nuisance.

Green naphtha production via direct CO2 hydrogenation with renewable hydrogen: economic-environmental perspective.

Summary The Danish parliament has launched a CO 2 e‐tax on agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and an ambitious rural land use reform. The reform entails that 15 per cent or more of the agricultural land will be converted into forest, restored wetlands and semi‐natural grasslands. In the coming years, similar policies may be introduced in other countries and by the EU as a whole. With the primary aims of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the environmental impact of agriculture, 140,000 ha of drained wetlands (including buffer zones) will be rewetted, and 250,000 ha farmland will be afforested or converted into natural habitats. These land use changes will be organised through collaborative planning by 23 ‘local tripartites’, each covering a watershed. A major challenge will be to exploit the synergies between the goals in order to minimise the amount of land that must be converted. Other challenges include the financial resources available (so far, €7 billion has been allocated) and timeframe for implementation. A third critical factor is the engagement of municipalities, which are leading the planning processes, and the active involvement of stakeholders from agricultural organisations and environmental NGOs. Implementation of the reform will also be influenced by any future changes to the CAP, which in turn may benefit from the Danish experience.

In the context of accelerating climate change, organic agriculture has gained increasing importance as an alternative production model that enhances ecosystem resilience, restores soil biological functions, and promotes the efficient use of natural resources. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the adaptation and mitigation potential of organic farming systems in response to climate change and to identify the possibilities for applying international best practices within the agroecological conditions of Azerbaijan. The research employs a comparative analytical approach, including the review of policy documents and a systematic analysis of contemporary scientific literature. The findings indicate that organic farming systems demonstrate higher levels of carbon sequestration, improved soil structure, greater water retention capacity, and increased microbiological diversity compared to conventional agricultural systems. These characteristics contribute significantly to the resilience of agroecosystems against climate-related stresses such as drought, temperature extremes, and soil degradation. International experience, particularly from the European Union and global sustainability initiatives, confirms that organic agriculture plays an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, preventing land degradation, and supporting long-term agricultural sustainability. In the Azerbaijani context, favorable natural soil fertility, diverse agroecological zones, and growing demand for environmentally friendly products create strong potential for the development of organic agriculture. However, the effective realization of this potential requires improvements in the legal and regulatory framework, simplification of certification procedures, and the expansion of farmer education and advisory services. Overall, the study demonstrates that organic agriculture can serve as a strategic tool for enhancing ecological sustainability and climate resilience in Azerbaijan’s agricultural sector.