Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions Research Articles

Spatial factors associated with usage of different on-demand elements within mobility hubs: a systematic literature review

ABSTRACT Mobility hubs offer a strategic opportunity to enhance multimodal transportation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions within the transport sector. Identifying the spatial factors determinants influencing the usage of mobility hub components is essential for policymakers and transport planners aiming to identify their optimal locations. This study undertakes a systematic literature review and ranking of spatial factors associated with the usage of key on-demand services within mobility hub elements, including bike sharing, scooter sharing, car sharing, ride hailing and taxi and electric vehicle charging stations. Utilising databases such as Web of Science, Google Scholar and Francis & Taylor, we evaluated 119 records, identifying 39 key factors from social and built environments that are associated with usage of the on-demand elements. Key findings highlight the significance of population density, employment density, proximity to public transport, recreational POIs and household income, along with a noted negative association with the factor slope. This research contributes to exploring how these factors align across various on-demand mobility services that can be potentially used for policymakers, and transportation planners in evaluating potential strategies for the optimal allocation and development of mobility hubs.

371 Applying precision rangeland grazing management systems in western South Dakota

Abstract Western rangelands represent approximately 58% of the total arable land in the U.S. and are used primarily for cow-calf production, which has the largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emission footprint of all beef production phases. Further, beef production sustainability concerns involve climate mitigation (reducing GHG output) and adaptation (climate-resilient soil-plant-animals). Precision livestock farming (PLF) may help address sustainability concerns by providing innovative solutions and new opportunities for extensive rangeland production. The use of precision measurement and management tools with precision system models can connect measurement data to inform management capabilities. For example, real-time individual weighing and remote sensing (precision measurement tools) can be used to inform and implement dynamic rotational grazing management using virtual fencing technology (precision management; Menendez et al., 2022, 2023). Recent USDA investment in climate-smart agriculture (CSA) commodities has provided over $3 billion in funding to implement practices to reduce GHG emissions in agriculture production, for which PLF may be one approach to accomplish these goals. The overall purpose is to develop commodities produced using NRCS climate-smart practices (e.g., prescribed grazing, 528) and document reductions to provide market opportunities associated with inset GHG. Currently, South Dakota State University is leading two simultaneous programs, which include precision ranching (virtual fencing, precision weighing, and GHG evaluation) and a beef and bison CSA program (GHG evaluation; 7 producer-owned research ranches, representing more than 1.09 million ha). The scale of the CSA program has revealed that current PLF research has only been a prelude to providing the precision tools necessary to successfully implement CSA practices and document their impact through monitoring, measuring, reporting, and verification (MMRV). This presentation will include rangeland grazing case studies that cover the application of virtual fencing, animal location, behavior tracking, remote sensing, precision weighing, feeding, supplementation, and enteric emissions and soil moisture monitoring on extensive rangelands. Case studies will include an overview of big data processing and precision system model development methods. Increasing awareness of available PLF tools for optimizing grazing management, animal performance, productivity, and associated challenges (maintenance, costs) is essential for meeting livestock and sustainability goals. PLF and data-driven approaches aid in the creation of scalable, cost-effective MMRV protocols and models (soil carbon and enteric GHG) for extensive rangelands (20 to 70,000 ha areas) that allow producers to realize potential CSA market incentives. Further, MMRV will likely help guide management decisions by identifying CSA strategies that build climate-resilient landscapes for sustainable livestock production and other environmental synergies (soil microbiome, bird and insect habit, water retention).

Harnessing solar energy for sustainable green hydrogen production in Türkiye: Opportunities, and economic viability

Hydrogen emerges as a promising solution for Türkiye, offering opportunities to enhance renewable energy production and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Türkiye has significant potential for green hydrogen production, leveraging its abundant renewable energy resources and lower installation costs for renewable energy-based power plants.This study assesses the impact of capital expenditure (CAPEX) on the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) in Türkiye, focusing on both current and projected costs. The LCOH ranges from $3.79/kgH2 to $5.11/kgH2 for low and high CAPEX scenarios, given Türkiye's solar electricity cost of $40.32/MWh in 2024. Looking ahead to 2035, achieving Türkiye's hydrogen cost target of $2.4/kgH2 will require reducing electricity costs to $31/MWh for low CAPEX and $15.3/MWh for high CAPEX. The current electricity cost of $40.3/MWh is significantly above these targets, highlighting the need for substantial technological advancements and cost-reduction strategies to meet future economic objectives for sustainable hydrogen production.

Forecasting of changes in electricity consumption due to EV diffusion in South Korea: Development of integrated model considering diffusion and macro-econometric model

Electrification is on the increase globally. The transportation sector is being electrified to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. South Korea aims to diffuse 8.3 million battery electric vehicles (BEVs) by 2040 to reduce emissions in the transportation sector. However, BEV diffusion policies have not been considered for BEVs' electricity consumption. Given that the rapid diffusion of BEVs significantly increases the electricity demand, forecasting BEVs' electricity consumption is necessary to inform electricity production plans. Furthermore, electricity is produced through various energy sources, and electricity prices and consumption are affected; therefore, forecasts that reflect the overall energy market are needed. This study presents a forecasting model for BEV demand and energy consumption by combining it with a macroeconometric model that reflects the overall energy market and socioeconomic impact using an innovation diffusion model. Incorporating electricity prices and renewable energy consumption derived from the macroeconometric model, annual BEV demand and electricity consumption are predicted. Moreover, BEV demand is more diffused and slower when forecasted using the Generalized Bass model with electricity prices and renewable energy consumption, compared to forecast without these factors, and the predictive power of BEVs is superior to that forecasted using the Bass Model alone.

From pollution to resource: advancing swine waste treatment in the USA

Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) have led to environmental challenges, specifically waste management. Swine CAFOs generate large amounts of waste, requiring proper treatment to avoid air and water pollution. Conventional waste management technologies, such as lagoon and spray field systems, do not prevent air and water pollution impacts. Research for the past few decades led to recommendations for waste treatment technologies superior to lagoons and spray fields. Private environmental sustainability initiatives focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the food supply chain have implemented biogas digester projects for capturing methane in covered swine lagoons to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, research indicates that methane capture alone does not solve the broader pollution issues associated with lagoon and spray field systems still in use at these CAFOs to dispose of digested effluents. The Environmentally Superior Technologies (EST) initiative in North Carolina set public standards to eliminate waste discharge, reduce atmospheric emissions, and control odors and pathogens. Research has confirmed that technologies coupling solids separation with water treatments to remove volatile organic carbon, pathogens, and reactive forms of nitrogen can meet EST standards. A designated EST—the Super Soil System—substantially reduced odor by 99.9%; pathogens by 99.99%, nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) by >90%, and heavy metals (cooper and zinc) by 99%. The ammonia emissions were reduced by 94.4% for the warm and 99.0% for the cool season with respect to a conventional lagoon system. Corresponding greenhouse gas emission reductions were 96.7%. Components of designated EST can be applied to retrofit covered lagoons and anaerobic digestion systems with significant environmental benefits. Recommendations are proposed, based on the collective experience with EST and current trends in animal production concentration, for environmentally safe technologies to handle excess manure produced in the USA.

Long-term continuous cropping reduces greenhouse gas emissions while sustaining crop yields.

Information is needed on the effect of long-term cropping systems on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in dryland conditions. The effect of 34 years of dryland cropping system was examined on N2O and CH4 emissions, greenhouse gas balance (GHGB), crop yield, and yield-scaled GHG balance (YSGB) from 2016-2017 to 2017-2018 in the US northern Great Plains. Cropping systems were no-till continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (NTCW), no-till spring wheat-pea (Pisum sativum L.) (NTWP), and conventional till spring wheat-fallow (CTWF). Gases were sampled twice a week to once a month throughout the year using a static chamber and flux determined. Soil C sequestration rate at 0-10cm was determined from samples taken in 2012 and 2019. The N2O emissions occurred immediately after planting, fertilization, and intense rainfall from May to September in both years when the emissions greater for NTCW and NTWP than CTWF. The CH4 emissions were minimal and mostly negative throughout the year. Carbon sequestration rate was positive for NTCW and NTWP due to greater C input, but negative for CTWF due to rapid C mineralization. As a result, GHGB was 170%-362% lower for NTCW than NTWP and CTWF. Annualized crop yield was 23%-60% greater for NTWP than NTCW and CTWF in 2016-2017, but not different among cropping systems in 2017-2018. The YSGB was also 129%-132% lower for NTCW and NTWP than CTWF in both years. Because of greater annualized crop yield, but lower GHG emissions, NTWP is recommended for reducing GHG emissions while sustaining long-term dryland crop yields in the northern Great Plains.

The Role of Plastic Recycling Shops in Khulna City Within A Circular Economy Framework

Plastics are widely used in many industries, leading to a growing plastic waste problem. To address this, a shift from a linear economy to a circular economy is required. In Bangladesh, the waste management sector predominantly relies on the informal sector, which remains underappreciated and inadequately supported. This study evaluates the environmental, economic, social, and urban development dimensions of recycling shops within the informal sector, highlighting their potential to alleviate ecological burdens, enhance energy efficiency, and generate local employment. A comprehensive methodology encompassing field surveys, environmental and economic benefit calculations, and fuzzy logic analysis are employed. The findings demonstrate that recycling shops, through a circular economy approach, substantially mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, reduce litter, save energy, and conserve landfill space. Among the 35 recycling shops examined, 22.86% were identified as low-volume recyclers, 48.57% as medium-volume recyclers, and 28.57% as high-volume recyclers, each group exerting correspondingly low, medium, and high positive impacts on the environment and society. Collectively, these shops manage 6.68 tons of PET bottle labels, reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 509.35 MTCE, prevent 202,186.9 tons of litter, save 5,728.1 m³ of landfill space, and conserve 406.8 barrels of oil monthly. Additionally, they employ 427 individuals. Expanding recycling shop operations, exploring new recycling technologies, and examining supportive policies are crucial for improving Khulna City's plastic waste management and overall sustainability. Journal of Engineering Science 15(1), 2024, 31-43

Exploring the role of canopy cover and environmental factors in shaping carbon storage in Desa’a forest, Ethiopia

BackgroundDry Afromontane forests play a vital role in mitigating climate change by sequestering and storing carbon, as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Despite previous research highlighting the importance of carbon stocks in these ecosystems, the influence of canopy cover and environmental factors on carbon storage in dry Afromontane forests has been barely assessed. This study addresses this knowledge gap by investigating the effects of environmental factors and vegetation cover on carbon stocks in Desa’a forest, a unique and threatened Afromontane dry forest ecosystem in northern Ethiopia. Data on woody vegetation, dead litter, grass biomass, and soil samples were collected from 57 plots. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed at a 95% confidence level (α = 0.05) to examine the influence of canopy cover and environmental factors on the carbon stocks of various pools.ResultsAmong the 35 woody species identified, Juniperus procera was the most dominant, while Carissa edulis Vahl and Eucalyptus globulus were the least dominant. The average total carbon stock was 92.89 Mg ha−1, with contributions from aboveground carbon, below-ground carbon, litter carbon, grass carbon, and soil organic carbon. Among the carbon pools, soil organic carbon had the highest carbon stock, accounting for 76.8% of the total, followed by above-ground biomass carbon at 17.7%. Significant variations in carbon stocks were found across altitude class and canopy level but not slope and aspect factors.ConclusionsIn summary, altitude and canopy level were found to significantly influence carbon stocks in Desa’a forest, providing valuable insights for conservation and climate change mitigation efforts in dry Afromontane forests. Forest intervention planning and management strategies should consider the influence of different environmental variables and tree canopy levels.

Research on the risk spillover effect of carbon emission trading market and various industry markets in China and the European Union

AbstractWidely concerns over the carbon emission problems have been aroused. Prior studies have documented the correlation between the carbon emission market and industries separately. This study compared the tail risks and risk spillover effect of the carbon emission and 11 industries markets in China and the European Union (EU) by using the multivariate multi‐quartile conditional autoregressive at‐risk model. Moreover, to evaluate the risk spillover of each market under extreme risk conditions in time domain and frequency domain, DY spillover index and BK spillover index were constructed via generalized forecast error variance decomposition and generalized causation spectrum, respectively. Findings are as follows: (1) The tail risks and fluctuation of the trend of Chinese industry markets reflects more higher and larger than those in the EU; (2) The EU suffers from smaller external shocks, while China has the opposite result and can recover relatively faster; (3) In China, energy, industrial, information technology, financial, real estate, consumer goods, carbon emissions, and discretionary consumption industries are risk spillover industries, while healthcare, materials, telecommunication services, and utilities industries are risk receiving industries. In contrast, the risk spillover industries in the EU remain consistent with those of the Chinese markets except for the materials, discretionary consumption, consumer goods, information technology and real estate industries. (4) On the short‐term, medium‐term and long‐term scales, the risk spillover of China's carbon emission trading market and various industries is basically consistent with that of the EU. These findings contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.

Virtual active power sensor for eolic self-consumption installations based on wind-related variables

Abstract Green energy production is expanding in individual and large-scale electricity grids, driven by the imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This research performs a comparative analysis of several linear and non-linear regression models, intending to identify the most effective method to estimate the active power produced for a mini wind turbine using meteorological variables, looking for a reliable virtual sensor. The modeling process followed a feature selection step before applying eight machine learning techniques whose results were statistically analysed to determine the best performance. The implemented virtual sensor accurately estimated the active power, being an interesting tool for anomaly detection, maintenance management or decision-making.

Optimization of greenhouse gas valorization over ceria‐promoted Co–Ni/graphene oxide catalytic materials using response surface methodology

AbstractBackgroundThe mitigation of global warming effect requires intensified research efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study was aimed at investigating the valorization of two principal greenhouse gases, namely carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), over CeO2‐doped Co–Ni/GO catalytic materials. The CeO2‐doped Co–Ni/GO catalysts were synthesized using a sequential wet impregnation method and employed for CO2 reforming of CH4. The catalytic materials were characterized using various instrumental techniques. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the impact of process factors, namely reaction temperature (ranging from 700 to 800 °C), CeO2 loading (ranging from 5% to 15%) and feed flowrate (ranging from 10n to 50 mL min−1), on the CH4 conversions.ResultsThe three factors were observed to have significant influence on the CH4 conversion based on analysis of variance. The analysis of the RSM quadratic model revealed that the optimum conditions of 800 °C, 14.22% and 10.00 mL min−1 were obtained for the reaction temperature, CeO2 loading and feed flowrate resulting in maximum CH4 conversion of 98.24%. The desirability function for these results was calculated to be 0.934. The predicted process parameters aligned with the results of the actual experimental analysis.ConclusionThis study has demonstrated that the conversion of CH4 to value‐added products such as syngas can be optimized using RSM. The optimum conditions obtained could be used to improve the process performance. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Greenhouse gas mitigation potential via a large-scale compulsory circular waste management system

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a major anthropogenic contributor to climate change due to the substantial quantities of greenhouse gas (GHG) emitted by landfills and incineration. Circular waste management has shown promise in reducing GHG emissions; however, it is still in its early stages and requires further optimization. In this study, support vector machine models were developed to determine the compositional dynamics of MSW, which were then integrated to examine the interactions among composition, disposal routes, and GHG emissions. The results from analyzing large-scale transitions from traditional to circular waste management practices showed that GHG mitigation potential will be significantly enhanced as the coverage of circular waste management increases from 35% in 2025 to 100% in 2035 in China. However, these reductions will eventually decrease as waste quantities decline in response to population shrinkage. The results reveal both the GHG mitigation potential and limitations of the circular waste management mode, assisting policymakers and researchers in maximizing its mitigation potential.

Molecular simulation of CO2/N2 injection on CH4 adsorption and diffusion

As an efficient and clean energy, coalbed methane development and utilization have deep significance in promoting energy conservation and emission reduction, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, molecular simulation was utilized to study the influence of N2/CO2 on the adsorption and diffusion of methane in coal under different gas injection methods and to elucidate the influence of varying gas injection methods on the efficiency of coalbed methane extraction, which provides a basis for the efficient development of coalbed methane. The results show that the adsorption effect of gases in coal decreases with the increase of temperature and increases with the rise of pressure, and the adsorption performance of the three gases in coal shows the law of CO2 > CH4 > N2. In addition, the injection of CO2/N2 had an obvious inhibition effect on CH4 adsorption, and the inhibition effect of CO2 was more significant, and the inhibition effect on CH4 adsorption reached the maximum when the two gases were mixture injected. In terms of diffusion, compared with separate injection, mixed injection of N2 + CO2 promotes CH4 diffusion more effectively, which can be reflected in the relative concentration distribution and velocity distribution. The injection of N2 helps to increase the porosity of coal, and the injection of CO2 and N2 + CO2 will lead to the decrease of porosity, but the mixed gas injection has less effect than the injection of CO2 alone.

Unveiling the shadows: a qualitative exploration of barriers to rooftop solar photovoltaic adoption in residential sectors

Abstract In the face of global climate change, the urgent shift towards renewable energy sources such as solar power is vital for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and fostering a sustainable future, presenting a universal challenge and opportunity for energy policy worldwide. India’s adoption of rooftop solar photovoltaic is pivotal due to its vast solar potential, which aligns with national goals to increase renewable energy capacity, reduce carbon emissions, and achieve energy security. Kerala’s geographical location offers abundant solar potential, making it a prime candidate for the adoption of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems. Coupled with the state’s strong commitment to renewable energy initiatives such as the ambitious “SOURA” (solar subsidy program by the Kerala State Electricity Board) project and various incentives for solar adoption, Kerala stands at the forefront of India’s transition towards sustainable energy solutions. Understanding the barriers to rooftop solar photovoltaic adoption in Kerala is crucial for tailoring effective policies and strategies that address specific hindrances from economic constraints to informational gaps. This study employs a qualitative research method to identify the barriers to rooftop solar photovoltaic adoption among households in Kerala. Through face-to-face interviews with a purposively selected sample of 52 households, the research aims to gain in-depth insights into the multifaceted challenges hindering the widespread adoption of solar energy in residential settings. The findings reveal several key barriers: financial barriers, informational barriers, technical barriers, regulatory barriers, social barriers, and psychological barriers. Sentiment analysis indicates that while there is a predominantly positive attitude towards solar photovoltaic adoption, there are significant concerns that still need to be addressed. Addressing these barriers with targeted policy interventions and public awareness campaigns could significantly enhance the adoption of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems in Kerala.

Advances in building data management for building performance standards using the SEED platform

Reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the built environment is a critical step in achieving emission goals to mitigate climate change impacts. Local, federal, and international jurisdictions are deploying several methods to reduce energy and emissions such as voluntary and mandatory benchmarking and building performance standards, requiring building owners to reach energy and emission targets.Jurisdictions leveraging benchmarking and building performance standards require knowledge of the buildings covered; which is a large task due to staffing constraints, limited information on building characteristics and tax parcel data, and the need for advanced data management techniques to align datasets. This paper describes an open-source platform's recent advances to create consistent taxonomies, identify erroneous data, enable auditability, and track building performance. The paper concludes with two use cases on how the platform has been used by jurisdictions.

Biochar Production from Plant Residues: A Sustainable Approach for Carbon Sequestration and Soil Fertility Improvement

This review article explores the sustainable practice of producing biochar from plant residues, effectively transforming green waste into a valuable resource commonly referred to as “green gold”. It discussed mainly on the pyrolysis process of biochar production, and the impact of different pyrolysis methods on the resulting biochar's properties, including surface area, porosity, and nutrient holding capacity. Further, the review analyzes the multifaceted benefits of biochar for soil health and plant growth. It highlights how biochar can improve soil structure, increase water retention, and enhance nutrient availability, leading to healthier and more productive agricultural lands. Additionally, the review explores biochar's potential in influencing the soil microbial community, potentially promoting beneficial organisms and suppressing harmful pathogens. It also explores biochar's role in mitigating climate change by capturing and storing atmospheric carbon, effectively reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, a balanced perspective is maintained by acknowledging potential drawbacks associated with biochar use, such as the need for further research to optimize production methods and potential negative impacts on certain soil fauna. This review highlights biochar's promise as a sustainable, cost-effective solution for agriculture and environmental issues. Biochar adoption can lead to a greener future through carbon capture, soil health, and waste management.

A numerical feasibility study of CO2 foam for carbon utilization and storage in a depleted, high salinity, carbonate oil reservoir

Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) offers a viable solution to reduce the carbon footprint in the petroleum industry, and foam injection presents a promising method to achieve this while simultaneously increasing oil recovery. In this work, we studied the feasibility of CO2 foam for co-optimizing enhanced oil recovery and CO2 storage in a high-salinity carbonate formation. The simulated hydrodynamic model is a depleted formation containing 30% residual oil, with three mechanisms for CO2 storage: solubility, residual, and mineralization trapping mechanisms. The results showed that after 20 years, oil recovery during foam injection was 2.7 times higher than CO2 injection, and the CO2 stored during foam flooding was 38% higher than CO2 injection. Notably, foam injection also increased CO2 storage capacity by 2.6 times, indicating the potential to store around 2 gigatons of CO2 in the simulated model. This was attributed to the ability of foam to significantly reduce gas mobility and thus form isolated bubbles through its Jamin effect. Residual trapping was the dominant trapping mechanism, contributing to over 70% of the total CO2 trapped, attributed to the reduction in the dissolution of CO2 in brine due to the high salinity of the aqueous medium. CO2 mineralization was also studied, showing the least trapping efficiency and the dissolution trend of all the carbonate minerals. This study illustrates a novel CO2 utilization and storage technique in which CO2 is concurrently sequestered while enhancing oil recovery in a depleted oil reservoir by injecting CO2 as foam. The relevance of this study lies in its potential to provide a dual benefit of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and boosting oil production, offering a sustainable approach for the petroleum industry.

Effects of clean fracturing fluids on coal microstructure and coalbed gas adsorption

Nowadays, some fracking fluids can enable resourceful extraction of coalbed methane and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, their toxicity or corrosiveness will cause harm to downhole workers and pollute groundwater resources. Thus, five kinds of clean composite fracturing fluids were developed in this paper by using starch solution as the matrix and adding various preparations. The change rule of methane adsorption capacity by microstructure changes of coal samples was investigated systematically, and the optimal composite fracturing fluid was determined. The results showed that the new fracturing fluid increased the degree of aromatic ring condensation by 43.3% and the average pore size by 52.1%. Also, the adsorption constants of a value decreased by 11.6% and b value decreased by 23.9%, which can remarkably reduce the methane adsorption. The experimental results provide theoretical support for the clean production of coalbed methane.

Demonstrating clean energy transition scenarios in sector-coupled and renewable-based energy communities

Background Energy communities facilitate several advantages, including energy autonomy, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, poverty mitigation, and regional economic development. They also empower citizens with decision-making and co-ownership prospects in community renewable projects. Integrating renewable energy sources and sector coupling is a crucial strategy for flexible energy systems. However, demonstrating clean energy transition scenarios in these communities presents challenges, including technology integration, flexibility activation, load reduction, grid resilience, and business case development. Methods Based on the system of systems approach, this paper introduces a 4-step funnel approach and a 4-step reverse funnel approach to systematically specify and detail demonstration scenarios for energy community projects. The funnel approach involves four steps. First, it selects demonstration scenarios promoting energy-efficient state-of-the-art renewable technologies and storage systems, flexibility through demand side management techniques, reduced grid dependence, and economic viability. Second, it lists all existing and planned project technologies, analysing energy flows. Third, it plans actions at different levels to implement the demonstration scenarios. Fourth, it validates the strategies using key performance indicators (KPI) to quantify the effectiveness of the planned measures. Furthermore, the reverse funnel approach delves deeper into the demonstration scenarios. The four steps involve identifying stakeholder perspectives, describing scenario scopes, listing conditions for realisation, and outlining business models, including value chains and economic assumptions. Results This approach provides a detailed analysis of the demonstration scenarios, considering actors, objectives, boundary conditions, and business assumptions. The methodologies are exemplified in three diverse European energy communities extending across residential, commercial, tertiary, and industrial establishments, allowing power-to-x and sector coupling opportunities. The paper also suggested thirteen KPIs for validating renewable-focused energy community projects. Conclusions Finally, the paper recommends increased collaboration between energy communities, knowledge sharing, stakeholder engagement, transparent data collection and analysis, continuous feedback, and method improvement to mitigate policy, technology, business, and market uncertainties.

Prospects of green hydrogen production in the Philippines from solar photovoltaic and wind resources: A techno-economic analyses for the present and 2030

As global temperatures continue to rise, reducing greenhouse gas emissions is more important than ever – demanding an urgent transition to renewable energy systems. In this study, the potential for green hydrogen production from solar and wind sources in the Philippines is explored. Renewable energy systems can yield higher decarbonization by producing green hydrogen, potentially an 'energy vector' for industrial, power, and transportation applications, thereby representing a promising solution for the nation's energy transition. This study explores the competitiveness of green hydrogen production in the Philippines through a comprehensive techno-economic analysis to predict the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) derived from solar- and wind-powered electrolysis. The 2030 projections explore three scenarios, each representing varying research and development intensities resulting in different electrolyzer costs. The resulting LCOH values underscore the need for economic policy interventions to slash hydrogen costs to a competitive level. The present and near-future costs and attributes of electrolysis technologies still fall short compared to fossil fuel-based pathways. Furthermore, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses are conducted to investigate subsidy and policy requirements, and random changes to costs. The findings of this work provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential fluctuations and challenges in the economic landscape in the Philippines.