Redistribution Of Funds Research Articles

Налоговые и таможенно- тарифные инструменты изъятия нефтяной ренты в доход российского бюджета

For countries focused on the extraction and processing of natural resources, including Russia, the crucial task is to ensure the rational extraction and distribution of natural rent. The tax model applied to natural rent should facilitate its optimal allocation to the budget without undermining the motivation of resource users to invest. The purpose of this study is to gauge the extent of oil rent extraction to the Russian budget and to propose strategies to improve the efficiency of oil rent redistribution to the state budget. According to the author’s hypothesis, export customs duties, compared to the mineral extraction tax, are more effective in achieving the desired redistribution of funds from resource users to the budget. The analysis shows that from 2005 to 2022 up to 87% of the oil rent received in Russia was extracted through rent payments to the state budget. However, in recent years the degree of oil rent extraction has decreased to 56%. This decline can be attributed to the tax maneuver initiated in Russia since 2015, entailing the reduction and eventual abolition of export customs duties and an increase in the mineral extraction tax rate. The results obtained indicate a decline in effectiveness of rent-based taxation in Russia due to the decreasing fiscal significance of rent payments. Furthermore, their regulatory function, designed to stimulate taxpayers to make investments, has weakened. These findings provide valuable insights for shaping fiscal policies and lay the foundation for further research in this area.

TRANSFORMING MEDELLÍN: ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN AS AGENTS OF SOCIAL CHANGE

This article examines the transformative impact of Sergio Fajardo’s mayoral administration (2003–2007) in Medellín, Colombia, focusing on architecture and urban design projects that have promoted equity. Central to this urban renaissance was the Proyecto Urbano Integral (PUI) Nororiental, which revitalized informal settlements in the city’s northeastern zone. The initiative leveraged financing from Empresas Públicas de Medellín (EPM), a city-owned utility company, ensuring sustainable investment in public works without reliance on international loans. This financial model enabled the redistribution of funds to Medellín’s poorest neighborhoods, fostering transparency and combating corruption. Key to this urban strategy was the involvement of the Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano (EDU) which implemented the PUI with an intersectional planning approach combining public transit, education, culture, recreation, health, and safety initiatives. The PUI emphasized community participation through “Imaginary Workshops” promoting ownership and engagement among residents. The PUI Nororiental, enhanced by the Metrocable transit system and associated public spaces, has successfully integrated isolated neighborhoods while reducing violence and fostering social cohesion. Despite critiques of high costs, this article argues that quality public spaces and civic buildings promote community pride and destigmatization. Medellín’s “social urbanism” serves as a model for addressing inequity in Latin America and the broader Global South, demonstrating how architecture and urban design can drive social change.

Test-based accountability and educational equity: Breaking through local district politics?

A central premise of the U.S. No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was that test-based accountability systems would break through local politics and lead districts to prioritize the needs of disadvantaged students. Yet, no research examines the equity-related effects of NCLB’s district accountability system. Focusing on a state with rich data, we find that negative ratings (which put districts at higher risk of state intervention) led to the disenrollment of economically disadvantaged students (ostensibly leading to a decline in income-based school segregation) and a corresponding (suspicious) jump in test scores. Negative ratings also led to changes in collectively bargained personnel policies and the replacement of teachers in disadvantaged students’ schools. There was no redistribution of funds toward disadvantaged students’ schools, however, and likely minimal impact on district elections. The results put into question whether a shift in district governance helps explain NCLB’s well-documented positive impacts on low-income students’ academic outcomes.

Environmental taxation impact on the development of Ukrainian mining industry

The article reveals the main directions of influence of environmental taxation of enterprises in the mining industry. Using the correlation matrix, the relationship between resource taxation and financial indicators of their activity, as well as indicators of pollution and financing of protection by companies in the mining sector is determined. A complex of one-factor regression models was built to assess the impact of environmental taxes on the development of the mining industry. It is proposed to implement in Ukraine certain tax stimulating tools that are the most successful in the EU countries, so that environmental taxes stimulate investment and innovation activities in the field of environmental protection. The purpose of the article is to investigate the main areas of positive and negative impact of resource taxation on companies in the mining sector, as well as search for ways to improve environmental taxation, based on the experience of foreign countries. As a result of the conducted research by the methods of regression analysis, the impact of resource taxation on certain indicators of the mining activity in Ukraine was established. The obtained results indicate that the environmental tax is quite limited and has no potential to influence the analyzed indicators, instead, the rent fee has a good impact potential. Thus, the practical significance of the conducted research concerns to the development of recommendations regarding the mechanism of resource taxation the introduction of relevant tax incentive tools in Ukraine. These and many other measures will contribute to environmental taxes stimulating investment and innovation activities in the field of environmental protection. By the way, they are a means and a method for solving the problem of redistribution of funds in the direction of increasing the financing of programs aimed at rational use of nature and preservation of the quality of the natural environment.

Бюджетные кредиты как инструмент обеспечения устойчивости региональных бюджетов для успешной реализации национальных проектов

The subject of the study is budget loans, the importance of which has increased significantly in ensuring the balance of the budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation. Activation of the processes of budget lending to regions is one of the main directions of the state program of the Russian Federation "Development of federal relations and creation of conditions for effective and responsible management of regional and municipal finances", on the effectiveness of which the prospects for ensuring the sustainability of the budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation and stimulating the infrastructural development of the regions depend. The purpose of the work is to assess the current mechanism for providing budget loans to the subjects of the Russian Federation in order to establish the prospects of its impact on the budgetary stability of the regions. The study highlights the main trends in budget lending to the subjects of the Russian Federation, including active restructuring of debt on debt obligations of the subjects of the Russian Federation in favor of treasury and other budget loans, as well as reducing the scale of market repayable financing of budget deficits of the subjects of the Russian Federation; reducing the cost of borrowing and, accordingly, budget expenditures for servicing the public debt of the subjects of the Russian Federation; optimization parameters of the regions' debt burden; transformation of approaches to balancing regional budgets in favor of inter-budgetary redistribution of funds, as well as attraction of temporarily free funds of state institutions and balances of funds on budget accounts.

Directions of the hotel, restaurant and tourist business development under transformation processes

The article is devoted to the study of the hotel, restaurant and tourism business, which is currently in the phase of the beginning of a radically new cycle of development, because under the influence of modern socio-economic transformations, the hospitality industry needs other management levers in order to develop an effective strategy for sustainable development. It is proven that the hotel, restaurant and tourism industry development in Ukraine is a promising direction due to the favorable conditions and rich recreational resources. However, there are still many problems in the field of the legislative framework and the unstable economic and political situation in the country, which inhibits the development of the hotel, restaurant and tourism business. It is necessary to develop and implement into the practice of management special organizational and economic measures of state support for hotel, restaurant and tourist business enterprises. The following measures are to be undertaken: easing taxation, direct subsidies, employment support or payments to workers who have lost their jobs; activation of employment centers for employment, etc. The necessity to reform the organizational approaches to the functioning of the hotel, restaurant and tourism business, which has an opportunity to become one of the leading multiplier factors of national income growth, is proven as well as the necessity to contribute to the employment increase and the local infrastructure development, to raise the standard of living of the population and to act as an effective mechanism for the redistribution of funds between sectors of the economy. It is emphasized that the main issues to be solved remain stabilization and adjustment of the economic and political situation, renewal and improvement of the legislative framework, management of the hotel and restaurant business. It is substantiated that the hotel, restaurant and tourism business can act as a stimulus for sustainable socio-economic regional development, which in turn will increase revenues to the budgets of all levels, contribute to improving the image of regions, create additional jobs, and act as a factor in the activation of inbound and foreign tourism.

FILLING THE REVENUE PART OF LOCAL BUDGETS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF MARITAL STATE

Local budgets play an important role in the budget system of Ukraine and regulation of social and economic processes at the regional level. The independence of local budgets of Ukraine is not fully manifested today. Thus, the revenue base significantly depends not only on the efforts of local authorities in the development of their own tax base, but also on the redistribution of financial resources through the state budget, namely - on the provision of interbudgetary transfers. Today, when a full-scale war continues in Ukraine, the issue of quality provision of the revenue base of local budgets and identification of reserves for the growth of their resource base, optimal redistribution of funds within the country is more acute than ever. The purpose of the article is to analyze the sources and structure of local budget revenues during the martial law in Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to tax revenues, which occupy the lion's share in the structure of local government revenues. It was determined that due to the introduction of changes in the legislation related to the extremely difficult situation in the country (in particular, since March, the import of food, fuel and other goods that meet the basic needs of society were exempted from customs duties and VAT; the introduction of voluntary payment of the Single Tax for some groups, etc. In addition, active hostilities on the territory of a certain community, a large number of internally displaced persons have significantly changed the structure of local budget revenues by region. Further research will be related to the assessment of the formation of the revenue side of local government budgets.

Indonesia's National Zakat Agency (BAZNAS): Digital Transformation in Managing Zakat, Infaq and Shadaqah (ZIS)

Indonesia's National Zakat Agency (Badan Amil Zakat Nasional, BAZNAS) is an official government agency that manages the zakat of Indonesian people. BAZNAS is tasked with collecting zakat, infaq, and shadaqah (ZIS) from the community and managing the redistribution of funds to recipients. Through digitalization, BAZNAS has made several breakthroughs towards improving their system management. This is in order to improve the performance of BAZNAS in terms of fundraising and distribution, which have a significant impact on BAZNAS' overall performance. This study aims to describe the transformation of BAZNAS in applying digital technology to management. The author conducted research on BAZNAS for two years, from 2019 to 2020, and found that BAZNAS succeeded in formulating its concept for digitalization even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. As such, BAZNAS was able to quickly move its programs into the digital realm. Further digitalization is also ongoing at BAZNAS. As Indonesia is the country with the largest number of Muslims in the world, the success of BAZNAS as the national zakat institution in Indonesia can serve as a role model for Muslim communities around the world in ZIS management is a key part of the road towards prosperity in the Muslim world.

The impact of mindfulness meditation on social and moral behavior: Does mindfulness enhance other-oriented motivation or decrease monetary reward salience?

This perspective article provides an overview of the impact of mindfulness meditation (MM) on social and moral behavior. In mindfulness research, prosocial behavior has been operationalized as helping behavior, altruistic redistribution of funds, reparative behavior, or monetary donation. Studies concerning moral behavior are still scarce. Despite inconsistent evidence, several studies found a beneficial effect of mindfulness on prosocial outcomes (i.e., a higher propensity to spend or give away money for the sake of other individuals). However, since the employed tasks were reward-based, participants’ decisions also directly affected their own payoff by reducing it. Crucially, MM also affects self-control circuitry and reduces reward-seeking behaviors and reward salience by making rewards less tempting. We have discussed evidence suggesting how challenging it may be to dissociate the specific weight of enhanced other-oriented motivation from one of the decreased monetary reward salience in explaining meditators’ behavior. Future higher-quality studies are needed to address this open issue.

Producing feminist solidarities in practice

The aim of this article is to provide empirical insights into the process of building solidarity. I focus on the way in which feminist movements are funded and discuss the question of the structural conditions for building feminist solidarities within movements that already display different hierarchies of income, visibility and recognition. My key message is that feminist solidarities are more easily produced if feminist movements challenge traditional alliances of money, expertise and power, and thus propose an alternative to ‘NGO-isation’. I outline the particular practices of participatory grant-making of the Polish Feminist Fund and argue that such organisation practices may foster greater solidarities across different identities, issues and locations, and result in the more politically oriented redistribution of funds to those who are in most pressing need of support.

ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMICS OF INCOME AND EXPENSES OF THE PENSION FUND OF UKRAINE

The article raises the issue of receipt and distribution of funds of the Pension Fund of Ukraine (PFU). Factors and features of the PFU deficit are revealed. The dynamics of pension expenditures as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is analyzed. Ways to increase revenues to the PFU and areas for improving the mechanism of redistribution of funds and optimization of the expenditure side of the budget are proposed. Examining the state of pension provision in Ukraine, it is noted that the current pension insurance system is in a difficult financial situation and does not properly perform its main task – does not provide retirees with the necessary level of income to maintain at least a minimum standard of living. The author determined that the main reasons for the growth of debt are: non-payment of obligations on the amount of Single Social Contributions (SSC) by natural persons-entrepreneurs; lack of funds to finance the current liabilities of state-owned enterprises to reimburse the actual costs of payment and delivery of preferential pensions and debt repayment. It is determined that the main priorities for solving the problem of functioning of the pension social protection system are: the need to eliminate (reduce) the deficit in the PFS budget by increasing the maximum size of the base of SRS from 15 to 25 minimum wages the amount of SSC payment from the salary of income that exceeds the maximum amount, for example, the SSC rate is reduced by 5-10% by the amount of salary that exceeds the maximum accrual base; legally establish requirements for the payment of SSC for managers of enterprises at the rate of at least three minimum wages; in the labor law to introduce a clear monetary valuation of "unit of labor", which will allow enterprises and organizations to apply the principles of wage differentiation, depending on the complexity, skills and responsibilities of work and eliminate the so-called "equalization"; create conditions for the introduction of a mandatory funded pension system; to optimize the size of labor and social pensions, making their payments from the joint pension system as a basic, at a level not less than the subsistence minimum and not more than 10 subsistence minimums, on the principle of direct dependence of pension benefits on paid insurance premiums; cancel unjustified benefits; use a simplified procedure for resolving disputes concerning the recovery of arrears of reimbursement by enterprises of the actual costs of payment and delivery of pensions granted on preferential terms under lists № 1 and № 2.

Methodology for Determining the Optimal Way to Finance the «All-Russian Renovation»

The article develops a comprehensive methodology for determi­ning the optimal way to finance renovation projects in the regions, focused on the effective participation of the main stakeholders. The methodology is based on the ideas of using public-private partnerships, creating a Regional Fund for Comprehensive Development of Territories and conditional division of financial flows of the renovation programme in a region into project-by-project and inter-project ones. The methodology involves creating a spatial economic model of the project and its step-by-step adjustment. Application of the simulation modelling method adapted to the methodology makes it possible to calculate the change in profits for each project participant due to the change in the share of the state in the project. The advantage of this method is the opportunity for the region to gain direct effect (share of profit) from the project due to the accumulation and redistribution of funds by the Regional Fund for Comprehensive Development of Territories. This ensures savings in the regional budget in the implementation of subsequent projects, on condition of the renovation programme in the long-term outlook.

Budget Regulation as a Complex Legal Institution of Financial Law

The paper is devoted to the consideration of issues related to the unification of financial law norms, which govern public relations on the internal distribution and redistribution of budgetary funds, into a single independent legal institution of financial law within its main sub-branch, namely budget law. The system patterns of law inherent in financial law and its structural elements became the conceptual basis of the research. It is established that the norms regulating the activities of public legal entities of the Russian Federation on budget regulation represent an independent complex financial and legal community and are a separate part of budget law. In the course of the study, various factors that determine the formation of a complex legal institution of budget regulation are identified. The author considers and formulates general and special principles of functioning of this legal institution, studies the main sources containing relevant financial and legal norms, analyses the structure of the legal institution of budget regulation and single out its sub-institutions. It is determined that the legal institution of budget regulation is a set of financial and legal norms regulating inter-budgetary relations arising in the process of distribution and redistribution of funds between the budgets of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation. The author concludes that the considered pool of legal norms united by a single purpose, due to their fragmentation, is of a complex character and dialectically includes legal norms of various legal entities of financial law. These include the norms of the Institute of budget revenues, the Institute of budget expenditures, individual norms of the sub-branch of tax law, the institute of legal regulation of state extra-budgetary funds, the Institute of public credit and debt, as well as the integrated financial and legal institute «budget process».

The impact of central bank digital currency on the monetary policy of the Bank of Russia

Subject. This article deals with prospects and challenges of the impact of the Central Bank's digital currency (CBDC) on the monetary policy in Russia. Objectives. The purpose is to define the impact of digital ruble emission on the monetary policy pursued by the Bank of Russia. Methods. The study rests on general scientific research methods, including analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, and abstraction. Results. The paper substantiates the relevance and timeliness of the Central Bank's work to study the prospects for the introduction of digital currency as a response to challenges of modern comprehensive digitalization process. It considers goals, tools, methods of implementation, and strategic areas of monetary policy of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, unveils multidirectional consequences for the monetary policy and financial stability of the Russian banking system from the implementation of the digital ruble project. It is noted that a positive aspect is an increase in the efficiency of transmission mechanism of the monetary policy influence on the Russian economy. I show possible actions of the regulator to prevent negative trends associated with redistribution of funds in favor of the digital currency. Conclusions. The impact of the introduction of the Central Bank's digital currency on the monetary policy and financial stability of the Russian banking system can be multidirectional. To minimize possible negative effects, it is advisable to gradually introduce the CBDC. This will enable timely identification of emerging problems and focus efforts on unlocking the positive potential of the digital ruble.

Interbudgetary credit as a legal form of redistribution of financial resources in the mechanism of budgetary regulation

This article is devoted to a number of issues related to the importance of the method of budgetary lending in the legal mechanism of budgetary regulation. It has been established that in modern conditions, budgetary credit acquires special significance for the federal state, which is the Russian Federation. In 2021, the sub-federal budgets of public law entities are executed in the most difficult economic conditions of the need to overcome the consequences of the spread of coronavirus infection in Russia and the global financial crisis. Given the fact that the ongoing implementation of national projects requires significant expenditures, including at the level of regional budgets, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are increasingly faced with a significant budget deficit and are increasing public debt to finance it. In the course of the study, various features of budget loans were highlighted, various aspects were studied and the definition of interbudgetary credit was formulated, the key powers of the Federal Treasury in the field of interbudgetary lending were described, the importance of this method for maintaining the stability of the federal state and its subjects was analyzed. It is determined that the Federal Treasury, using the method of interbudgetary lending, ensures the uninterrupted execution of the budgets of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation and state extra-budgetary funds. It is concluded that in modern society budget loans between public law entities play a key role in the process of redistribution of funds in the budget system of the Russian Federation and are one of the backbone forms in the legal mechanism of budget regulation.

Main trends in the development of the Kazakh securities market

The securities market is the most important instrument for financing and developing the economy of any state, including Kazakhstan. The main problem is to attract investments for enterprises in all sectors of the economy, as well as to ensure that enterprises have access to cheaper equity than bank loans. Purpose to identify the main trends in the development of the domestic securities market, to assess the level of its profitability. The article emphasizes the role of the securities market as the most important mechanism for the redistribution of funds between sectors of the economy. The securities market, as an integral part of the financial market, is gaining especially growing importance in the economy of Kazakhstan, as well as in the economy of the entire world community. When writing the article, traditional methods (comparison, description, and measurement), general logical methods and research techniques (analysis, generalization, etc.) were used. The article discusses the main theoretical approaches to determining the essence of the analyzed concept, attempts are made to formulate the main problems in the securities market, presents the results of the analysis of data characterizing the current state of the stock market of Kazakhstan. In essence, the securities market is a macroeconomic regulator of the state, through which opportunities are created to attract foreign and domestic capital. Thus, the securities market as an effective tool for attracting capital contributes to solving socio-economic problems. The author notes that the main theories about the state of the stock market are characterized by a superficial approach, as evidenced by the fact that none of them considers the internal structure of the stock market, which is the main tool for determining the patterns of changes in the value of financial instruments. It should also be noted that the choice of theory depends entirely on the perception and opinion of the relevant analyst. Singling out one theory as the only and most acceptable one would be wrong.

Peculiarities of financial state support of small and medium enterprises in ukraine in modern conditions

Problem setting. The formation of state policy to support small and medium enterprises (hereinafter - SMEs) requires consideration of global developments in the direction of legal regulation and economic and managerial justification of certain forms of support. In addition, within the globalized market, as well as taking into account Ukraine's desire to approximate national legislation to EU law, it is not possible to create mechanisms to support SMEs without adapting to global standards, that is, mechanisms similar to conventional ones should be invented. Of course, international documents, including the European Charter for Small Enterprises, can be a guide. Analysis of resent researches and publications. Legal analysis of certain means of state support for small and medium enterprises was carried out by such scientists as N. M. Vnukova, S. V. Hlibko, A. M. Lyubchych, I. V. Podrez-Riapolova, A.T. Zavadska and others. At the same time, this paper will analyze the implementation of financial support for small and medium enterprises, taking into account current government programs. The target of research is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of financial support for small and medium enterprises provided by the state, represented by public authorities and local governments, taking into account the principles of European Union law and current national and international programs to support entrepreneurship in Ukraine. Article’s main body. One of the most popular and effective forms of support is state financial support for SMEs. It is noted that the support from the financial and credit system reflects, in fact, the financial and economic relations between the state and market actors on the redistribution of funds. The state program «5-7-9» offers partial compensation of the interest rate on the hryvnia loan in combination with the mechanism of partial credit guarantees to address the problem of lack of collateral and insufficient credit history. The program is implemented by the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, the Foundation for Entrepreneurship Development (formerly the German-Ukrainian Foundation) through a network of partner banks in partnership with the Ministry of Economy and the Office for Small and Medium Enterprises to prevent, spread and eliminate COVID-19 disease caused by the crown virus SARS-CoV-2, and to prevent and overcome their effects. By analyzing the statistical information of the ten largest banks, it was found that there is no unity in the terms of lending, lending is not within a single program, but for individual loan products of banks, which may differ from each other. Conclusions and prospects of the development. Summarizing the above, it is possible to conclude that the current state policy to support SMEs is characterized by the presence of a significant network of funds. One of the most relevant of these is the provision of soft loans. At the same time, there is insufficient information support for the process of direct provision of this support. In view of this, it should be noted that in order to ensure the economic security of the state, these forms should be used through a system of state bodies and organizations, local governments and organizations that must exist in reality, and electronic (virtual) portals for services should operate in additions to the real ones.

The modern mechanism of redistribution of funds between budgets: analysis and prospects of development

The modern mechanism of redistribution of funds between budgets: analysis and prospects of development

THE SECURITIES MARKET AND ITS ESSENCE

This article is devoted to the crucial role of the securities market, as the most important mechanism for the redistribution of funds between sectors of the economy. The purpose of this article is, firstly, to consider the essence of the securities market - the object of research. Further, in order to objectively understand the role of the securities market for the country's economy, it is necessary to disassemble the structure and identify the functions inherent in this market. The article reflects the economic content, the specific role and place of the securities market in the financial market.

Analysis of the investments influence in environmental protection measures on the structure of ecological costs distribution on the example of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

Modern investment processes can be considered the main factor in the development of individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The emergence of additional jobs, the improvement of social infrastructure contribute to the growth of the quality of life of the population. However, the active use of natural resources as a raw material base for industry and agriculture has consequences: the depletion of resources and the violation of their structure and quality. Environmental protection measures are an important component of the development of regions. The article сonsiders investments aimed at protecting land and water resources in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The study of the statistics of costs for the conservation and restoration of water and land using the Gatev integral index allowed us to conclude about significant changes in current costs structure. Based on the correlation and regression analysis, the ratio between the Gatev index of structural differences in costs and the share of investments in the rehabilitation of soil and water resources with a correlation of 0.85 has been obtained. It has been concluded that a decrease in the level of attracted investments entails, in aggregate, a significant redistribution of funds for measures aimed at improving the natural resources of agricultural purposes.