Reddish Purple Research Articles

Nectar Sucking Pollinators in Hybrid Derivatives of Epimedium (Berberidaceae)

Abstract The followings are detected in the plants derived from hybridization between Epimedium diphyllum and E. sempervirens. Bombus ardens queen sucked nectar from flowers with spurs of which lengths correspond to those of the bees' proboscides. Queens of B. ardens and males and females of Tetralonia nipponensis sucked nectar indiscriminately from reddish purple and white flowers. B. hypocrita queens, which were not pollinators, perforated spurs and thieved nectar.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Nitrite in Aqueous Solution by the Diazotization-Coupling Method with p-Am i noacetophenone-N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine

Abstract A sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrite is worked out. It depends on the reaction of the intended ion with an acidified p-aminoacetophenone solution to form a diazonium cation, which is subsequently coupled with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine to form a reddish purple colored water-soluble and intenseazo dye with maximum absorption at 550nm. The curve of absorbance versus concentration is linear, indicating that Beer's law is obeyed over the range 1–20μg of nitrite in a final volume of 25ml, i.e., 0.04–0.8ppm, with a molar absorptivity of 5.75 × 104Imol−1 cm−1, a relative error of -0.8 to + 1.2% and a relative standard deviation of 0.1–2.7%, depending on the level of determinand concentration. The optimum conditions affecting the color reaction and interference due to foreign ions have been examined.

A Simple Metachromatic and Fluorescent Staining Method for Microorganisms Using Carbocyanine Dye

The cationic carbocyanine dye, 1-ethyl-2-[3-(1-ethylnaphtho[1, 2d]-thiazolin-2-ylidene)-2-methylpropenyl]-naphtho[1, 2d]thiazolium bromide, interacts with several classes of anionic polymers, exhibiting metachromasia. We were able to stain various kinds of microorganisms with this dye. Gram-negative bacteria were stained reddish purple, while Gram-positive bacteria were stained violet or bluish purple. Stains of molds were of various colors. Yeast vegetative cells were stained reddish purple, but zygotic asci were bluish. Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions, which are surrounded by cytoplasmic membranes, were also stained red. Microorganism and cell stains have different features and can be identified also by use of fluorescent microscopy. The new staining method we report here is rapid and simple enough for routine microscopical examinations of smears of clinical specimens including microorganisms.

The effect of pH indicators chlorphenol red and bromocresol purple on the in vitro production of lepidopteran nuclear polyhedrosis viruses

The colorimetric sensor array technology simulates human olfaction to analyze, identify and examine complex gas and volatility based on chem-responsive dyes. Unlike human olfaction and electronic noses, colorimetric sensor array is more objective and not susceptible to interference. In additional, with the visualization, rapidity and non-destruction of analysis, colorimetric sensor array has been increasingly applied in food science and industry.This review focuses on the colorimetric sensor array technology and its major applications in food industry. Technical considerations associated with the chemo-responsive dyes, substrate materials, and data processing methods are discussed. In application, any type of food samples including solid, liquid food samples could be directly analyzed using colorimetric sensor array. Additionally, the recent development, and future research trends are also involved.The colorimetric sensor array technology offers an exciting method to establish the correlation between the output of a colorimetric sensor array and the odor components, thereby enabling visual quantification of odors. It provides a potential odor-image-based monitoring tool for the rapid, reliable and in-line assessment of food safety and quality.

Three New Species of Acaulospora (Endogonaceae) From High Aluminum, Low Ph Soils in West Virginia

Three new species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are described: Acaulospora dilatata, Acaulospora lacunosa, and Acaulospora rugosa. All three species were most commonly associated with Andropogon virginicus growing in low pH, high aluminum soils. Each fungus differed markedly in spore wall surface characteristics, but all possessed an elastic inner wall that was amorphous in lactophenolbased mountants and stained dark reddish purple in Melzer's reagent.

Determination of trace amounts of formaldehyde by ion-exchange resin thin-layer spectrophotometry

A simple but highly sensitive method has been developed for the determination of trace amounts of formaldehyde. The method proceeds as follows: (1) formaldehyde is reacted in alkaline media with 4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole; (2) the reaction product is oxidised with potassium periodate to a reddish purple complex; (3) the complex is concentrated and fixed on a finely divided anion-exchange resin using the batch method; (4) the resin is mixed with a finely divided cation-exchange resin and the mixed resins are filtered, leaving on the membrane filter a coloured thin-layer disc, 17 mm in diameter and about 0.2 mm thick; (5) the absorbance of this thin layer is measured directly with a spectrophotometer. The method was applied to the determination of formaldehyde in an air sample.

A cytochemical study of pollinium development in Calanthe Masuca (Orchidaceae).

Total polysaccharides, RNA and proteins were localized cytochemically in the developing pollinium of Calanthe masuca (Orchidaceae). The sporogenous cells show thin PAS-positive cell walls and high contents of RNA and proteins to begin with and later PAS-positive granules accumulate in them. In the meiocytes, the PAS-positive granules disappear and RNA and protein contents decline. Following meiosis, the microspores do not separate from the tetrad. The microspores syn-thesize PAS-positive granules, RNA and proteins. The thick cell wall material around the meiocytes and tetrads reacts red purple with PAS and toluidine blue. The tapetum possesses high RNA and proteins, but does not store polysaccharides. Significantly from the tapetum, toluidine blue-positive green material extrudes and accumulate around the pollinium to begin with, and later, on the periphery of the microspores. As a consequence, the microspore wall develops green tinge with toluidine blue. The anther wall layers store abundant PAS-positive granules, RNA and proteins. The endothecial thickenings react red-purple, green and blue with PAS, toluidine blue and amido black lOB tests, respectively.

Xanthurenic acid 8-O-beta-D-glucoside, a novel tryptophan metabolite in eye-color mutants of Drosophila melanogaster.

An unknown fluorescent metabolite has been isolated from heads of eye-color mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. Only a few mutations cause it to accumulate, viz. cardinal (cd), dark red brown (drb), Henna-recessive (Hnr), purple (pr), Punch2 (Pu2), Punch-Grape (PuGr), and scarlet (st). After purification by ion-exchange chromatography, the spectroscopic, chemical, and enzymatic analyses revealed that it is a novel quinoline derivative: xanthurenic acid 8-O-beta-D-glucoside. Feeding experiments suggest that this glucoside is synthesized from 3-hydroxykynurenine and that free xanthurenic acid is not a precursor. The results from the analysis for its occurrence in double mutants, together with the fact that xanthurenic acid 8-glucoside share the same precursor as xanthurenic acid and xanthommatin, suggest that xanthurenic acid 8-glucoside formation is closely related to the regulation of the last step in the biosynthesis of xanthommatin.

Study of water-borne coliform bacteria by use of desoxycholate agar and violet red bile agar.

The presumptive test of water-borne coliform bacteria by use of desoxycholate agar and violet red bile agar were reviewed experimentally by the procedures indicated in the Standard Methods of Analysis, authorized by the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. According to the results obtained on 5 kinds of known strains of coliform bacteria and many samples of sewage and sea water, the authors proposed the criteria for detecting coliform bacteria as shown below ; After incubation at 34-36°C for 18-22h on desoxycholate agar, typical colonies appear as round, rice grain like or oval, more than 1 mm in diameter, presenting the color of 1 R 4/14, vivid purplish red ; 1 R 3/10, deep purplish red ; 4 R 3.5/10, deep red or 6 RP 4/13.5, vivid red purple, comparing with the color-standards specified in Japanese Industrial Standard. After incubation at 34-36°C for 18-22h on violet red bile agar, typical colonies appear as round or oval, more than 1 mm in diameter, presenting the color of 1 RP 4/13, vivid red purple or 7.5 P 2.4/8, deep purple

BEES OF THE GENUS PALAEORHIZA PERKINS (HYMENOPTERA, COLLETIDAE) IN THE NATIONAL FOREST INSECT COLLECTION OF THE FOREST RESEARCH STATION, BULOLO, PAPUA NEW GUINEA ( I )

BEES OF THE GENUS PALAEORHIZA PERKINS (HYMENOPTERA, COLLETIDAE) IN THE NATIONAL FOREST INSECT COLLECTION OF THE FOREST RESEARCH STATION, BULOLO, PAPUA NEW GUINEA ( I )

Perioperative antimicrobials at cesarean section: Lavage versus three intravenous doses

worm-like segmented forms with an internal tubular structure-“adults,” and numerous intermediate forms-“larvae.” All of these structures stained distinctly and demonstrated reddish purple granules. Many of the elongated forms appeared to us to be of vegetable origin, and their internal structure showed blue and red birefringence under polarized light. All of the smears containing cotton wool clippings showed vast numbers of “worms,” and those from gauze-filtered serum showed abundant spheres and intermediate forms. These inclusions were indistinguishable microscopically from those seen in blood films made directly from patient’s blood. We concluded that “Hydatoxi luulba” is a common laboratory contaminant, cellulose fibers, especially cotton wool. The worm-like appearance of cotton fibers when sulfated and stained with toluidine blue-0 can be explained by their molecular structure. Cotton fibers are composed of almost pure strands of cellulose fibrils which in turn are composed of chains of n-glucose units, each of which contains three free hydroxl groups.’ When cotton fibers are exposed to the sulfuric acid-ether sulfation reagent, the hydroxyl groups are esterified and react with toluidine blue-0 to assume a reddish purple appearance.3 The inner structures of the artifacts are the visible cellulose macrofibrils of the cotton fibers, and the outer segmented portion is an envelope of cellulose microfibrils attached in a bottlebrush fashion to the macrofibrils. The microfibrils are about 10 nm wide and thus are invisible by light microscopy unless stained.’ The spheres, or “eggs,” are small particles of cellulose and globules of microfibrils which have sloughed off from the main cotton fiber. We believe that the objects described by Lueck et al. are artifacts created bv cotton or other cellulose fibers and are unrelated to disease. The sources of fibers are legion-laboratory coats, clothing, bandages, alcohol swabs-and are ubiquitous in a hospital environment. Careful examination of a scrupulously cleaned microscope slide will show contamination by dust particles from atmospheric sources.

Ultrastructure of a Leishmania sp. Isolated from Dogs in an Endemic Focus in Oklahoma

30) and allowed to react 5 to 15 min at room temperature and examined in a liquid condition under high dry lens (X400) for refractile, spherical, nonstaining oocysts in the 2to 5-Am range. Bacteria, fungi, and most of the organic matter stained varying degrees of reddish purple in the drop of sediment from the formalin-ether procedure whereas the smooth, round and 'oval Cryptosporidium oocysts, about 4 Am in diameter, with a large vacuole and one or two dots between vacuole and cell wall, remained clear and unstained (Figs. 1, 2). The reaction was not as marked or obvious for samples obtained from the procedure using sucrose. To date, the modified formalin-ether sedimentation method has been used on seven fecal specimens from humans of which four were negative for Cryptosporidium (in 1 human case, intestinal biopsy demonstrated Cryptosporidium oocysts, confirming the positive finding from fecal examination) and nine specimens from positive calf feces sent us by Dr. Anderson (Caldwell Veterinary Teaching Center, Caldwell, Idaho). In Giemsa-stained smears, the oocysts showed several granules that often stained red, and smaller dark granules surrounding a central zone (Anderson, 1981, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 178: 982984) that are difficult to differentiate from fungi and other similar objects. The modified PAS method provides an effective negative stain (Figs. 1, 2) that is diagnostic and serves to reduce the likelihood of confusing Cryptosporidium oocysts with fungal spores, pollen grains, and similar objects so often found in fecal specimens, and quickly and reliably enables diagnosticians to establish the presence of these unusual coccidia in human feces.

Some Observations on the Treatment of Lavender Jadeite

The separation of naturally colored lavender jadeite from color-treated material is a problem that has long plagued gemologists. One theory is that the dying agents being used are of an organic nature. If this is true, they should break down at elevated temperatures and lose their coloring ability. Naturally colored lavender jadeite, however, should retain its color and not bleach on heating. To investigate this theory, the author sawed 42 different specimens of lavender jadeite in half. One half of each specimen was heated while the other half was retained as a color control. Those stones that bleached on heating showed a strong orange fluorescence to long-wave ultraviolet radiation before heating and a moderate bluish-purple X-ray fluorescence both before and after heating. The control halves of those stones that retained their color when heated to as high as 1000°C fluoresced a very weak brownish red when exposed to long-wave ultraviolet radiation and a strong reddish purple to pink when exposed to X-ray radiation both before and after heating.

SOME EFFECTS OF R(R=Li,Na AND K) IONS ON CRYSTAL GROWTH OF RNd(WO4)2 CRYSTALS FROM TERNARY SYSTEMS Nd2O3–WO3–R2CO3

Abstract RNd(WO4)2(R=Li,Na and K) crystals were grown from high-temperature solutions of ternary systems Nd2O3–WO3–R2CO3 by slow cooling. Grown RNd· (WO4)2(R=Li and K) crystals were generally bigger than NaNd(WO4)2 crystals. These crystals, whose shapes were octahedron or decahedron, were reddish purple and mostly transparent. Among these tungstate crystals, NaNd(WO4)2 crystals had the highest melting point of 1235±5°C.

CRYSTAL GROWTH OF Na(La,Nd)(WO4)2 SOLID SOLUTION FROM HIGH-TEMPERATURE SOLUTIONS

Abstract Na(La,Nd)(WO4)2 solid solution crystals were grown from high-temperature solutions of La2O3–Nd2O3–WO3–Na2CO3 by slow cooling. These crystals were tetragonal, up to 4–5 mm in size, red purple and mostly transparent. The lengths of a and c axes were considered to obey Vegard’s law. This experimental result indicated that the complete series of solid solution isostructural with the end member crystals were obtained.

Intracellular pH changes induced by calcium influx during electrical activity in molluscan neurons.

Simultaneous measurements of electrical activity and light absorbance have been made on nerve cell bodies from Archidoris monteryensis injected with indicator dyes. pH indicators, phenol red and bromocresol purple, and arsenazo III, which under normal conditions is primarily a calcium indicator have been employed. Voltage clamp pulses which induced calcium influx caused an absorbance decrease of the pH dyes indicating an internal acidification. The onset of the pH drop lagged the onset of Ca2+ influx by 200-400 ms, and pH continued to decrease for several seconds after pulse termination which shut off Ca2+ influx. Trains of action potentials also produced an internal pH decrease. Recovery of the pH change required periods greater than 10 min. The magnitude of the pH change was largely unaffected by external pH in the range 6.8-8.4. The voltage dependence of the internal p/ change was similar to the voltage dependence of calcium influx determined by arsenazo III, and removal of calcium from the bathing saline eliminated the pH signal. In neurons injected with EGTA (1-5 mM), the activity-induced internal Ca2+ changes were reduced or eliminated, but the internal pH drop was increased severalfold in magnitude. After the injection of EGTA, voltage clamp pulses produced a decrease in arsenazo III absorbance instead of the normal increase. Under these conditions the dye was responding primarily to changes in internal pH. Injection of H+ caused a rise in internal free calcium. The pH buffering capacity of the neurons was measured using three different techniques: H+ injection, depressing intrinsic pH changes with a pH buffer, and a method employing the EGTA-calcium reaction. The first two methods gave similar measurements: 4-9 meq/unit pH per liter for pleural ganglion cells and 13-26 meq/unit pH per liter for pedal ganglion cells. The EGTA method gave significantly higher values (20-60 meq/unit pH per liter) and showed no difference between pleural and pedal neurons.

Pressure-induced changes in the reflectivity of SmSe and some comments on Nd-substituted SmSe

Pressure induced changes in the reflectivity of SmSe have been investigated up to 70 kbar hydrostatic pressure, using the gasketted diamond anvil high-pressure x-ray apparatus in conjunction with an optical microspectroscopic system. The effect of Nd substitution on the lattice parameter, resistivity, and color of SmSe has also been studied. Reflectivity data for GdSe at ambient pressure have been obtained for comparison with the metallic phase of SmSe. With increasing pressure the color of the sample (as observed in reflected light) goes through a sequence of changes, from black, steel-blue, deep purple, reddish purple, copperlike metallic color to bronze yellow at the highest pressure. From the reflectivity data, the static conductivity has been evaluated and is compared with the dc conductivity, previously measured on SmSe single crystals under hydrostatic pressure. Deviations from Drude theory indicate that the interband contribution to the dielectric constant plays an important role in determining the sequence of metallic colors observed in metallic rare-earth monochalcogenides.

Spectrophotometric measurements of metabolically induced pH changes in frog skeletal muscle

A means of measuring pH spectrophotometrically with two pH-sensitive indicators, neutral red (NR) and bromcresol purple (BCP), is presented. Theoretical calculations and experimental measurements of pH in solution correspond in a satisfactory manner for both dyes. Spectrophotometric determinations of pH were made of dye-equilibrated frog sartorius muscles. A more accurate indication of shifting intracellular pH (pH i) was obtained with NR than with BCP, since only the spectra of NR-equilibrated muscles were insensitive to changes in external pH over the range 7.0–6.0. Muscles were stimulated in oxygenated Ringer's and the latent phase of acidification correlated with lactic acid production by analysis of tissue frozen after spectral determination of ΔpH i. Buffering capacities were calculated to be 0.041 to 0.048 g equiv per liter of strong acid or base per resultant ΔpH for a pH i range covering 0.25 unit.

Composição e origem de inclusões minerais em diamantes da Venezuela

Olivina (forsterita), ortopiroxênio (enstatita), granada (crômio-piropo) e o próprio diamante, ocorrem sob a forma de inclusões singenéticas em diamantes aluvionares dos rios Caroni e Quebrada Grande, estado de Bolivar, Venezuela. Tais minerais apresentam-se idiomorfos, alguns são epitáxicos com o diamante hospedeiro e suas dimensões variam entre 0,5 a 0,1 mm. Análises químicas efetuadas por meio da microssonda eletrônica revelaram que a olivina e o ortopiroxênio são ricos em seus respectivos componentes magnesianos, e quase isentos de impurezas menores. A granada caracteriza-se pelo seu alto teor em crómio, e é constituída essencialmente pelas moléculas piropo, knorringnita e almandina, contendo porcentagens menores de grossulária, espessartita e andradita. Tomadas em conjunto, as inclusões estudadas no presente trabalho constituem uma assembléia lherzolítica, e por conseguinte, indicam que os diamantes dos rios Caroni e Quebrada Grande derivaram-se a partir de rochas de natureza peridotítica, ou seja, quimberlitos.

Drechslera sorghicola . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Drechslera sorghicola . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Sorghum , causing at first small reddish purple or tan spots, later zonate target spots. DISEASE: Target leaf spot of Sorghum spp. The leaf spots are well defined, round-elliptical with narrow tan brown borders, varying in size from minute specks to lesions up to 2-6 × 20 mm which may coalesce to form extensive patches of dead tissue. Colour varies with the host. The larger spots become delimited by the veins and hence elongated. Other lesions show the characteristic light and dark zonate patterns. Spots may be uniformly purplish with or without straw coloured centres and without the zonate pattern. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Reported from Africa, Asia, Australia and N. America; probably widespread with the crop. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.