Red Testa Research Articles

Physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying the role of anthocyanin in acquired tolerance to salt stress in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).

Anthocyanin is an important pigment that prevents oxidative stress and mediates adaptation of plants to salt stress. Peanuts with dark red and black testa are rich in anthocyanin. However, correlation between salt tolerance and anthocyanin content in black and dark red testa peanuts is unknown. In this study, three peanut cultivars namely YZ9102 (pink testa), JHR1 (red testa) and JHB1 (black testa) were subjected to sodium chloride (NaCl) stress. The plant growth, ion uptake, anthocyanin accumulation, oxidation resistance and photosynthetic traits were comparatively analyzed. We observed that the plant height, leaf area and biomass under salt stress was highly inhibited in pink color testa (YZ9102) as compare to black color testa (JHB1). JHB1, a black testa colored peanut was identified as the most salt-tolerance cultivar, followed by red (JHR1) and pink(YZ9102). During salt stress, JHB1 exhibited significantly higher levels of anthocyanin and flavonoid accumulation compared to JHR1 and YZ9102, along with increased relative activities of antioxidant protection and photosynthetic efficiency. However, the K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ were consistently decreased among three cultivars under salt stress, suggesting that the salt tolerance of black testa peanut may not be related to ion absorption. Therefore, we predicted that salt tolerance of JHB1 may be attributed to the accumulation of the anthocyanin and flavonoids, which activated antioxidant protection against the oxidative damage to maintain the higher photosynthetic efficiency and plant growth. These findings will be useful for improving salt tolerance of peanuts.

Phylogenomic Analysis of Cytochrome P450 Gene Superfamily and Their Association with Flavonoids Biosynthesis in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).

Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) constitute extensive enzyme superfamilies in the plants, playing pivotal roles in a multitude of biosynthetic and detoxification pathways essential for growth and development, such as the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. However, CYPs have not yet been systematically studied in the cultivated peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), a globally significant cash crop. This study addresses this knowledge deficit through a comprehensive genome-wide analysis, leading to the identification of 589 AhCYP genes in peanuts. Through phylogenetic analysis, all AhCYPs were systematically classified into 9 clans, 43 gene families. The variability in the number of gene family members suggests specialization in biological functions. Intriguingly, both tandem duplication and fragment duplication events have emerged as pivotal drivers in the evolutionary expansion of the AhCYP superfamily. Ka/Ks analysis underscored the substantial influence of strong purifying selection on the evolution of AhCYPs. Furthermore, we selected 21 genes encoding 8 enzymes associated with the flavonoid pathway. The results of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments unveiled stage-specific expression patterns during the development of peanut testa, with discernible variations between pink and red testa. Importantly, we identified a direct correlation between gene expression levels and the accumulation of metabolites. These findings offer valuable insights into elucidating the comprehensive functions of AhCYPs and the underlying mechanisms governing the divergent accumulation of flavonoids in testa of different colors.

AGRONOMIC RESPONSE OF Phaseolus vulgaris CULTIVARS IN AGROCLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF “SAN JUAN AND MARTÍNEZ”, CUBA

The production of grain legumes is very important for food and should be promoted in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) farming systems little diversified. The research was carried out in soil and climatic conditions in the tobacco locality “San Juan and Martínez”, Cuba, with the objective of determining the agronomic response of four common bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Commercial cultivars were used 'CUL´-156', 'Buenaventura', 'Guamá 23' and 'Chévere', distributed in an experimental design of blocks randomly with four replicas. The crop is established in two sowing times (November 2017 – February 2018 y November 2018 – February 2019), in a Leached Yellowish Ferralitic soil. The agricultural yield of its components (number of legumes per plant, index non-effective legumes per plant, number of seeds per legume, dry mass of the legumes, dry mass of the seeds per legume and the mass of 100 seeds) was evaluated. The productive results showed a differentiated response between cultivars that justify the effect of the genotype-environment interaction in its crop. The average agricultural yield exceeded 65% of the genetic potential in the cultivars with red testa seeds ('Buenaventura' and 'Guamá 23') and white testa ('Chévere'), a proportion higher than that of the commercial production control 'CUL-156' (63.6%). The results of this study showed the possibility of diversifying the production of this legume in tobacco agroecosystems of “San Juan and Martínez” with cultivars of different colors in the seed coat.

Assessment of DUS Traits in Rajmash (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes: A Comprehensive Study on Genetic Diversity and Morphological Characteristics

The study was conducted at Dry Land Agriculture Research Station (DARS), Rangreth, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India aimed to comprehensively assess 40 genotypes, alongside 5 checks, for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) characterization. Employing an Augmented Block Design in the field in kharif season of April-August, 2022 and a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in the laboratory from September–March 2023, the genotypes underwent evaluation for 21 DUS traits and 43 morphological, maturity, yield and quality traits. The evaluation followed descriptors specific to rajmash genotypes, utilizing frequency distribution based on “state” and “code” for each trait. The results indicated that majority of genotypes exhibited early flowering (<50 days), with 91% displaying an absence of anthocyanin coloration. Erect plant types were prevalent (51.11%), with 51% and 60% being viny and determinate, respectively. Most genotypes featured medium-sized, light green, ovate leaves (46.66%, 53%, and 22%, respectively). White-colored flowers (48.88%) with striped petal surfaces (57.77%) and medium curvature (40.00%) were predominant. Seed-related traits, such as cordate pod shapes (51%) and concave pod sutures (50%), along with acute pod distal shapes (69%), were observed. Pale green pods (57.77%) and 76% of genotypes exhibiting pod stringiness were noted. Seed shapes were mainly kidney-shaped (60%), and absent pigmentation in pod shells (73%) was observed. Large-sized seeds (40%) with dark red testa color (44%) were common, and seed testa variegation was “absent” in 75.55% of genotypes.

Transcriptional networks orchestrating red and pink testa color in peanut

BackgroundTesta color is an important trait of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) which is closely related with the nutritional and commercial value. Pink and red are main color of peanut testa. However, the genetic mechanism of testa color regulation in peanut is not fully understood. To elucidate a clear picture of peanut testa regulatory model, samples of pink cultivar (Y9102), red cultivar (ZH12), and two RNA pools (bulk red and bulk pink) constructed from F4 lines of Y9102 x ZH12 were compared through a bulk RNA-seq approach.ResultsA total of 2992 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among which 317 and 1334 were up-regulated and 225 and 1116 were down-regulated in the bulk red-vs-bulk pink RNA pools and Y9102-vs-ZH12, respectively. KEGG analysis indicates that these genes were divided into significantly enriched metabolic pathways including phenylpropanoid, flavonoid/anthocyanin, isoflavonoid and lignin biosynthetic pathways. Notably, the expression of the anthocyanin upstream regulatory genes PAL, CHS, and CHI was upregulated in pink and red testa peanuts, indicating that their regulation may occur before to the advent of testa pigmentation. However, the differential expression of down-stream regulatory genes including F3H, DFR, and ANS revealed that deepening of testa color not only depends on their gene expression bias, but also linked with FLS inhibition. In addition, the down-regulation of HCT, IFS, HID, 7-IOMT, and I2’H genes provided an alternative mechanism for promoting anthocyanin accumulation via perturbation of lignin and isoflavone pathways. Furthermore, the co-expression module of MYB, bHLH, and WRKY transcription factors also suggested a fascinating transcriptional activation complex, where MYB-bHLH could utilize WRKY as a co-option during the testa color regulation by augmenting anthocyanin biosynthesis in peanut.ConclusionsThese findings reveal candidate functional genes and potential strategies for the manipulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis to improve peanut varieties with desirable testa color.

Targeted metabolome analysis reveals accumulation of metabolites in testa of four peanut germplasms.

Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important source of edible oil and protein. Peanut testa (seed coat) provides protection for seeds and serves as a carrier for diversity metabolites necessary for human health. There is significant diversity available for testa color in peanut germplasms. However, the kinds and type of metabolites in peanut testa has not been comprehensively investigated. In this study, we performed metabolite profiling using UPLC-MS/MS for four peanut germplasm lines with different testa colors, including pink, purple, red, and white. A total of 85 metabolites were identified in four peanuts. Comparative metabolomics analysis identified 78 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Some metabolites showed significant correlation with other metabolites. For instance, proanthocyanidins were positively correlated with cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside and malvin, and negatively correlated with pelargonidin-3-glucoside. We observed that the total proanthocyanidins are most abundant in pink peanut variety WH10. The red testa accumulated more isoflavones, flavonols and anthocyanidins compared with that in pink testa. These results provided valuable information about differential accumulation of metabolites in testa with different color, which are helpful for further investigation of the molecular mechanism underlying biosynthesis and accumulation of these metabolites in peanut.

BSA‑seq and genetic mapping reveals AhRt2 as a candidate gene responsible for red testa of peanut.

The candidate recessive gene AhRt2 responsible for red testa of peanut was identified through combined BSA-seq and linkage mapping approaches. The testa colorof peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important trait, and those with red testa are particularly popular owing to the high-anthocyanin content. However, the identification of genes underlying the regulation of the red testa trait in peanut are rarely reported. In order to fine map red testa gene, two F2:4 populations were constructed through the cross of YZ9102 (pink testa) with ZH12 (red testa) and ZH2 (red testa). Genetic analysis indicated that red testa was controlled by a single recessive gene named as AhRt2 (Red testa gene 2). Using BSA-seq approach, AhRt2 was preliminary identified on chromosome 12, which was further mapped to a 530-kb interval using 220 recombinant lines through linkage mapping. Furthermore, functional annotation, expression profiling, and the analyses of sequence variation confirmed that the anthocyanin reductase namely (Arahy.IK60LM) was the most likely candidate gene for AhRt2. It was found that a SNP in the third exon of AhRt2 altered the encoding amino acids, and was associated with red testa in peanut. In addition, a closely linked molecular marker linked with red testa trait in peanut was also developed for future studies. Our results provide valuable insight into the molecular mechanism underlying peanut testa color and present significant diagnostic marker resources for marker-assisted selected breeding in peanut.

Fine-mapping and gene candidate analysis for AhRt1, a major dominant locus responsible for testa color in cultivated peanut.

AhRt1 controlling red testa color in peanut was fine-mapped to an interval of 580kb on chromosome A03, and one gene encoding bHLH transcriptional factor was identified as the putative candidate gene. Peanut with red testa has higher nutritional and economic value than the traditional pink testa varieties. Identification of genes controlling red testa color will accelerate the breeding program and facilitate uncovering the genetic mechanism. In this study, in order to identify gene underlying the red testa color in peanut, a F2 population derived from a cross between a pink testa peanut variety "Fuhua 8" and a red testa variety "Quanhonghua 1" was constructed. The genetic analysis for the F2 population revealed that the red testa color was controlled by one single dominant locus. This locus, named as AhRt1 (Arachis hypogaea Red Testa 1), was preliminary identified in chromosome A03 by BSA-sequencing analysis. Using a segregation mapping population, AhRt1 was fine-mapped to a 580-kb genomic region by substitution mapping strategy. Gene candidate analysis suggested that one predicted gene encoding bHLH transcriptional factor may be the possible candidate gene for AhRt1. A diagnostic marker closely linked to candidate gene has been developed for validating the fine-mapping result in different populations and peanut germplasm. Our findings will benefit the breeding program for developing new varieties with red testa color and laid foundation for map-based cloning gene responsible for red testa in peanut.

Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Unveil Anthocyanin Metabolism in Pink and Red Testa of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important source of oil and food around the world, and the testa color affects its appearance and commercial value. However, few studies focused on the mechanism of pigment formation in peanut testa. In this study, cultivars Shanhua 15 with pink testa and Zhonghua 12 with red testa were used as materials to perform the combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome. A total of 198 flavonoid metabolites were detected, among which petunidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin O-acetylhexoside in Zhonghua12 were 15.23 and 14.72 times higher than those of Shanhua 15 at the R7 stage, revealing the anthocyanins underlying the red testa. Transcriptome analysis showed that there were 6059 and 3153 differentially expressed genes between Shanhua 15 and Zhonghua 12 in different growth periods, respectively. These differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the flavonoid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and metabolic pathways. Integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome indicated CHS gene (arahy.CM90T6), F3′H genes (arahy. 8F7PE4 and arahy. K8H9R8), and DFR genes (arahy. LDV9QN and arahy. X8EVF3) may be the key functional genes controlling the formation of pink and red testa in peanut. Transcription factors MYB (arahy.A2IWKV, arahy.US2SKM, arahy.SJGE27, arahy.H8DJRL, and arahy.PR7AYB), bHLH (arahy.26781N, arahy.HM1IVV, and arahy.MP3D3D), and WD40 (arahy.L6JJW9) in the biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanin were significantly upregulated in Zhonghua 12 which may be the key regulatory genes in testa pigment formation. This is a comprehensive analysis on flavonoid metabolites and related genes expression in peanut testa, providing reference for revealing the regulatory mechanism of pigment accumulation in peanut testa.

Registration of ‘Georgia‐Val/HO’ peanut

Abstract‘Georgia‐Val/HO’ (Reg. no. CV‐143, PI 695316) is a new high‐yielding, high‐oleic, large‐podded, large‐seeded, valencia‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. ssp. fastigiata var. fastigiata) cultivar. Georgia‐Val/HO has an atypical semi‐prostrate growth habit and medium maturity, but typical valencia three seed per pod and red testa color. It also has moderate resistance to tomato spotted wilt disease. Georgia‐Val/HO was released by the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station in 2020 and was developed at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. It was developed from an intersubspecific cross made in 2010 between two Georgia cultivars, ‘Georgia‐11J’ (ssp. hypogaea) and ‘Georgia Valencia’ (ssp. fastigiata). During 4 yr (2016–2019) averaged across two planting dates (April and May), Georgia‐Val/HO had significantly less total disease incidence and higher pod yield, total sound mature kernel (TSMK) grade, and dollar values compared with six other valencia cultivars in Georgia. Georgia‐Val/HO had significantly higher overall performance at both early April and optimum May planting dates. Georgia‐Val/HO combines high yield, TSMK grade, and dollar value with large pods and seed and the high O/L ratio trait for longer shelf life of peanut and peanut products.

Effect of Drying Temperatures on the Peanut Quality during Hot Air Drying.

Peanuts are usually with high moisture after harvest and must be dried to prevent mildew. Hot air drying is the most commonly used method for peanut drying. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the drying temperatures on the peanut qualities. In this paper, fresh peanuts were dried with solar radiation (control group) and hot air at 35-60°C until the moisture content of peanut reduced below 10%. The physical (texture, damaged percentage of red testa and breakage percentage of peanut kernel), physiological (germination) and biochemical (the contents of vitamin E and aflatoxin B1; acidity values, iodine values, peroxide values and fatty acid composition of peanut oil; solubility, emulsifying, foaming, water-holding capacity and oil-binding capacity of peanut protein) properties of peanut kernel were determined under different drying conditions (solar radiation, 35°C, 40°C, 45°C, 50°C, 55°C, 60°C). The results showed that hot air temperatures had obvious influences on peanut qualities. The damaged percentage of red testa and breakage percentage of peanut kernel increased remarkably when the drying temperatures were above 45°C. Meanwhile, when drying temperatures were more than 45°C, the acid value and peroxide value of the extracted oil increased significantly. Furthermore, some properties exhibited prominent changes when the temperatures were higher than 50°C, such as hardness, brittleness, germination percentage, and the Vitamin E content of peanut kernel. In addition, the research results revealed that hot air can increase hydrophobicity of peanut protein and affect the functional properties of peanut protein. Therefore, it could be concluded that peanut should be dried by hot air below 45°C for quality maintenance. It also provided reference to choose suitable drying temperatures based on the final use of peanut.

First 100 Years – Inheritance of Testa Color in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Inheritance studies of testa color in the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) began in the Netherlands East Indies (Java), now Indonesia, by J. E. van der Stok in 1910. He was the first to report the results from crossing peanut plants with red‐brown seed coat (red testa) × plants with light red (pink testa). The first (F1) generation was red, and the second (F2) generation segregated in three times as many plants with red as with pink (3:1 ratio). Currently, there are five basic testa colors known in the peanut (white, tan, pink, red, and purple) with variegated testa having red and white, purple and white, purple stripes on tan, and white spots on red. Genetic inheritance studies over the past 100 yr have established at least 12 genes controlling basic testa color (F1, F2, D1, D2, R1, R2, R3, P, W1, W2, Wh1, and Wh2). These genes interact with at least five variegated genes (V, Vsp1, Vsp2, Wsp1, and Wsp2) to result in the phenotypic testa color expression found within the present‐day peanut germplasm collections.

Characterization of antioxidant compounds of red and white rice and changes in total antioxidant capacity during processing

Although most rice cultivars have whitish kernel, some varieties have a red testa. Aim of this work was to compare the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the antioxidant chemical composition (namely tocols, gamma-oryzanols, and polyphenols) of red and white rices. In addition, the effect of milling and cooking on antioxidants was investigated in both rices. Dehulled red rice showed a TAC more than three times greater than dehulled white rice and its high TAC was essentially characterized by the presence of proanthocyanidins (PA) and associated phenolics. Milling caused a significant loss of TAC, even if red rice maintained a higher TAC. Cooking caused a further loss of antioxidants, but when there was a full uptake of cooking water by the grains ("risotto") this loss was limited. Thus, the consumption of whole or partially milled rice cooked as risotto would be preferred to preserve its nutritional properties.

New high yielding Virginnia bunch goundnut variety : COGn 5

Virginia bunch (Arachis hypogaea ssp. hypogaca var. hypogaca) groundnut culture TNAU 281 is a multiple cross derivative. It recorded an average pod yield of 1626 kg/ha which is 14.9 per cent increase over TMV 10 under rainfed situation. It is tolerant to late leaf spot and rust diseases. It matures in 125 days. It has kernels with red testa. The 100-kernel weight is 46g. The oil content is 53.6 per cent with good keeping quality oil. Hence the culture TNAU 281 was released as COGn 5 during 2002 for large scale cultivation in Tamil Nadu.

Sensory Quality Evaluation of Market-Grade-Sized Red Testa Seed Associated With TSWV Infection from Peanut Genotypes of Varying Resistance Levels1

Abstract With the increasing impact of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) on peanut production, concerns have been voiced by peanut processors that this disease has a negative impact on roasted peanut flavor quality. A descriptive sensory panel evaluated selected TSWV-resistant [Florida MDR 98, C-99R, UF97318] and susceptible (Florunner) genotypes for sensory quality differences by comparing market-grade sized (jumbo, medium, and No. 1 runner) red testa and normal seed from plants grown at two sites—Lewiston, NC and Marianna, FL. The triangle difference test and descriptive evaluation were performed on roasted peanut paste samples. Panelists were able to discern differences between pastes from normal and red testa seeds which most often were discerned in UF97318. Discernment became more pronounced as the market-grade size decreased from jumbo to medium to No. 1. Intensity of roasted peanut and sweet attributes was highest in Florida MDR 98 and lowest in UF97318. It was more difficult to achieve a constant roasted paste color in red testa than in normal samples. However, this difference had no effect on panelist's evaluation of sensory attributes. A specific factor enabling the panelists to discern differences between red testa and normal roasted paste samples was not identified. It is probable that the ability to discern differences between red testa and normal samples was the result of an accumulation of minor flavor differences.

A foliar disease resistant groundnut variety - VRI Gn 5.

The groundnut culture VG 9711 is an extract of the cross CG 26 x ICGS 44. It is a bunch type maturing in 105-110 days. It is resistant to rust and late leaf spot diseases. It had recorded an average pod yield of 2133 kg ha" under rainfed and 2384 kg hat under irrigated conditions. The shelling outturn is 75.0 per cent. The kernels are medium size with red testa colour. The reproductive efficiency of VG 9711 is higher than VRI 2. It has seed dormancy for 45 days. It was released as variety VRI Gn 5 by the State Variety Release Committee during January, 2001.

BRS 151 L-7: nova cultivar de amendoim para as condições do nordeste brasileiro

A BRS 151 L-7 é uma nova cultivar de amendoim, de sementes de coloração vermelha, de forma oblonga, desenvolvida pela Embrapa-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Algodão (CNPA), e destinada ao consumo in natura e à indústria de alimentos. A cultivar é de porte ereto, resultante do cruzamento entre a cultivar produtiva IAC-Tupã (tipo Valência) e a cultivar Senegal 55-437 (tipo Spanish), de ciclo curto. Em ensaios regionais realizados em 27 municípios de quatro estados da Região Nordeste, a cultivar apresentou grande potencial para produtividade de sementes, ciclo vegetativo de 87 dias, tolerância ao estresse hídrico, e grande adaptação ao cultivo em clima semi-árido. Sua produtividade média de vagens em condições experimentais é de 1.850 kg ha-1 em cultivo de sequeiro, e 4.500 kg ha-1 em condições irrigadas, o que corresponde a uma elevação na ordem de 12% e 38%, respectivamente, com relação à produtividade da cultivar tradicional Tatu. No aspecto nutricional, a cultivar BRS 151 L-7 tem baixo teor de óleo (46%), e sua farinha desengordurada contém 55% de proteína; entre os aminoácidos essenciais, é limitante apenas no teor de lisina, em comparação com o padrão da FAO/85.

Different genetic components control coat-imposed and embryo-imposeddormancy in wheat

AbstractWheat grain dormancy is a multigenic trait controlled both by R genes conferring red testa pigmentation and by other genes, at least one of which has a major effect in the embryo. Enhanced grain dormancy and red test colour are inherited as pleiotropic effects of dominant R alleles at triplicate loci in hexaploid wheat. However, polymorphism for R genes cannot account for the wide variation in dormancy observed among different redgrained varieties. A variety of different dominant R alleles all have equivalent effects on dormancy when introgressed into white-grained wheats, although the latter vary in dormancy both in the absence and in the presence of dominant R alleles. As a result, certain redgrained genotypes can exhibit intermediate dormancy, similar to that of some white-grained genotypes with different genetic backgrounds. A new major gene (Phs) was identified as controlling the difference between two red-grained cultivars with widely different dormancies. The Phs gene appeared to exert its effect in the embryo of the grain, in contrast to R gene expression in maternal testa tissue. Discrete genetic functions thus underlie physiologically distinct mechanisms of coatimposed dormancy and embryo-imposed dormancy in wheat

Inheritance of Black-Pod Color in Peanut

A cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. fastigiata var. fastigiata) was recently found with black outer pod color. This is the first report of a genetically controlled Black-Pod trait in peanut. Color change of the outer pod layer (exocarp) was found to coincide with maturation similar to that previously observed within the middle pod layer (mesocarp). Crosses with this true-breeding accession (PI 560927) both between and within subspecies of the cultigen indicated a single dominant gene, designated Bp, for the Black-Pod trait. No cytoplasmic effects were detected among progenies from reciprocal crosses, and linkage was not detected between genes for Black-Pod and dominant Krinkle-Leaf or Black-Pod and dominant red testa color.

Genetic Studies Involving Wine Testa Color in Peanut1

Abstract A better understanding of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) testa color genetics would be helpful to breeders in developing new cultivars to meet U.S. market acceptability. Wine is one of the least understood of all basic testa colors in peanut. The objective of this genetic study was to gain further knowledge on the inheritance of wine testa color and possible allelic interactions. Crosses were made using two true-breeding wine testa color genotypes (Wine-Frr and PI 264549) as females with the tan testa and recessive red testa male parents Krinkle-Leaf and Makulu Red, respectively. F1, F2, and F3 data suggest no difference between the two wine testa color genotypes. Inheritance of wine testa color was found to be recessive with a one gene difference between wine and the tan testa color of Krinkle-Leaf, and with two gene differences between wine and the recessive red testa color of Makulu Red. Inheritance of wine seems to closely parallel that for recessive red testa color in the cultivated peanut.