Red Stones Research Articles

Promoting Geosites on Web-Pages: An Assessment of the Quality and Quantity of Information in Real Cases

Geological information present on web-pages determines the efficacy of the online marketing of geosites. In this paper, a new approach aimed at an easy and quick assessment of geosite-focused web-pages is proposed. It is based on scoring by several criteria reflecting the quality and the quantity of geological information. Attention is paid to the simplicity and correctness of information, mention of technical properties (accessibility, location, and safety), relative and absolute amounts of information, and adaptation to persons with disabilities. Textual and graphical elements are considered differently. The approach is tested in three cases, namely, the Granite Gorge in the Western Caucasus, Pechischi in the Volga Region, and the Red Stones in the Southern Ciscaucasus. These are well-known geosites already used as important (geo)tourist attractions. It is established that the web-pages devoted to them chiefly allow minimally perfect promotion. Some examples of misinterpretations of geological information and errors are specially considered. The approach seems to be promising, and its application allows finding the deficiencies of web-pages, an improvement of which will enhance geosite promotion. Cooperation between representatives of the tourism industry and geological faculty members of local universities or administrations of protected areas is reasonable to create more informative geosite-focused web-pages.

New Evidence of Megaclasts from the Russian South: The First Report of Three Localities

Megaclast research has intensified recently, and its further development needs new factual information from various places of the world. Three new megaclast localities are reported from the Russian South, namely, Shum, Merzhanovo, and the Red Stones. These localities host blocks of all grades, sometimes with certain flatness and angle roundness. Megaclasts from Shum and Merzhanovo result from poly-phase slope processes. At the Red Stones locality, a group of residual megaclasts will appear in the future due to weathering processes. This evidence together with the examples brought by the virtual journeys and the literature interpretations prove the genetic diversity of megaclasts and stress the urgency of their further investigations in various depositional environments.

Yan LiankeThree Brothers: Memories of My Family by Carlos Rojas

church, superstition, and even quotes from the most famous Roma poet, about whom Reviati gives us a lovely coda in “The Story of Papuzsa,” a welcome thirty-five-page addendum. The young men achieve manhood in various guises, some successful, some less so, and each has become a fully rounded character. Ultimately, Reviati delivers a penetrating view of the vicissitudes of developing into an adult in a world that is fraught with generations of mistrust, anger, and poverty and yet is suffused with the vibrant enchantment of being human. Rita D. Jacobs New York Yan Lianke Three Brothers: Memories of My Family Trans. Carlos Rojas. New York. Grove Press. 2020. 209 pages. YAN LIANKE’S Three Brothers: Memories of My Family is a powerful portrait of the trials of daily life in Song County, Henan Province, in the 1960s and 1970s. The memoir not only provides a deeply heartfelt account of his big family—including his father, his uncles, and his cousins—but also offers a philosophical meditation on dignity, duty, death, and the bond of a rural Chinese family. Yan’s father set his mind on fashioning the tile-roofed house that would serve as Yan’s brothers’ bridal “mansions.” Thus, he overworked day and night in spite of his declining health, which resulted in his early death at the age of fifty-eight. In order to break away from country life, Yan’s first uncle sent his most-loved son into the army, but he was abused by the commander and hanged himself in consequence. Yan’s first uncle was heartbroken, indulging himself in gambling to waste his remaining life. Yan’s fourth uncle, who was fortunate to have escaped the harshness of rural life by working in a cement factory, became a “bowedhead ”—half-urban and half-rural—and was looked down upon by city people. After retirement, he came back to his hometown, only to find that he was isolated from country people. The memoir is the chronicle of a family as well as a record of history—in case the younger generations tend to forget. It does not mean to “bash the government”; however , it did skate over historical events such as the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution , and the Three-year Natural Disaster, during which period millions of people starved to death (“the revolution does not produce grain, only political fervor”). The social injustice and inequality between city and country is touched upon throughout the chapters of the book, and the most Three White Horses: “Truth tastes like ashes in my mouth / as I sit in the deep gray light.” Often individual poems are untitled or are identified by the first line of the poem. This stylistic choice creates a chain in which one poem links to preceding poems and anticipates a succeeding poem. Such a pattern is evident in Red Stones (a collaborative project with Steven Schroeder’s artwork): “the wind stirs under the back stairs, / drifts across a transparent dark / where nothing begins, nothing ends.” The successive linkage of poems renders a cumulative effect, the power of observation gaining as each poem, along with the combined, collective context containing the individual poems, moves to completion. Many of his works move in such a cumulative procession, and reading them as such obviously establishes their fullest effect. Interestingly, however, almost any of the individual parts of a poem or a stanza from one of Zdanys’s books may also be read in random order with satisfying results. His cumulative style reinforces the lyrical power felt throughout this collection . Consider these haunting images from St. Brigid’s Well (one passage from a continuous , single-volume poem consisting of fifty-nine stanzas): “The red shaft of water shudders in the wake. / Midnight blooms in the west. I am closed and pale, whiter than stars / whelmed at the stroke, part of the fragile / patterns and urgent movements caught / in the undertows of the town.” Perhaps my favorite of Zdanys’s books is The Kingfisher’s Reign. Originally published as a collection of prose poems (they are set in verse in this volume), The Kingfisher’s Reign features a narrative voice that organizes around a collection of...

Structure and Costruction background of Ancient Tombs of Ulreung-do During Unified Silla Era

The tomb shape of the ancient tomb constructed in Ulreung-do and the burial structure are analyzed and the construction period is established through the burial items and the system and background are reviewed. As a result of the review, the ancient tombs of Ulreung-do that had the burial structure constructed on the stone structure with the red stones and they were the most appropriate burial facilities for the natural environment of Ulreung-do with its geology, topography, climate or the likes. Originally, the ancient tombs of Ulreung-do had known its burial structure as the stone chamber tomb with horizontal entrance, but as a result of structure analysis, they were confirmed to be the corridor-style stone chamber tomb. Those reported ancient tombs of Ulreung-do from ground surface, excavation survey and others are confirmed by the characteristics of earthenware excavated as the burial items with the construction period to be late 8th century to 9th century. In the main land region of the unified Silla era, had a number of cases grouped in Ulreung-do for the disappearing corridor-style stone chamber tomb that it is confirmed to have similar shapes with the capital city of the similar period. Those earthenwares decorated splendidly with the stamped design pottery excavated from the living relics and ancient tombs of Ulreung-do were produced and consumed in the capital city. The structure of the ancient tomb is in the corridor-style stone chamber tomb and the earthenware carried in for significant number from the capital city and based on such facts, the ancient tombs of Ulreung-do could be presumed as highly likely to be constructed by the migration of those people in the capital city of Silla Dynasty.

Dei’s World

Dei’s World Kawika Guillermo (bio) 1: Canyon I flew with my arms out like an airplane, through the corner window of the ancient American White House. Inside, brown-robed monks shouldered boom boxes, their asses releasing frosted wind. “Aren’t we supposed to be learning about Churchill?” I said to Sarah, my meld partner. I spotted her sitting on an oscillating chandelier made of peacock feathers. Sarah tilted her sunglasses down, that blaze of black hair whisking in a whirlwind. “So then what happens?” “Then,” I said, levitating above the dancing monks, “salt water pours in through the windows.” CRASH! The monks fell like heaps of dirt. Electric sparks flew from their stereos. “The White House is the Titanic,” I said as the entire stone structure tilted. Men in suits poured out screaming. She gave a light chuckle. “You’re vile. Such a travesty, the Titanic.” “So what should I conjure next?” I said with a grin. “Lead the way, Dei.” Sarah smiled when I called her by that name, the name she was not allowed to speak. “Well,” she said, “how about a flood! Can you do that?” My mind communicated a new code, speaking the machine’s language, and we levitated together through the rooftop and watched the White House float like abandoned cargo in an endless sea. “Life begins anew,” I said. “The end of mankind!” —Children. Dei’s body somersaulted in midair laughter. “Killed by their own technology—” —Children! [End Page 285] I awoke from the mind mesh, sweating, my heart beating in my neck. “Children,” our caretaker said again. She stood near the canyon-wall chalkboard, her frail body hugged by a burlap dress, her wooly gray hair poking out in all directions from a blue bonnet blocking the sun. “Who is the good student? Who listened to all of Sir Churchill’s speech, and can recite the last lines?” My eyes followed the small black wire from my forehead to the fist-sized meld machine and then to Sarah, a girl whose body shone with a heavy sweat that seeped through her burlap dress. We sat on red stones at the bottom of the great canyon that protected us from the toxic gray fog above. I heard that small black creek running nearby, indifferent to our lesson. My eyes met hers. We smiled at each other like we were being chased. Annoyed, the caretaker called on someone else. ________ Two years before, her people emerged from the fog on the northern edge of our canyon. They wore industrial gas masks and carried all their belongings in wagons and wheelbarrows. Hundreds of them had escaped the chaos of the subterranean mounds, only to spend weeks journeying through the fog, never pulling off their masks except to drink radish and pea soups cultivated from their underground farms. We, the canyon people, had only heard of their kind, the mound people, from our scouts. We gave them space to camp on the higher edges of the canyon, closer to the fog. My eyes first met her defiant gaze in class, while the caretaker was leading our weekly singalong: Who is who is who isgoing to get eatenby the fog fog fog fogWho?All the mountain people!And?All the island people!And?All the mound people! [End Page 286] I felt embarrassed, knowing that some of our classmates had just come from the mounds. But the other children sang with fervor, even the new refugees. I moved to the back of the classroom and found one other child singing like me, in small whispers. It was all the breath she could muster. Somehow, our skin was the same tint of brown. Her arm looked like mine, and seemed just as smooth to touch. I volunteered to be her partner in the meld machine, a virtual world where we learned about all of human achievement. I was supposed to help her adjust. We were supposed to use the machine to observe and honor the world before war scorched the planet. Before the fog took all the men. But Sarah only used the machine for play. And with my unrestrained imagination, we defiled every honorable...

Pengaruh Campuran Abu Sekam Padi terhadap Kuat Tekan Paving Block

Rice husk is an abundant by-product of rice milling results, and so far only used as a fuel for combustion red stones, burning for cooking or thrown away. Rice husk ash (RHA) is a waste material of rice that has special properties. This material also contains chemical compounds that can be pozzolan, which contains silica (SiO2), a compound which, when mixed with cement and water can be used to enhance the compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete while silica is a chemical compound that is dominant in the rice husk ash. This study aimed to compare the results of the average compressive strength of the normal paving block with the added ingredient of rice husk ash, assess the effect of the addition of rice husk ash to the compressive strength and prices comparison between the paving block and normal paving block with the added ingredient of rice husk ash. In this study, rice husk ash serves as a replacement for cement additives with a variation of 0%, 30%, 35% and 40% by weight of cement in comparison 1pc: 10ps, 1pc: 13ps and 1pc: 15ps. The results showed that the paving blocks with a mixture of rice husk ash in comparison 1pc: 10ps produce optimum compressive strength with a mixture of rice husk ash 16.6% in the amount of 32.709 MPa. Furthermore in comparison 1pc: 13ps, paving block compressive strength values obtained with the optimal mix of rice husk ash rice 13.0% amounting to 23.709 MPa. Finally, in comparison 1pc: 15ps, paving block compressive strength values obtained with the optimal mix of rice husk ash 15.0% amounting to 17.260 MPa.

Can a high red: Far red ratio replace temperature-induced inflorescence development in Phalaenopsis?

Phalaenopsis is one of the most economically important ornamental crops in the Netherlands, but due to its growth requirements during its various developmental stages, it is a costly crop to grow in terms of energy. Warming the greenhouse in the winter during the vegetative phase, and cooling the greenhouse to 19°C in the summer to induce flowering costs a great deal of energy. Because flower induction is primarily controlled by altering the balance of plant hormones, it might well be possible to steer flower induction by changing the light spectrum instead of changing the temperature. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of the light spectrum on bud break and inflorescence elongation in Phalaenopsis. To this end an experiment was designed with two Phalaenopsis cultivars, Quincy and Red Stones in a matrix of temperature and spectral treatments. Light treatments were used with a relatively high red to far-red ratio (R:FR) and therefore a high phytochrome photostationary state (PSS) value of 0.85, and with a relatively lower R:FR ratio resulting in a PSS value of 0.71, similar to that of natural daylight. Our hypothesis was that low temperature treatments can, at least partially, be substituted by a light spectrum with a high PSS value in order to suppress apical dominance of the primary flowering inflorescence and thus realize multiple inflorescences. A cooling period (19°C) of 8 weeks always resulted in a high percentage of multiple inflorescences, both from Red Stones as well as Quincy. This implies that a flower induction period of 8 weeks with cooling is effective, regardless of the light spectrum. An induction period of 8 weeks with “red light” always resulted in a high percentage of multiple inflorescences, regardless of the temperature (19 or 22°C). A cooling period (19°C) of 4 weeks followed by 4 weeks 22°C only resulted in a higher percentage of multiple inflorescences under the light spectrum with a high PSS value during the second 4 week-period. This suggests that the plant hormones responsible for bud break and inflorescence elongation, can be stimulated by light with a high PSS value, as well as by a cool phase. In order to stimulate multiple flowering inflorescences, the temperature and/or light spectrum during the second 4-week-period appears to be more important than during the first 4-week-period of the induction phase. Presumably this is due to suppression of the apical dominance of the first emerging inflorescence by low temperature and/or relatively high R:FR ratio during this phase. This also implies that the energy costly cool-induction period during the summer can be replaced, at least in part, by red light or a relatively high R:FR.

Kirkemosegård – Et offerfund med smykker fra ældre germansk jernalder

Kirkemosegård – Et offerfund med smykker fra ældre germansk jernalder

In the footsteps of Pliny: tracing the sources of Garamantian carnelian from Fazzan, south-west Libya

References in the ancient sources indicate that the Libyan desert was a source of ‘carbunculi’: semi-precious red stones and gemstones variously interpreted as ruby, garnet and spinel, amongst others. While gemstones are not attested in the geological strata of Fazzan (south-west Libya), a range of silica-based stones including chert, chalcedony, agate and carnelian are known to originate in this area, linked to an early civilisation known as the Garamantes. It has been long proposed that the geochemical signature and the variations in the relative proportions of quartz:moganite phases can be used to distinguish between groups of stones of different origin. The proposed methodology was tested on a number of archaeological samples from the Garamantian sites of Jarma (ancient Garama) and Saniat Jibril, in Fazzan. Fragments of chert, carnelian and amazonite found at the two sites have been identified as raw materials associated with beadmaking. Trace elemental data obtained by LA-ICP-MS were combined with mineralogical data obtained by X-ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy on the same samples and a group of reference samples. The dataset has been compared with the available literature and data from other localities around the world. To this purpose a preliminary database of silica-based materials was established for provenance work. Based on the scarce data available in the literature, the importation of these stones from Eastern localities such as India may be ruled out. The measured data on archaeological samples and debitage allow us to define a reliable reference group of parameters for materials from Fazzan, which are likely to be derived from a unique geological source. The methodology should be extended and compared with cherts and carnelians from a range of Mediterranean and Sub-Saharan sites. This characterisation work is a tool of high potential utility for a new investigation of ancient contact and trade across the Trans-Saharan zone.

Tile Renovation of Exterior Walls for the Taiwan Governor's Office

Completed in 1919, the Taiwan Governor's Office has been regarded as the symbol of authority in Taiwan from the colonization by Japan to the present. Its brilliant appearance of intertwined red bricks and white stones, originating from the European Baroque style in the 18th and 19th centuries, has been eroded by the harsh weather for more than 80 years. The exterior wall of red unglazed tiles is the most important material in the renovation project. It was originally manufactured by Shinagawa Shirorenga Co., Ltd. However, tile production ceased completely in Taiwan and Japan in 1935. The end of production resulted in the loss of this traditional manufacturing technology. Research has found that the most important factors for re-making the tiles successfully are: (i) firing temperature, (ii) reconstruction of manufacturing technologies and (iii) firing improvement. This made possible the reemergence of the original beautiful style and features of the Governor's Office. The conclusions of this research can be shared and referenced by those who are devoted to the renovation and preservation of historical buildings.

Complementary use of PIXE-alpha and XRF portable systems for the non-destructive and in situ characterization of gemstones in museums

Gemstones on gold Hellenistic (late 4th century BC, 1st AD) jewelry, exhibited at the Benaki Museum of Athens, were analyzed in situ by means of two non-destructive and portable analytical techniques. The composition of major and minor elements was determined using a new portable PIXE-alpha spectrometer. The analytical features of this spectrometer allow the determination of matrix elements from Na to Zn through the K-lines and the determination of higher atomic number elements via the L- or M-lines. The red stones analyzed were revealed as red garnets, displaying a compositional range from Mg-rich garnet to Fe-rich garnet. The complementary use of a portable XRF spectrometer provided additional information on some trace elements (Cr and Y), which are considered to be important for the chemical separation between different garnet groups. A comparison of our results with recent literature data offers useful indications about the possible geographical provenance of the stones. The analytical techniques, their complementarity and the results obtained are presented and discussed.

Burnt Stone at West Heath, Hampstead

British mesolithic sites, often on acid sands, tend to yield little organic material other than charcoal. Flint assemblages form the greatest part of the archaeological evidence. Quantities of burnt stone are usually present. They may be a source of information on past avctivities and so provide important supporting data for the knapped flint. Experiments were carried out to ascertain if the red and white stones, recovered at West Heath, had been burnt.

It's What We Want

I"» V-¿£.l·:·;·' , VI fe· ML '¦ int It's What We Want by Charles Brashers When settlers from North Carolina and Virginiamoved across theline into Cherokee hunting grounds and went so far as to build a bunch of cabins even on the banks of the Watauga River, John Stuart, King George's Indian agent at Charles Town, and Alexander Cameron, his assistant, sent them strong talking papers and threatened to bring their redcoat army to force the greedy Americans back. We Cherokees were shocked by the idea. How could anyone think of raising the war hatchet against people of the same tribe, who spoke the same language and followed the same customs? Stuart and Scotchie sent us a talk, saying we should be patient and not take up the war-axe ourselves. But the whites were still on our 41 land. They were interfering in our lives, and we didn't like it but didn't quite know what to do about it. Our Head Man, Oconostota, the Great Warrior, sent Stuart a talk saying, "We think the Virginia People don't hear your talks nor mind, nor do they seem to care for King George's. . .. We would that they would move offourlands and let us alone; it's what we want." "My voice is forwar!" Dragging Canoe said in council, not waiting his turn to speak. "Forty strong warriors of Mialaquo -town are ready to take up the bloody war-axe with me and strike the blackpole. We arereadytodrivethemoff Cherokee lands. There are fifty warriors in Tuskegee, a hundred in Toqua, a hundred in To-ma-tli, not to mention over two hundred here in Chota. I say we are not weak. We are fourteen towns here in the Over-the-Hills district alone. And there are the Valley Towns, our brothers; and the Middle Towns; and the Chickamuga Towns. We do not have to quail against the wall and wait for them to come even to our door. They have crossed the tine; let us go and kill them." But Oconostota did not give permission for a raid. He pointed out that we have so little powder and lead, and, when that is gone, their guns will be far superior to our war-axes. Then there would be anotherof those disasters that Dragging Canoe is a little too young to understand. Or too hardheaded. The tribe listened to the old man, for he has no battle scars on his back. He has always faced his enemies. Of course, Atta-kulla-kulla, the Little Carpenter, and his niece, Nanye-hi, the Ghigau, Beloved Woman, are for conciliation . They have relatives among the whites, and they both speak the language. Theywill sayrenegotiate. Livepeacefully with them as brothers. Marry with them. Come to know them as we know each other. Taska-ya, the Conjuror of Chota, has cast his divining stones, but the red stones and black stones and white stones were all mixed together every time he cast them. There wasn't much there to read. And we, the Cherokees, hardly know what to do. We have to know that the power and knowledge of our ancestors who still live here, whose bones are buried here, are in and with the Cherokee spirit. We have to have the Thunder, the power of the Spirits, if we are to influence the whites to lay down their enmity and pick up the good will of a friend. If that's what we want. We have asked the spirits in all the directions to be with us, just as you must when you are remaking ceremonial tobacco . Ifyou've ever done that, you know how good it is. You start with ordinary brown tobacco from the earth. In the slit of time between the top and bottom rim ofthe sun coming up, you hold up the tobacco and say the four charms. From the East, which is Red and which contains the powers ofcreativity, success, life-giving, you ask that your beginnings may be bright. From the North, whichisBlue and which contains the powers of suspicion, defeat, trouble, you ask that your decisions may be made with caution and a just pessimism...

Graffiti in the Cave of the Mammoths

I VISITED THE CAVE of Rouffignac on a day of sun showers, but in side it was cold and dark. Rouffignac is what they call a dry cave, which means that it was formed by water moving laterally from a central well, not by seepage from the surface. Thus it has no stalactites, and the walls are relatively smooth. Red stones projecting from the walls are broken off where bears sharpened their claws. Craters in the stone floor were scooped out by bears for their winter-long snoozes. Fifteen thousand years ago, men and bears competed for living space in these caverns of the soft stone cliffs along the Dordogne and V?z?re rivers. Now an electric train carries you two miles into the cliff to see the wall paintings. Whoever drew the figures walked that distance to make those drawings in that spot. He drew three rhinoceros walking in a line. Further on, someone engraved a figure into the soft stone. The guide's flashlight follows the outline of the tusks, the trunk, the rounded skull, the down ward curve connecting skull to hump: a mammoth, suggested with elo quent simplicity. Further on, in a great hall, there are more than sixty fig ures of animals. On the ceiling is a horse so large that whoever painted it could not have seen the whole at once. He had to visualize the propor tions. But there are other sophisticated feats. For one, a frieze of mam moths, two herds of them, coming together nose to nose in the center of a wall. In one herd, a straggler walks a few paces behind the others. Some one composed these images for this space. Someone had an idea on a grand scale and executed it.

II. More of the “Ebers Papyrus”

W HEN Rokitansky was one of the “Big Four” in medica stature in Vienna about sixty years ago, he gave the fohowing advice to prospective students : “Those of you who are about to study medicine, and to the younger physicians aIso, I say that you should Iight your torches at the fires of the Ancients.” It is my own wish that any reader of this series of articles wiII read not only the words but wiII try to see the man described, the man behind the words. It is also the writer’s wish that the reader try to see the man’s contemporary environment, how he by-passed the ignorance, prejudices, superstitions and reIigious codes which hemmed him in and, Iast but not Ieast, the envy, greed and malicious persecution of his own confreres; it has ever and aIways been thus, that one of the greatest of al1 mankind’s problems is man’s inhumanity to man. The Ebers Papyrus is presumed to [have been written sometime in the vicinity of 1500 B.C. but much of the materiaI in it came down by word of mouth from perhaps as much as five centuries before. It is not strictly a book or manuscript, it Ii.4 a miscehaneous cohection /of [jottings down or experiences; some are prescriptions, some are advice on diagnosis, some are descriptions of postmortem appearances of things and, finahy, some instructions are on what to do, and it is here that surgery comes in. Curious indeed is much of the material contained in this papyrus. ApparentIy caIcuIus of the bIadder was a common afhiction, arthritis of the joints another, but more curious stih was the a11 too remarkabIe frequency of a fracture of the uIna about 2 inches above the wrist, and more commonIy of the Ieft uIna in women. Now the onIy expIanation of such a fracture wouId be that the woman was defending herseIf from bIows being swung by somebody eIse and took the bIow on her arm instead of her head. Evidently husbands beat their wives three thousand years ago in the same fashion as today. Then there is the description of how to spIint this fracture using paIm fiber as spIint materia1 and forming a tube-like, circular splint around the arm, drawing it tight with Iinen. The grotesque feature is that smaI1 shvers of paIm fiber were stuck into bIeeding areas in such a manner as to try to form an obstructive hemostasis. UnfortunateIy in the Ebers Papyrus descriptions of actua1 technical procedures are missing, the usua1 term under treatment being “Thou shah perform an operation,” but how, it does not say. Sutures and suturing are not mentioned, Hemostasis was apparentry obtained by cauterization by means of red hot stones or sticks. They did not try for “primary union,” rather they interrupted norma heahng in order to obtain a series of scars, each presumabIy tougher than the Iast. In arteriovenous aneurysm they were smart enough to Ieave it aIone. The instructions were “Thou shah not put thy hand to such a thing.” In purulent affections of Iymph nodes, particuIarIy inguina1 buboes, one waits

XIX. A Nepalese Vajra

The three texts deciphered below appear on a vajra, the property of Mr. G. D. Sofoulis of Shanghai, a photograph of which has been lent to the Egyptian and Oriental Society of Manchester by Mr. F. Evans.According to the description received the vajra is 37 inches long and from 1¾ to 2 inches wide. It weighs about 5 lb. The blade is made of steel, which is 28½ inches long and is pointed and sharpened on both sides. The inscriptions and the handle are made of pure Chinese or Indian gold and with twenty-four pieces of red and blue stones (corals and others), some of which are lost.

The tops of the rushes and the red stones of the Dinan

The tops of the rushes and the red stones of the Dinan

III. History of the Discovery of the Fossil Elephant of Malta, with a Description of the Fissure in which it was Originally Found

About Midsummer of the year 1857, when a quarry was being made in the soft calcareous sandstone in the district of Gaudia, near the village of Micabba, Malta, one of the numerous fissures so common in all the formations of the two islands was observed to run in a straight line about E. and W. It was a simple vent, with several funnel-shaped expansions, and, as usual, was filled with red earth and stones. Among the débris of one of these expansions, several bones of large size attracted the attention of the workmen, and Dr. Speteri Agius, LL.D., a gentleman residing in the neighbourhood, having heard of the discovery, repaired to the spot, and picked up from among the exuvise a portion of a tooth and several fragments of bones, which he deposited in the Museum of the Maltese University. Shortly afterwards, a dispute between the proprietor and the lessee of the quarry put an end to the excavation, and the entire cavity was filled with rubbish, and levelled out into afield. In that condition it remained until reopened in June 1865.

VIII.—Letter from Sir Henry Ellis to Viscount Mahon, P.S.A.; upon a Gold Ornament found near Mundesley, in Norfolk

By the kindness of Miss Gurney of North Repps, in Norfolk, I am permitted to lay before your Lordship and the Society a jewel or ornament, (Plate VII. fig. 1.) composed of an ancient cast from a gold coin of the Emperor Mauricius, set into gold of rough workmanship, with a ring or loop at top to suspend it by, and bits of red glass or stones, let in, in a double row on that side which bears the obverse of the coin, forming a border to it. To these rather a rich appearance is given by bits of stamped gold being placed under each.