Red Sand Research Articles

Colored Interlock Blocks of Non-Traffic Grade – A Novel Approach Using Red Sand

Colored Interlock Blocks of Non-Traffic Grade – A Novel Approach Using Red Sand

The role of red sand dunes nano sized particles for improved oil recovery

The role of red sand dunes nano sized particles for improved oil recovery

Effect of different organic amendments and fertigation on growth, yield, quality of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) and soil properties of Theri land (Red sand dune) of southern Tamil Nadu

Effect of different organic amendments and fertigation on growth, yield, quality of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) and soil properties of Theri land (Red sand dune) of southern Tamil Nadu

Experimental investigation on productivity enhancement of conical solar distillers using various sand bed types based on energy, exergy, and exergo-economic analysis

In this study, performance enhancement of conical distillers was investigated with various natural sand bed types. Four sand types with different colors (compositions and concentrations of chemical compounds) were tested and used as thermal storage materials to reduce heat loss, enhance evaporation process, and daily production. Three similar distillers were designed and investigated experimentally under the same climatic parameters over two consecutive days. Performance parameters of the proposed distillers, including yield, energy, exergy, and exergo-economic were analyzed and compared with those of reference distiller and other related studies. Results showed that the highest yield and performance values were achieved by the distiller combined with a golden sand bed. The utilization of golden sand bed achieves a daily production of 7.38 lm−2day−1 with enhancement of 10.31 %, 22.79 %, 35.91 %, and 60.43 % compared with yellow sand, red sand, white sand, and reference distillers, respectively. The daily energy and exergy efficiency of conical distillers combined with golden, yellow, red, and white sand beds 59.59 %, 44.84 %, 30.33 %, and 17.85 % and 143.52 %, 103.44 %, 64.73 %, and 36.39 %, respectively, higher than that of the reference distiller. Integrating golden, yellow, red, and white sand beds with conical distillers reduces the yield price and payback time by 60.43 %, 45.43 %, 30.65 %, and 18.04 %. The annual energy and exergy output of conical distillers combined with golden, yellow, red, and white sand beds were 130.54, 118.47, 106.60, 96.41, and 81.76 kWh/year and 6.08, 5.08, 4.00, 3.31, and 2.49 kWh/year, respectively.

New chronology of K-feldspar isochron optical dating (iIRSL) in the late Pleistocene coastal aeolian deposits of Southeast China

Old red sand (ORS), which developed during the late Pleistocene, is widely distributed along the coasts of the western Pacific and Indian Ocean.The Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating technology have primarily determined its sedimentary age. However, in tropical and subtropical regions, chemical weathering can impact the calculation of environmental dose rates, potentially leading to age biases whose magnitude remains uncertain.Recently, advance in the OSL dating technique, the new K-feldspar isochron dating method (iIRSL), have determined its depositional age. This approach effectively enhances the accuracy of age data by accounting for variations in past dose rates caused by chemical weathering and changes in water content during sample burial. This study used the iIRSL method to conduct infrared stimulated luminescence signal tests on ORS samples from the Haitan Island, south China. Five grain sizes of K-feldspar grains were extracted from each sample during experimentation. The single aliquot regenerative dose method (SAR) was utilized to determine the equivalent dose for each grain size and calculate age using the isochron method (iIRSL). Furthermore, it compared the iIRSL ages with quartz age (SAR). The results indicate that: (1) This study obtained four iIRSL ages, which are consistent with the ages obtained from quartz (SAR) within a reasonable range, ranging from 62.13 ± 4.85 to 39.44 ± 4.85 ka BP. (2) Comparison of the simulation results of different weathering degrees using the iIRSL method and K-feldspar two-step IRIR methods indicates that the iIRSL method can effectively mitigate the impact of chemical weathering on age determination, giving more reliable iIRSL ages. (3) The ORS along the southern coast of China mainly deposited during Marine Isotope Stages 5, 4, and 3, exhibiting relatively higher deposition rates during MIS 5 and MIS 3 at approximately 30 cm/ka and 15 cm/ka respectively. This suggests that the ORS was predominantly deposited during periods of elevated sea levels. However, it is important to note that the data from MIS 5 may have been influenced by the absence of samples from this particular stage and limitations in dating methods, resulting in a lower frequency-density of deposition ages during MIS 5 and creating an “illusion” of sediment interruption.

Investigation of engineering characteristics of red sand in Luanda, Angola

Red sand is widely distributed on the west coast of Africa, south of the Sahara, and is an essential material for local engineering construction. Red sand possesses orthostasis and high sensitivity to water, exhibiting characteristics that are different from ordinary sandy soil. Laboratory and in-situ tests were conducted to assess its engineering characteristics, including collapsibility, shear characteristics, and bearing capacity. The water sensitivity of red sand was analyzed along with the images from a scanning electron microscope. The findings indicate that red sand can be classified as silty sand. It demonstrates strong collapsibility, with the collapsibility coefficient decreasing as water content increases. The critical water content for red sand to avoid collapsibility is 13%. The shear strength, internal friction angle, and cohesion of undisturbed and remolded red sand decrease with increasing water content. The critical water content for red sand to lose cohesion is 13%. The bearing capacity and deformation modulus of red sand decrease with increasing water content. Red sand exhibits a softening property, with a softening coefficient of 0.4. The water sensitivity of red sand can be attributed to the cementing effects of fine-grained clay minerals adhering to the surface of large particles or aggregating at particle contacts.

Variations in Composition and Size of Red Sand in Pinang City, North Sumatra to Improve Concrete Quality

This study further explores the problems in the concrete material studied in terms of variations in the structure of the constituent materials and the grain size of red sand on the compressive strength test of quality concrete material with code K-350. The primary raw material uses red sand with compositions ranging from 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% with sizes ranging from 120, 100, and 80 mesh. After all the ingredients are mixed, printing is carried out according to the predetermined sample size; after the sample is deposited for one day and one night, the sample is opened from the mold mall. To see the quality of the sample, testing was carried out by testing the concrete structure through the SEM test, and the sample elements were looked at by testing XRD, compressive strength, and water absorption. The results obtained were a successive decrease in water absorption in red sand samples with a composition of 4%. In addition, the maximum compressive strength value was obtained at the proportion of 120 mesh material, and 6 percent of the material composition obtained a compressive strength value of 35.27 MPa. When viewed from the size of the concrete structure using the scanning Electron Microscope test, it was found that the size of the red sand mixture concrete structure has a much smaller pore structure when compared to other mixtures. and in the X-Ray Diffraction test, it was found to contain elements in the form of SiO2, CaO3, Ca (OH)2 with the highest intensity of silicon.

A new armored dinosaur with double cheek horns from the early Late Cretaceous of southeastern China

Ankylosaurines are the iconic armoured dinosaurs that characterize terrestrial vertebrate faunas in the Late Cretaceous of Asia and Laramidia (western North America). The earliest members of this clade are known from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Santonian) times of Asia, but little consensus has emerged as to how they are related to the anatomically derived and chronologically younger forms. In southeastern China, the Cretaceous red sand beds crop out across basins from Zhejiang to Guandong provinces. However, the horizons corresponding to the early Late Cretaceous stages remain poorly sampled. Here, we report the first definitive vertebrate skeleton ¾ let alone that of an armoured dinosaur ¾ from the Coniacian/Turonian Ganzhou Formation, Datai yinliangis gen. et sp. nov. Despite the immature ontogenetic status of the type materials, D. yingliangis can be diagnosed with autapomorphic traits in the cranial caputegulae (such as double horns on the quadratojugal) and extensive gular osteoderms. Morphologically, it is intermediate between the chronologically older ankylosaurids from Asia (e.g., Crichtonpelta and Jinyunpelta) and derived post-Cenomanian ankylosaurines (e.g., Pinacosaurus). Phylogenetic analyses broadly corroborate this assessment. The new taxon either falls in the grade of Asian ankylosaurines proximal to the lineages of derived forms or forms a sister lineage to Pinacosaurus. Based on these insights, Datai makes a significant addition to the early Late Cretaceous vertebrate fauna from southeastern China and highlights the future potential in this region for improved understanding of the origin and early evolution of ankylosaurines.

Late Pleistocene sea level change and tectonism control on the formation of the Old Red Sand along the southeastern coast of China

The Zhe-Min Uplift (ZMU) has undergone tectonic subsidence, which has been associated with a notable transgression in the northern marginal seas of China since the middle Pleistocene. However, its uplift history during the late Quaternary is still inadequate. The Old Red Sand (ORS) is a late Pleistocene deposit that is widely distributed along the southeastern coast of China. The ORS consists of partially-cemented fine- to medium-grained sand. In this paper, we focus on mud-rich ORS deposits of the Liushui area, Pingtan Island, Fujian Province, and report optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages, and new datasets of grain size, mineralogy (detrital zircon, clay and detrital minerals) and organic carbon and nitrogen isotope profiles to improve understanding of chronology, provenance, palaeoenvironmental evolution and tectonic infuence. Based on the OSL data, we hypothesize that the development of the ORS was associated with lower sea levels, with most deposition occurring within MIS4. Based on comparison of detrital zircon UPb ages, the coarse fraction of the Liushui ORS was mainly derived from the Minjiang River, with modest input from weathering of coastal granites. The East Asian Winter Monsoon contributed some materials from the East China Sea shelf during the last glacial period, as indicated by the fine-grained nature of the Liushui ORS, low K-feldspar/plagioclase ratios, high dolomite content and the frequency of Neoproterozoic and Palaeoproterozoic detrital zircons. The deposition of the ORS was influenced by both the East Asian Winter Monsoon and sea level changes. The clay minerals in the mud layers of the Liushui ORS were dominated by kaolinite and illite, with little chlorite and no smectite, indicating that they originated from the Minjiang River. The TOC/TN ratios of the mud layers, as well as their isotope characteristics, indicate the organic matter was derived from marine sources, presumably during the transgression event in MIS5. The average uplift rate of the ORS was about 0.03 mm/yr. The uplift of the ORS provided new insights into the geological records of the ZMU, which differed from the subsidence observed in the northern region of the Minjiang River during the late Pleistocene.

RESEARCH ON APPLICABILITY NATURAL RED SAND FOR THE SUBGRADE OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION BY EXPERIMENT IN THE LABORATORY

This article presents some typical physical and mechanical characteristics of natural red sand collected in Thien Nghiep commune, Phan Thiet city, Binh Thuan province through static experiments in the laboratory. From the obtained results, it is shown that this sand belongs to group A-2 according to the AASHTO M145 standard on grain composition. The sand has a relatively high cohesion with an average value of about 29 kPa and the internal friction angle with an average value of about 35º which characterize the shear resistance of material. The CBR value of sand at a relative compaction of 0.95 is 20.67% which meets the requirements of subgrade materials for highway traffic construction according to current standards. Thus, through a series of static experiments, it is confirmed that this type of sand is potentially suitable as a subgrade material for traffic construction in Vietnam.

Characteristics of Concrete With Red Sand Mixture 80 Mesh Grain Size After Combustion

Research has been done on the Characteristics of Concrete with a Mix of Red Sand Grain Size 80 Mesh Post-burning. This study aims to determine the characteristics of concrete with a mixture of red sand grain size 80 Mesh Post-burning on the compressive strength, porosity and structure of the concrete. The test object is a cube of 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm with concrete quality K-225. In this study, variations in the composition of 80 mesh size red sand were made of 0%, 2%, 3% and 4%. After the concrete is 24 hours old, the mold is opened and given a sample code and treated in an immersion water bath. After going through an immersion period of 28 days, the concrete was burned in an oven with temperature variations of 400℃, 550℃, 700℃ and 850℃ and tested. The test methods used are compressive strength, porosity and Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX). From the test results obtained the maximum average compressive strength obtained in concrete with a mixture of red sand of 4% with a temperature of 550℃. From the results of the porosity test, there was a decrease in the concrete with the addition of red sand by 4%. From the results of the SEM test, the concrete structure with a mixture of red sand has fewer and smaller cavities. From the results of the EDX test on concrete with a mixture of red sand, Calcium (Ca) and Stibium (Sb) elements have increased intensity when compared to normal concrete. From the XRD test results obtained elements - elements SiO2 (Silicon Oxide), Ca(OH)2 (Calcium Hydroxide) and CaO3 (Calcite) with the highest intensity is SiO2.

Acidification characteristics and its influencing factors of red paddy soil derived from four parent materials in Southeast of China

There are many types of parent materials of red paddy soil, however the acidification characteristics of paddy soil derived from different parent materials remain unclear in the past 40 years at Jiangxi Province, and the degree of soil properties on acidification is also still unknown. Therefore, four red paddy soil derived from Quaternary red earth (Qre), plate shale (P), red sand stone (Rs), granite (G) in Jiangxi Province was selected. We investigated the acidification characteristics and quantified the effect of soil factors on the acidification of red paddy soils derived from different parent materials. Results showed that related to the second soil survey (1980s), the pH of red paddy soil derived from four parent materials decreased by an average 0.47 unit, base saturation (BS%) decreased 13.93%, exchangeable acid (EA) and exchangeable aluminum (EAl) increased by 0.43 and 0.20 cmol·kg−1, respectively. The ∆pH of red paddy soil derived from Rs (0.56) and G (0.54) were higher than that of Qre (0.34) and P (0.32). The ∆BS% of of red paddy soil derived from G (22.53%) > Rs (17.61%) > Qre (8.27%) > P (2.66%). The ∆EA (0.76) and ∆EAl (0.62) of Rs is highest. The results of redundancy analysis (RDA) shown that soil properties of red paddy soil derived from four parent material could explain 43.1% variation of soil acidification. CEC7, silt, sand, and SOM could explain 36.3%, 4.6%, 1.4% and 1.2% variation of acidification, respectively. The difference of soil mineralogy including oxide and clay minerals is also the reason for the different acidizing characteristics of paddy soil derived from four parent material. Therefore, compared with the 1980s, there is significant acidification of red paddy soil in 2018 in Jiangxi Province. The acidification of red paddy soil derived from red sand stone and granite is higher than that of plate shale and Quaternary red earth. And, parent material affect acidification by soil physicochemical and mineralogical properties.

Organic amendments with fertigation for cultivation of water melon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) in Theri land (Red sand dune) of Tamil Nadu.

Organic amendments with fertigation for cultivation of water melon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) in Theri land (Red sand dune) of Tamil Nadu.

Effect of Dry–Wet Cycling on the Degradation Characteristics and Mechanisms of Red Sandstone

The physical and mechanical parameters and degradation mechanisms of red sandstone in the Mount Wuyi scenic area were studied under the action of dry–wet cycles. Dry–wet cycle, acoustic wave velocity, water saturation rate, and triaxial compression tests were conducted, aided by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction testing techniques. The study’s results show that the dry–wet cycle effect on red sandstone is a major factor in the degradation of its physical and mechanical parameters and that its microstructural characteristics are significantly affected. The P-wave velocity, peak strength, elastic modulus, internal friction angle, and cohesion decreased, the water content and peak strain increased, and the elastic modulus was the most sensitive to dry–wet cycles. A dry–wet cycle’s action severely damages the microstructural integrity of the red sandstone. After 15 dry–wet cycles, the interstitial fillings between the skeletal grains are dissolved over a large area, microfractures are interwoven throughout, and the structure is severely fragmented. The microstructural degradation of the red sandstone by dry–wet cycles mainly manifests in the dissolution of the interstitial filler, and the relative content of calcite as an interstitial filler is reduced by 46.6% after 15 dry–wet cycles. The proposed strength decay prediction equation has reference significance for the strength prediction of the red sand conglomerate in the project. This study’s results can provide theoretical support for the landscape protection of rock masses and the prevention of engineering geological hazards.

Influence of Organic Amendments and Fertigation on Growth, Yield, Quality of Watermelon (CitrulluslanatusThunb.) and Available Nutrient Status in Their Land (Red Sand Dune) of Southern Tamil Nadu

The present investigation was carried out at Thirumaraiyur village, Sattankulamtaluk, Thoothukudi district, to study the effect of organic amendments with the recommended dose of fertilizers on the growth and yield of watermelon in Ther isoil (red sand dunes) during the year 2017 and 2018. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with Factorial concept (FRBD). There were three factors as organic amendments with 6 treatment combinations for each factor, which were assigned at random in each plot with three replications. The recommended dose of fertilizers in treatments was two levels 75 and 100 percent. Among the treatment combinations, the tank silt application @ 100 t ha-1 with 100 per cent recommended fertilizer as 200:100:100 kg of NPK ha-1 through Fertigation at 7 days interval (A1N5) produced the maximum number of branches (10.67), longest vine (362.0 cm), number of fruits plant-1 (2.57), the weight of fruit (5.27 kg), fruit yield (68.77 t ha-1), total soluble solid (TSS) 10.94%), ascorbic acid (8.08 (mg 100g-1), gross return ( 4,09,320/ha), B:C ratio (2.45), uptake of NPK 41.51, 3.93 and 31.94 kg ha-1, respectively) compared to other treatments. Significant built-up of organic carbon (0.52%), available N (253.47 kg ha-1 ), P (16.40 kg ha-1) and K (218.40 kg ha-1) were registered with the application of tank silt application @ 100 t ha-1 with 100 per cent recommended fertilizer as 200:100:100 kg of NPK ha-1 through Fertigation at 7 days interval (A1N5).

Optimization of Red Sand Particle Size and Composition in Mixture with Ordinary Sand to Enhance Concrete Quality

Abstract In this study we determined the effect of variations in composition and particle size of Red Sand (RS) grains on the quality of concrete. Concrete was prepared as cubes of 15 cm3 with a composition of cement, sand and gravel in a ratio 1:2:3 and water to cement ratio of 0.5. Variations of RS (fine aggregate) composition are 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 % of the weight and red sand grain particle size were prepared as 80 mesh, 100 mesh, 120 mesh. Mechanical properties of the maximum concrete pressure strength test at a composition of 5 % along with a decrease in the size of the red sand grain size of 100 mesh and 120 mesh RS 100-5 and RS 120-5 with pressure forces of 35.4 MPa, and 35.5 MPa, respectively. On the other hand, the red sand with 80 mesh grain size have maximum pressure force in a composition 10 % RS 80-10 is 34.6 MPa. It is considered the addition of red sand fine aggregate has an impact on improving the quality of concrete.

Study of tumbled snakes in open wells, a nightmare for snakes in western Maharashtra

Open wells are earliest system to harvest ground water and still they are in practice. Generally, these openwells are not covered or protected. Wild species falls down in these open wells when they are chased bypredator species, when they are fighting with each other or accidentally fall down in these open wells.During the period of March, 2019 to June 2021, Animal Rahat teams rescued 41 snakes from wells andwater reservoirs. During the study period onlyfour species of snakes were found viz. Russell’s vipers,Indian Spectacled Cobras, Indian Rat Snakes and Red sand boas. Out of four species commonly tumbledsnake’s species are Russell’s viper, Indian Spectacled Cobra and Indian Rat Snake. Red Sand boa wasfound once in study period. Most of the time Russell’s viper snake fell down in the well during the studyperiod, i.e. out of total rescued snakes from well, Russell’s viper were more than 50 percent of them. Duringstudy period, snakes were fall down and rescued round the year from the wells, but more than 60% ofsnakes were rescued during summer season.

New research on the origin of the late Quaternary Old Red Sand in the coastal area of South China

A late Quaternary red sandy sediment called the Old Red Sand is widely distributed in coastal South China. Most studies have considered it a single sand body composed of wind-transported beach sand. However, the Old Red Sand also contains silt and clay. To determine the implications of this fine fraction for the origin of the Old Red Sand, four sections were studied using various depositional analyses. Under a scanning electron microscope, quartz particles in the fine fraction are well rounded, with abundant aeolian marks on their surfaces. The grain size is homogeneous and comparable to that of typical loess. The diffuse reflectance spectroscopy results suggest a higher content of haematite than goethite within the fine fraction, indicating subaerial deposition without strong hydration. The geochemical composition of the fine fraction is close to that of the upper continental crust and comparable to that of typical aeolian deposits, indicating the extensiveness of material sources, with terrestrial dust being fully mixed by wind over a large area. The depositional characteristics, sedimentary environment and provenance of the fine fraction are markedly different from those of the coarse fraction, which is composed of near-source beach sand. Therefore, the Old Red Sand is not a deposit with a single source. Both near-source coarse beach sand and exotic fine dust contributed to the formation of the deposit in the late Pleistocene, especially the last glacial period. The fine fraction is a key factor contributing to the cementation and redness of the sand body.

History of coastal dune evolution in the Fujian region of southeastern China over the last millenium

Coastal dunes are a product of the evolution of the coastal environment. Previous research shows that dune development in the Fujian coastal region correlates well with the fluctuations of East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) and sea level. However, comparison of coastal dune evolution along the Fujian coast since 1 ka with various paleoenvironmental indicators shows that, in addition to EAWM and sea level change, increased frequency and intensity of typhoon landfalls and tropical cyclone may have played an important role in dune building. Here we present the results of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and analyses of lithostratigraphy, grain size, and color of late Holocene aeolian sediments from Shenhu Bay of the Fujian coast, Southeastern China. Together with published chronological data from the region, three phases of coastal aeolian activity are defined: ~1050–1300 CE (the Medieval Climatic Anomaly, MCA), ~1450–1700 CE (early Little Ice Age, LIA), and ~ 1750–1930 CE (late LIA). These phases of sand accumulation had different sand sources: the source for the two phases of ~1050–1300 CE and ~ 1450–1700 CE was the reworking of the adjacent “old red sand”, and that for the phase of ~1750–1930 CE was beach and/or foredune sand. During ~1050–1300 CE, although the sea level was relatively high and the beach sand source was relatively limited, the increased frequency of typhoon landfalls and the widely distributed “old red sand” deposits provided important dynamic and provenance conditions for the formation of coastal dunes. During ~1450–1700 CE, strong EAWM and increased frequency of typhoon landfalls were all conducive to aeolian activities. On the contrary, the strong aeolian activity during ~1750–1930 CE may be related to sea level drop and strong EAWM.

The state of public participation in the EIA process and its role in South Africa: a case of Xolobeni

ABSTRACT Public participation is an integral part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process, as it provides opportunities for interested and affected parties (I&APs) to participate in the decision making process. This process is part of the legislative regime in South Africa and recognized as the main instrument to ensure that the proposed development is sustainable from a triple-helix perspective (i.e., ecological, socially, and economically sustainable). Therefore, the paper describes a case of public engagement in Xolobeni, located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, as well as the environmental politics that evolved from arguments that favoured development over environmental conservation. The proposed mining project was known as the Xolobeni mining development project. The Department of Minerals and Petroleum Resources announced in 2005 that an Australian company, Transworld Energy and Minerals (TEM), would establish a mining development project in Xolobeni to mine red sand dunes contained within five blocks, each named after the river that runs through it on its southern border. The Department of Minerals and Energy is the exclusive custodian of mining licences and thus the only Department that issues them, according to the Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act (Act 28 of 2002). When seeking mining rights, it also requires corporations to consult with local populations. The Amadiba Crisis Committee filed a mining licence appeal based on a lack of consultation. One of the complications was also brought about by the divided community. TEM’s solicitors sent a redacted copy of the mining right application to the community on 3 February 2016. The community was informed that drilling would begin on February 22nd, and that force would be employed if access was not granted. Following the receipt of the mining rights copy, an objection was lodged under section 10 of the MPRDA. The people resisted because they did not want their land, to be taken away. The community also opposed the proposed mining because they were concerned about the negative social, economic, and environmental effects. The land in Xolobeni was also used by the community for agriculture, or tourism and they did not want to lose that. The community also resists the migration of foreigners who wish to dwell in their village, fearing that they will overrun their way of life and impose a social lifestyle commonly connected with mining activity. The preceding study highlights the potential for conflict when communities reject the establishment of mining enterprises. As a result, the goal of this study is to see if incorporating community agreement into South Africa’s legal requirements for granting a mining licence could help to reduce community unrest. The High Court ruled in favour of Xolobeni residents in this mining rights case