Red Rhizome Research Articles

Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activity, In Silico Molecular Docking, and ADME‐Toxicity Study of Lactone from Rhizome of Angiopteris helferiana

Objective. The red rhizome of Angiopteris helferiana has been used widely to treat muscle fatigue, bone pain, and skin infection in Nepal. However, scientific evidence for its bioactive compounds and their bioactivities was lacking till January, 2024. Therefore, we investigated to validate and advance the further use and development. Methods. Column chromatography, including MCI gel CHP20P, Sephadex LH‐20, ODS, and Silica gel, was used for the isolation of compounds from 70% methanol extract of A. helferiana rhizomes. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their TLC‐based antioxidant and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by adopting the agar well diffusion protocol. Furthermore, in silico molecular docking against the penicillin binding protein of E. coli (PBP1b, PBP2, and PBP3 TPd) and ADME toxicity of the isolated compounds was predicted. Results and Discussion. Angiopteroside (1) and osmundalactone (2) were isolated for the first time from the red rhizomes of A. helferiana. The structure of the isolated compounds was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic (1H‐, 13C‐, and 13C/DEPT‐NMR) and spectrometric (LC MS/ESI and IR) analyses and comparison with reported literature. Both compounds were inactive towards DPPH scavenging activity. Compound 1 showed poor inhibitory activity against E. coli, with inhibition zone range of 2–7 mm. However, both isolated compounds were found to be resistant against S. aureus, K. pneumonia, and P. aeruginosa. Based on in silico molecular docking forecasting, compound 1 revealed the good binding affinity with PBP1b (−6.5 kcal/mol), PBP2 (−5.8 kcal/mol) and PBP3 TPd (−6.1 kcal/mol) compared to positive control meropenem with PBP1b (−6.6 kcal/mol), PBP2 (−6.9 kcal/mol), and PBP3 TPd (−6.6 kcal/mol). Similarly, compound 2 showed weak preference for PBP1b (−4.3 kcal/mol), PBP2 (−4.4 kcal/mol), and PBP TPd (−4.5 kcal/mol). Compounds 1 and 2 were predicted to be safe in terms of hepatotoxicity, cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity, with a potential to induce nephrotoxicity similar to that of meropenem. Conclusion. This study successfully isolates two lactones with antibacterial properties and inspires the researcher to further research, development, and formulation.

Canna indica L and Spirulina platensis for Food Security

Climate change threats to food security, because it decreases agricultural productivity. C. indica L can adapt to environment and produce white and red rhizomes. Dominant content both of rhizomes are carbohydrates which increase protein as nutrition by adding S platensis. The research aims to determine potential of composite flour of C. indica L and S. platensis as alternative healthy foodstuff for food security. The method consists of formulation composite flour, proximate tests, determining amino and fatty acids, in vitro growth tests of Lactobacillus, cookies and meatball formulations. The result showed composite flour from red rhizome (RRCS) contains 11% water, 21.745% protein, 0.5% lipid, 9.99% dietary fiber, 57.81% carbohydrates, and 8.94% ash. While white rhizome (WRCS) contains, 8.75% water, 17.41 protein, 0.29% lipid, 9.54% dietary fiber, 67.601% carbohydrates and 5.94% ash. Amino and fatty acid appears in both composite flours were similar, except proline and oleic acid higher in RRCS. Lignoceric founded only in WRCS. In vitro test showed Lactobacillus (BAL) grew on modified MRSA from RRCS and WRCS. Both of composite flour processed into marketable cookies and meatballs formulations. Based on the result, C. indica L and S. platensis composite flour can be used as alternative food for food security.

Characteristics and Genetic Control of Rhizome Coloration in Red Rhizome Lotus

Characteristics and Genetic Control of Rhizome Coloration in Red Rhizome Lotus

A high-quality reference genome sequence of Salvia miltiorrhiza provides insights into tanshinone synthesis in its red rhizomes.

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, also known as red sage or Danshen, is an important traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has been used for thousands of years to treat cardiovascular and other diseases. It is also considered an important model TCM plant. Here, a high-quality reference genome of S. miltiorrhiza was generated by combining PacBio long-read sequencing and chromatin interaction mapping (Hi-C) technologies, resulting in the chromosome-scale assembly of a 594.75-Mb genome sequence with a contig N50 of 2.70 Mb. This assembly shows the highest level of continuity for a Danshen genome generated thus far. The S. miltiorrhiza genome contained 32,483 protein-coding genes, with a repetitive DNA content of approximately 64.84%. The high percentage of young LTRs suggests that multiple TE transposition bursts occurred recently in S. miltiorrhiza. Genes unique to secondary metabolism pathways were expanded in the S. miltiorrhiza genome. A new CYP450 gene cluster was identified in the phloem of red roots where active components were synthesized. This reference genome sequence will facilitate future studies aimed at the elucidation of the secondary metabolism synthesis pathway and the genetic improvement of S. miltiorrhiza.

Control of Redroot (Lachnanthes caroliniana) in Pastures

SS-AGR-290, a 2-page illustrated fact sheet by Jason Ferrell, Brent Sellers, and Joseph Walter, describes this wetland plant with red rhizome and flattened leaves which can be a problem in newly established, declining, or mole-cricket damaged pastures. Includes herbicide recommendations. Published by the UF Department of Agronomy, December 2007. SS AGR 290/AG295: Control of Redroot (Lachnanthes caroliniana) in Pastures (ufl.edu)

Anti-inflammatory cyclohexenyl chalcone derivatives in Boesenbergia pandurata

The cyclohexenyl chalcone derivative [(−)-hydroxypanduratin A], together with the previously known panduratin A, sakuranetin, pinostrobin, pinocembrin, and dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain were isolated from the chloroform extract of the red rhizome variety of Boesenbergia pandurata (Robx.) Schltr. [currently known as Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf., Kulturpfl.]. Their structures were assigned on the basis of their spectroscopic data. (−)-Hydroxypanduratin A and (−)-panduratin A showed significant topical anti-inflammatory activity in the assay of TPA-induced ear edema in rats.

Constituents of the Zingiberaceae. X. Diastereomers of [7-Hydroxy-5-Methoxy-2-Methyl-2-(4′-Methylpent-3′-Enyl)-2H-Chromen-8-yl] [3″-Methyl-2′-(3′″-Methylbut-2″′-Enyl]-6″-Phenylcyclohex-3″-Enyl]M Ethanone (Panduratin B), a Constituent of the Red Rhizomes of a Variety of Boesenbergia pandurata

Spectroscopic studies have established that panduratin B1 and panduratin B2, isolated from the red rhizomes of a variety of Boesenbergia pandurata ( Roxb .) Schltr ., are the diastereomers (2RS,1″ RS,2″SR,6″RS)- and (2RS,1″SR,2″RS,6″SR)-[7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-methyl-2-(4′-methylpent-3′-enyl)-2 H-chromen-8-yl][3″-methyl-2″-(3″′-methylbut-2″′-enyl)-6″-phenylcyclohex-3″-enyl]methanone. A synthesis of panduratin B mixture has been achieved by chromenylation of panduratin A.

(1'RS,2'SR,6'RS)-(2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-[3'-methyl-2'-(3''-methylbut-2''-enyl)-6'-phenyl-cyclohex-3'-enyl]methanone (panduratin A)-a Constituent of the Red Rhizomers of a variety of Boesenbergia pandurata

Spectroscopic studies have established the structure (l'RS,2'SR,6'RS)-(2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)[3'-methyl-2'-(3''-methylbut-2''enyl)-6'-phenylcyclohex-3'-enyl]methanone for panduratin A which, together with pinostrobin and two known chalcones, boesenbergin A and rubranine, has been isolated from the red rhizomes of a variety of Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr. A synthesis of rubranine, in moderate yield, has also been achieved.