Red Pigment-dispersing Hormone Research Articles

Effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine antibodies on pigment migration in the erythrophores of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator: further evidence for 5-hydroxytryptamine as a neurotransmitter that stimulates release of red pigment-dispersing hormone.

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antibodies inhibit red pigment dispersion in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. This observation supports the hypothesis that 5-HT stimulates release of red pigment-dispersing hormone.

REGULATION OF THE RELEASE OF CHROMATOPHOROTROPIC NEUROHORMONES FROM THE ISOLATED EYESTALK OF THE FIDDLER CRAB,UCA PUGILATOR

Electrical stimulation of the isolated eyestalk of Uca pugilator induces the release of several peptides which affect epidermal chromatophores. Thresholds for release of these peptides were different, that for red pigment concentrating hormone (RPCH) being lowest, for black pigment dispersing hormone (BPDH) highest, and for black pigment concentrating hormone (BPCH) intermediate, but no red pigment dispersing hormone(RPDH) was detected at any voltage. Neurotransmitters, known to be present in crustacean central nervous systems, induced chromatophore dose dependent responses. Norepinephrine induced BPDH release, and dopamine induced both RPCH and BPCH release.

Regulation of Release and Mode of Action of Crustacean Chromatophorotropins

Pigment movements in crustacean chromatophores are regulated by pigment-concentrating and pigment-dispersing neurosecretory hormones. The release of these hormones from the neurosecretory system is thought to be controlled by neural signals. Although the exact cellular sources of chromatophorotropins and the nature of synaptic input to the neurosecretory system remain unresolved, recent pharmacological studies on fiddler crabs indicate that certain biogenic amines contribute to the release of some of the chromatophorotropins. The current evidence suggests that: 5-hydroxytryptamine stimulates the release of RPDH (red pigment dispersing hormone), dopamine triggers the release of RPCH (red pigment concentrating hormone), and norepinephrine stimulates the release of BPDH/MDH (black pigment/melanin dispersing hormone). Nothing is known of the regulation of release of leucophorotropins and xanthophorotropins. Like most other peptide hormones, crustacean chromatophorotropins are thought to exert their effect by first binding to receptors on the cell surface and then triggering a series of events leading to cellular responses, but the details are far from clear. Recent work suggests that hormone-induced pigment movements may be modulated/mediated by alterations in cyclic nucleotide levels and/or by changes in Ca2+ distribution or flux. Both cyclic nucleotides and Ca2+ may modulate motility by regulating the integrity and/or function of cytoskeletal elements, but the details of this mechanism and the precise roles of cytoskeletal elements in the pigment-translocating process remain unresolved.

Effects of monoamines and monoaminergic agents on migration of the red pigment in chromatophores of the shrimp, Macrobrachium ohione

1. The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and the 5-hydroxytryptaminergic agents fenfluramine, fluoxetine and 5-MeODMT, and of dopamine (DA) and the dopaminergic agents ADTN, apor-morphine and piribedil on the disposition and translocation of the red pigment in chromatophores of the shrimp, Macrobrachium ohione, were determined. 2. 5-HT evoked dose-dependent red pigment dispersion whereas DA produced dose-related concentration of the red pigment, but only in intact shrimp. Neither of these monoamines affected red pigment migration in vitro. 3. The data obtained using drugs known to act selectively in mammals via 5-hydroxytryptaminergic and dopaminergic mechanisms on the translocation of the red pigment from the chromatophores both in vitro and in vitro lead to the hypothesis that 5-HT and DA serve as neurotransmitters triggering release of red pigment-dispersing hormone and red pigment-concentrating hormone, respectively, in the shrimp, Macrobrachium ohione.

Roles of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine as neurotransmitters eliciting release of erythrophorotropic hormones in the fiddler crab, [formula omitted

This article reviews the endocrinological, pharmacological and biochemical evidence ascribing neurotransmitter roles for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) in eliciting the release of red pigment-dispersing hormone (RPDH) and for dopamine (DA) in stimulating the release of red pigment-concentrating hormone (RPCH) in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator . 5-HT produces red pigment dispersion in intact crabs, but only indirectly. Likewise, DA evokes red pigment concentration in vivo but it has no effect on red chromatophores (erythrophores) in isolated legs. The data obtained with 5-HT and DA agonists and antagonists on red pigment translocation in vivo and in vitro , are consistent with their neurotransmitter candidacies in evoking the release of these erythrophorotropic hormones.

5-Hydroxytryptaminergic control of red pigment-dispersing hormone release in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator: Effects of a 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor and a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor blocker on 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced and iproniazid-induced red pigment dispersion

The effects of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) uptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, and the 5-HT receptor blocker, LY53857, on red pigment migration induced by 5-HT and iproniazid in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, were determined. Fluoxetine potentiated and LY53857 antagonized (a) 5-HT- and iproniazid-induced red pigment dispersion in crabs kept on a white background, (b) the accelerated rate of red pigment dispersion that occurs in iproniazid-injected intact crabs transferred from a white to a black background, and (c) the decreased rate of red pigment concentration that occurs in ipronizaid-injected intact crabs transferred from a black to a white background. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that 5-HT triggers the release of red pigment-dispersing hormone in Uca pugilator.

Effects of Norepinephrine and Norepinephrine Agonists and Antagonists on the Melanophores of the Fiddler Crab Uca Pugilator

Norepinephrine produces dose-related pigment dispersion in the melanophores of intact and eyestalkless fiddler crabs, Uca pugilator, but has no effect on the melanophores in isolated legs. 2. The effects of agonists and antagonists of norepinephrine on the rates of melanin dis- persion and concentration were determined. 3. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that norepinephrine exerted its effect by acting on the central nervous system to trigger the release of melanin-dispersing hormone. Migration of the pigment in the chromatophores of the fiddler crab Uca pugi- lator is hormonally regulated (Carlson, 1935; Sandeen, 1950; Brown, 1950; Fin- german, 1956a). A series of experiments performed with this crab has revealed that release of red pigment-dispersing hormone is triggered by 5-hydroxytrypt- amine (=serotonin) (Rao and Fingerman, 1970b) whereas release of red pigment- concentrating hormone is triggered by dopamine (Fingerman and Fingerman, 1977). However, no one has as yet identified a neurotransmitter substance which appears to be involved in triggering release of melanin-dispersing hormone (MDH), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), white pigment-dispersing hor- mone, or white pigment-concentrating hormone in any species of fiddler crab. Abramowitz and Abramowitz (1938) tested both acetylcholine and epinephrine on melanophores of Uca pugilator, and reported that they had no effect in either producing dispersion or aggregation of the pigment in these cells. Although Bau- chau and Mengeot (1966) found that 5-hydroxytryptamine will produce dispersion of the pigment in the melanophores of the shore crab Carcinus maenas, Rao and Fingerman (1970a) observed that this compound has no such effect on the me- lanophores of Uca pugilator. Presented below are the results of a series of ex- periments which led to identification of norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter substance that appears to be involved in triggering release of MDH in Uca pu- gilator. Experiments were also performed to identify a neurotransmitter sub- stance that might be involved in release of white pigment-dispersing hormone, but these were unsuccessful.

The effects of biogenic amines on color changes of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator: Further evidence for roles of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine as neurotransmitters triggering release of erythrophorotropic hormones

1. 1. The effects of 5-hydroxytrytryptaminergic potentiators (Fluvoxamine and Fluoxetine), a 5-hydroxytryptaminergic antagonist (LY53857), a dopaminergic agonist (ADTN) and dopaminergic antagonists (Spiroperidol and γ-hydroxybutyrate) on color changes involving the erythrophores of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, were determined. 2. 2. The results were consistent with the hypotheses that 5-hydroxytryptamine triggers release of a red pigment-dispersing hormone and that dopamine triggers release of a red pigment-concentrating hormone in Uca pugilator.

Circadian variation in the levels of red pigment-dispersing hormone and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the eyestalks of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator

1. Circadian variations in the levels of red pigment-dispersing hormone (RPDH) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the eyestalks of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, were found. 2. 5-HT in whole eyestalks peaked at midnight and was at a minimum at 1800 hr. 3. RPDH both in whole eyestalks and in sinus glands alone taken the eyestalks attained maximum level at 0600 hr and was at a minimum at 1800 hr. The minimum RPDH level in the optic ganglion alone from the eyestalks was also at 1800 hr but the peak RPDH level in the optic ganglia occured at midnight. 4. The possible role of 5-HT in controlling release of RPDH is discussed.

The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine depletors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors on color changes of the fiddler crab, Uca Pugilator: Further evidence in support of the hypothesis that 5-hydroxytryptamine controls the release of red pigment-dispersing hormone

1. The monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, iproniazid and nialamide, produced acceleration of the red pigment dispersion which occurs after intact crabs are transferred from a white to a black background but caused a decrease in the rate of red pigment concentration which occurs following transfer of intact crabs from a black to a white background.2. In contrast, the 5-HT depletors, p-chlorophenylalanine and reserpine, produced effects opposite to those observed with the MAO inhibitors on the rates of migration of the red chromatophoric pigment in response to background changes.3. These drugs do not have a direct effect on the red chromatophores. The drugs used did not produce either concentration or dispersion of the pigment in the red chromatophores of isolated legs.4. The results obtained with these drugs which are known to alter the level of 5-HT in nerve tissue are consistent with the hypothesis that 5-HT controls the release of red pigment-dispersing hormone.

Action of biogenic amines on crustacean chromatophores—IV. Analysis of the synergistic erythrophoric pigment dispersion evoked by 5-hydroxytryptamine and lysergic acid diethylamide in the dwarf crayfish, Cambarellus shufeldti

1. 1. The effects of injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) and D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on the erythrophores of the dwarf crayfish, Cambarellus shufeldti, were determined. 2. 2. 5-HT and LSD evoked synergistic pigment-dispersing responses in the erythrophores of intact crayfish. 3. 3. 5-HT and LSD failed to evoke red pigment dispersion when tested in vitro on isolated pieces of carapace. In contrast, an extract of the eyestalks evoked red pigment dispersion in vitro. 4. 4. Injection of the acetone-soluble fraction of the eyestalks evoked red pigment concentration in eyestalkless crayfish. 5-HT and LSD were both capable of antagonizing the action of the red pigment-concentrating hormone. 5. 5. The red pigment-concentrating hormone from Cambarellus eyestalks and a synthetic red pigment-concentrating octapeptide ( Pandalus hormone) were able to antagonize the action of LSD in intact crayfish. 6. 6. It is concluded that 5-HT and LSD act primarily on the neuroendocrine system to stimulate the release of a red pigment-dispersing hormone. The latter stimulates the erythrophores directly and antagonizes the action of the red pigment-concentrating hormones tested.

Relative Effectiveness of Ultraviolet and Visible Light in Eliciting Pigment Dispersion in Melanophores of the Fiddler Crab, Uca pugilator, through the Secondary Response

Previous articleNext article No AccessRelative Effectiveness of Ultraviolet and Visible Light in Eliciting Pigment Dispersion in Melanophores of the Fiddler Crab, Uca pugilator, through the Secondary ResponseThomas P. Coohill, and Milton FingermanThomas P. Coohill Search for more articles by this author , and Milton Fingerman Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 48, Number 1Jan., 1975 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.48.1.30155638 Views: 1Total views on this site Citations: 9Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in Physiological Zoology (1928-1998), which is continued by Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (1999-present). Copyright 1976 University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Brandon J. Russell, Heidi M. Dierssen Color change in the Sargassum crab, Portunus sayi: response to diel illumination cycle and background albedo, Marine Biology 165, no.22 (Jan 2018).https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-018-3287-1Kate D. L. Umbers, Scott A. Fabricant, Felipe M. Gawryszewski, Ainsley E. Seago, Marie E. Herberstein Reversible colour change in Arthropoda, Biological Reviews 89, no.44 (Feb 2014): 820–848.https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12079Marie Fan, Devi Stuart-Fox, Viviana Cadena, Shin Yamazaki Cyclic Colour Change in the Bearded Dragon Pogona vitticeps under Different Photoperiods, PLoS ONE 9, no.1010 (Oct 2014): e111504.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111504Pablo Munguia, Jeffrey S. Levinton, Nyssa J. Silbiger Latitudinal differences in thermoregulatory color change in Uca pugilator, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 440 (Feb 2013): 8–14.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2012.11.010M. Zachary Darnell Ecological physiology of the circadian pigmentation rhythm in the fiddler crab Uca panacea, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 426-427 (Sep 2012): 39–47.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2012.05.014Glauce Ribeiro Gouveia, Thais Martins Lopes, Carla Amorim Neves, Luiz Eduardo Maia Nery, Gilma Santos Trindade Ultraviolet Radiation Induces Dose-Dependent Pigment Dispersion in Crustacean Chromatophores, Pigment Cell Research 17, no.55 (Oct 2004): 545–548.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0749.2004.00191.xThomas P. Coohill Pigment Dispersion by Light in the Melanophores of the Fiddler Crab, (Jan 1982): 393–397.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8133-4_37Sue W. Fingerman, Milton Fingerman Circadian variation in the levels of red pigment-dispersing hormone and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the eyestalks of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology 56, no.11 (Jan 1977): 5–8.https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4492(77)90040-5T. P. Coohill, M. Fingerman Comparison of the effects of illumination on the melanophores of intact and eyestalkless fiddler crabs,Uca pugilator, and inhibition of the primary response by cytochalasin B, Experientia 32, no.55 (May 1976): 569–570.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01990166

The presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the eyestalks and brain of the fiddler crab UCA pugilator, its quantitative modification by pharmacological agents, and possible role as a neurotransmitter in controlling the release of red pigment-dispersing hormone

Abstract 1. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) is present in the eyestalks (7.38–7.63 μ g./g. wet weight) and brain (2.77–3.38 μ g./g. wet weight) of the fiddler crab Uca pugilator . 2. Reserpine and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine produced a decrease in the 5-HT levels of both the eyestalks and brain. Both drugs also caused concentration of the red chromatophoric pigment. 3. Injection of pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, resulted in an increase in the 5-HT content of both the eyestalks and brain. This drug evoked dispersion of the red chromatophoric pigment. 4. Bilateral eyestalk ablation resulted in an increase of the 5-HT level of the brain. 5. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that 5-HT has a normal role in the fiddler crab as a neurotransmitter involved in stimulating the release of red pigment-dispersing hormone.

The presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the eyestalks and brain of the fiddler crab Uca pugilator, its quantitative modification by pharmacological agents, and possible role as a neurotransmitter in controlling the release of red pigment-dispersing hormone

The presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the eyestalks and brain of the fiddler crab Uca pugilator, its quantitative modification by pharmacological agents, and possible role as a neurotransmitter in controlling the release of red pigment-dispersing hormone

Action of biogenic amines on crustacean chromatophores, II. Analysis of the responses of erythrophores in the fildler crab, Uca pugilator, to indolealkylamines and an eyestalk hormone

1. 1. The effects of injection of certain indolealkylamines on the erythrophores of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, were determined. 2. 2. Among the compounds tested only those which possess a free 5-hydroxy group on the indole nucleus evoked dispersion of the red chromatophoric pigment after injection into eyestalkless Uca pugilator. 3. 3. Serotonin which was very effective in vivo failed to evoke pigment dispersion when assayed in vitro on the erythrophores in legs isolated from Uca. In contrast, red pigment-dispersing hormone from the eyestalks of Uca stimulated the erythrophores in vitro as well as in vivo. 4. 4. UML (1-methyl lysergic acid butanolamide) antagonized the action of serotonin in vivo, but was without effect on hormonally induced dispersion of the red pigment. 5. 5. Injection of serotonin resulted in a marked decrease in the red pigment-dispersing potency of the supra-oesophageal ganglia and the attached circumoesophageal connectives of the recipients. 6. 6. It is concluded that serotonin acts primarily on the central nervous system to stimulate the release of a red pigment-dispersing hormone, whereas the red pigment-dispersing hormone stimulates the erythrophores directly.

Cellular aspects of the control of physiological color changes in crustaceans.

SYNOPSIS. Red chromatophores(erythrophores) of the prawn, Palaemonetes vulgaris, are controlled by pigment—dispersing and -concentrating hormones. Recent experiments on the modes of action of these hormones are described, followed by a theory which satisfactorily explains the data. Red pigment-concentrating hormone is dependent upon sodium ions for a strong response to occur. There is a similar dependency of red pigment—dispersing hormone upon calcium ions. Ouabain inhibits the response to red pigment—concentrating hormone; tetrodotoxin enhances it. Erythrophores with maximally dispersed pigment had a transmembrane potential of 55±15 mv inside negative in one series of experiments and 56±4 mv in another. No appreciable changes in permeability occur when depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents are passed through a microelectrode within the chromatophore. Red pigmentconcentrating hormone causes hyperpolarization of the transmembrane potential. The magnitude of hyperpolarization is directly related to the degree of pigment concentration. Adenosine 3`;, 5`-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) causes dispersion of the red pigment but has no pigment-concentrating effect. The primary action of red pigmentconcentrating hormone is most likely stimulation of a pump which exchanges sodium ions from inside the chromatophore with potassium ions from the outside, whereas red pigment-dispersing hormone quite likely stimulates entry of calcium ions into the chromatophore.

Rate of production and release of chromatophorotropins in crustaceans

It is now well accepted that the crustacean chromatophores are largely controlled by the condition of light and by hormonal effectors, the chromatophorotropins, which are the product of neurosecretory systems. Distribution of these “hormones” can be measured by bioassay methods in the freshwater prawn Palaemon paucidens. The red pigment-dispersing hormone (RPDH) is mainly localized in ganglionic tissues such as the supraesophageal ganglion or the “brain” (BR) and thoracic ganglion (ThG), whereas the tritocerebral commissure (TrC) is the source of the most potent red pigment-concentrating hormone (RPCH). Other nervous tissues, including the eyestalk (ES) and circumesophageal connectives (CC), contain both these hormones, but in smaller amounts. Two questions arise from these results: Is an RPDH present in the BR chemically identical with corresponding substances contained in other tissues? And, is there a relationship between the two, physiologically antagonistic hormones which coexist within a tissue? The prawns, when placed on a specially devised “neutral” background, manifest a diurnal variation in chromatophoral behavior under natural light: they are darker by day than at night. Chromatophorotropins contained in several nervous tissue-extracts from such animals were shown to have a definite rhythm of potency. The BR contained more RPDH during daytime than at night time, whereas the ES contained more RPDH during night than by day. On the other hand, amounts of the RPCH present in the TrC changed little during the 24-hour period. These results seem to show (1) that the BR-RPDH, after synthesis, is released promptly into circulation to bring about dispersion of red pigment, and (2) that the TrC, containing the RPCH at about the same level throughout the 24-hour period, does not play a principal role in diurnal variation of bodily color in Palaemon. Bioassay of particular tissue extracts from the prawns that had previously received other tissue extracts gives interesting features of the relationship between hormones of different origins. Thus, a significant decrease in potency was noticed of the BR-RPDH in animals that had received injection of the ES extracts, suggesting that the ES contains a substance which liberates the tissue-bound RPDH of the BR. On the contrary, the potency of the ES-RPCH increased greatly after the animals received the TrC extracts, suggesting that the TrC-RPCH is transported to the ES before its release into circulation. The nauplius eye is suggested as the site of another hormonal factor that might be involved in physiology of chromatophorotropins. The evidence to support this concept is discussed.

The role of cations in the actions of the hormones controlling the red chromatophores of the prawn, Palaemonetes vulgaris

The sodium ion permitted a response of the erythrophores in isolated epidermis from the prawn, Palaemonetes vulgaris, to the red pigment-concentrating hormone that was at least twice as large as the response permitted by and of the other substances that were tested. The calcium ion was similarly singularly effective in the response to the red pigment-dispersing hormone. The responses to constant amounts of the pigment-concentrating and pigment-dispersing hormones were proportional to the respective concentrations of sodium and calcium in the extracts. Ouabain inhibited the response to the red pigment-concentrating hormone, whereas tetrodotoxin enhanced the response. In view of these observations and the known actions of these drugs, possible mechanisms of action are proposed for both chromatophorotropins.

STABILITY OF THE CHROMATOPHOROTROPINS OF THE DWARF CRAYFISH, CAMBARELLUS SHUFELDTI, AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ANOTHER CRAYFISH

The chromatophore systems of three crayfishes have been investigated to a considerable degree. Of these most is known about color changes in the dwarf crayfish, Cambarellus shufeldti. Brown and Meglitsch (1940) found that the sinus gland in the eyestalk of the crayfish Orconectes immunis contained a chromatophorotropin that concentrated red pigment. McVay (1942) demonstrated that the central nervous system of this crayfish produced a material that concentrated red pigment. The chromatophore system of the dwarf crayfish has been the subject of previous investigations by Fingerman (1957a, 1957b) and Fingerman and Lowe (1957a, 1957b). The red pigment dispersed maximally when dwarf crayfish were put on a black background and concentrated maximally when the crayfish were put on a white background. In the supraesophageal ganglia, circumesophageal connectives, and tissues of the eyestalks were chromatophorotropins that dispersed as well as concentrated red pigment (Fingerman, 1957a). Behavior of red pigment on isolated portions of the carapace of Cambarellus that had been on black and on white backgrounds was also investigated (Fingerman, 1957b). Red pigment had an inherent tendency to concentrate nearly maximally when the chromatophores were no longer controlled by hormones. Reciprocal blood transfusions between specimens of Cambarellus that had been on black and on white backgrounds for two hours revealed that the blood always contained pigmentdispersing and -concentrating hormones. The degree of pigment dispersion at any time appeared to be due to the relative quantity of each antagonist in the blood. Fingerman and Lowe (1957a) determined the effects of maintenance of specimens of Cambarellus on black and on white backgrounds for periods up to three weeks. The rates of red pigment dispersion and concentration in intact crayfish decreased progressively. In addition, red pigment gradually lost its inherent ability to concentrate after isolation. The titers of chromatophorotropins in the circumesophageal connectives of dwarf crayfish that had been on a black or a white background for two weeks changed significantly relative to the titers in crayfish that had been on the same shade of background for two hours (Fingerman and Lowe, 1957a). They found that the hormone not needed for proper adaptation to one of the backgrounds, e.g., red pigmentdispersing hormone of crayfish on a white background, was stored in the circumesophageal connectives. The quantities of chromatophorotropins in the blood also