Red Pearl Research Articles

Physical mapping of 45S and 5S rDNA and telomeric repeat loci in eight diploid hyacinth cultivars

Hyacinth, one of the five best-selling bulbous flowers in the world, is a favored flower of garden landscapes in the spring. Hyacinth has a single origin, but there are many horticultural varieties. Physical mapping of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and telomeric repeat loci by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is helpful to understand the genetic relationship and chromosome inheritance in hyacinth breeding. In this study, 45S rDNA, 5S rDNA and telomeric repeats were used as probes, the mitotic metaphase chromosomes of 8 diploid hyacinth cultivars were analyzed by FISH location, and their karyotype parameters were analyzed by Q-type cluster analysis. The results showed that two 45S rDNA loci were detected in all eight hyacinth cultivars, four 5S rDNA loci were detected in ‘Gypsy Queen’, and three were detected in other cultivars. In addition to the presence of telomere loci at both ends of chromosomes, seven telomere loci were detected in ‘Gypsy Princess’ and ‘Yellow Stone’, and eight telomere loci were detected in other cultivars. At the same time, when the euclidean distance between groups was 20, the eight hyacinth cultivars were clustered into three groups (‘Yellow Stone’, ‘Red Pearl’ and ‘Pink Pearl’), and ‘Gypsy Prince’ was a single group; the other four cultivars were in one group. The distribution of 45S rDNA loci in diploid hyacinth cultivars was relatively conservative, while the locus number and distribution of 5S rDNA and telomeric repeats were highly polymorphic. The FISH physical mapping in this study provides a basic understanding of the karyotype evolution of hyacinth species, which could increase the understanding of the evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationships of hyacinths.

Spatial arrangements between rows x radish plants

Given the importance of this crop and the need for phytotechnical knowledge about the plant spatial arrangement. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive parameters of the radish culture when submitted to different spatial arrangements between plants and rows. To achieve this aim, the hybrid cultivar Red Pearl was used as a test in a randomized block experimental design, in a 4 x 6 factorial scheme, with four replications. The factors comprise the combination of crop spacing between “rows” and “plants”. The factor levels correspond to the distances between rows: 8, 16, 24, and 32 cm; and between plants: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 cm. Root yield, average root mass, longitudinal and transverse diameters, and non-commercial roots were determined. The data obtained were tabulated to obtain the averages, which were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk residual normality test, at 5% significance, followed by the analysis of variance. When the residual was normal and the response variable was significant, the data was analyzed using linear regression and the appropriate polynomial model was adjusted to present the results. Statistical analyzes were carried out using the R Software. The results show that there was no interaction between the spacing factors for the analyzed parameters, and the spacing between rows and plants influenced the attributes evaluated independently. The spatial arrangements with lower plant densities provided greater root mass and diameter. The importance of new studies involving fixing the spacing between rows and varying the spacing between plants is suggested to better understand the effect of new spatial arrangements on the productive parameters of the radish crop.

Review: Beth Yahp, The Red Pearl and Other Stories and Eat First, Talk Later: A Memoir of Food, Family and Home

Review: Beth Yahp, The Red Pearl and Other Stories and Eat First, Talk Later: A Memoir of Food, Family and Home

Structural Changes Induced by Pulsed Electric Fields Increase the Concentration of Volatiles Released in Red Onion (Allium cepa L. var. Red Pearl) Bulbs.

This study investigated whether pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment can induce structural changes of whole, intact red onion bulb (Allium cepa L. var. Red Pearl). Onion bulbs were treated at electric field strengths of 0.6 and 1.2 kV/cm combined with energy inputs of 6 and 60 kJ/kg at different onion orientations with respect to the high voltage electrode. Results showed that onion cells across all fleshy scales experienced uniform cell damage with a higher proportion (>80%) of non-metabolically viable cells after PEF treatment at 1.2 kV/cm when the root end was positioned facing toward the PEF electrode. The findings were supported by cryogenic-scanning electron micrographs (cryo-SEM), where the underlying storage circular cells were completely damaged owing to the PEF treatment. In this study, it was found that the treatment intensity of PEF to induce structural damage across all the scale layers of an onion bulb coincided with an increase in dipropyl disulfide (DPDS) released from the onion bulbs. Therefore, DPDS was used as a volatile marker indicating cellular disruption within whole, intact onion bulbs. A considerable increase of DPDS, up to 52-fold, was detected from PEF-treated onion bulbs compared to untreated bulbs.

Measuring and analyzing the radioactivity released from construction floor materials

ABSTRACTThis study measures the radioactivity contained in samples of floor materials used in construction. We would like to use the study as a basic document for the nation’s health and environment. Among construction floor materials, we chose pantheon, red pearl, royal pearl, and tan brown as samples and put them on a detector of high-purity germanium (HPGe) analysis by using a multichannel analyzer (MCA). In order to measure the concentrations of radionuclides, we set the measurement times at 1000 seconds, 4000 seconds, 7000 seconds, and 10,000 seconds, analyzed the concentrations of gamma radionuclides. As a result, Bi-214, Pb-214, Ra-226, and K-40 were detected in pantheon when the measurement time was 10,000 seconds, and Bi-214 was the highest, with a 0.08 Bq/g concentration. For red pearl, we detected Rn-222, K-40, Th-234, Bi-214, Pb-214, and Ra-226. Here, Rn-222 was the highest with a 4.8 Bq/g concentration. For royal pearl, we detected Rn-222, K-40, Th-234, Bi-214, Pb-214, and Ra-226, and Rn-222 was the highest, with a 7.0 Bq/g concentration. Finally, for tan brown, we detected Rn-222, K-40, Bi-214, and Pb-214. Rn-222 was the highest with a 3.8 Bq/g concentration. Though we have detected only low-level radionuclides, we still need to monitor the concentration of radionuclides from time to time.

Transcriptomic analysis of fruit stored under cold conditions using controlled atmosphere in Prunus persica cv. "Red Pearl".

Cold storage (CS) can induce a physiological disorder known as chilling injury (CI) in nectarine fruits. The main symptom is mealiness that is perceived as non-juicy fruit by consumers. Postharvest treatments such as controlled atmosphere (CA; a high CO2 concentration and low O2) have been used under cold conditions to avoid this disorder. With the objective of exploring the mechanisms involved in the CA effect on mealiness prevention, we analyzed transcriptomic changes under six conditions of “Red Pearl” nectarines by RNA-Seq. Our analysis included just harvested nectarines, juicy non-stored fruits, fruits affected for CI after CS and fruits stored in a combination of CA plus CS without CI phenotype. Nectarines stored in cold conditions combined with CA treatment resulted in less mealiness; we obtained 21.6% of juice content compared with just CS fruits (7.7%; mealy flesh). RNA-Seq data analyses were carried out to study the gene expression for different conditions assayed. During ripening, we detected that nectarines exposed to CA treatment expressed a similar number of genes compared with fruits that were not exposed to cold conditions. Firm fruits have more differentially expressed genes than soft fruits, which suggest that most important changes occur during CS. On the other hand, gene ontology analysis revealed enrichment mainly in metabolic and cellular processes. Differentially expressed genes analysis showed that low O2 concentrations combined with cold conditions slows the metabolic processes more than just the cold storage, resulting mainly in the suppression of primary metabolism and cold stress response. This is a significant step toward unraveling the molecular mechanism that explains the effectiveness of CA as a tool to prevent CI development on fruits.

Variation of bioactive compounds content of 14 oriental strawberry cultivars

Variation in bioactive compounds content was assessed in antioxidant rich June-bearing strawberry cultivars. Ascorbic acid, anthocyanin, and ellagic acid content were analyzed in ripe fruits of 14 cultivars. The bioactive content in strawberry fruit was found to vary significantly among cultivars and from year to year. The highest ascorbic acid content was found in ‘Sugyeong’. The ‘Red Pearl’ and ‘Sachinoka’ had three to fourfold higher amounts of pelargonidin 3-glucoside than other cultivars. For cyanidin 3-glucoide and pelargonidin 3-rutinoside, two other characterized anthocyanins, ‘Dahong’ and ‘Keumhyang’ had the highest contents among all the tested cultivars. The ellagic acid content of ‘Dahong’ was generally all within the upper ranges. These results can be used for the validation of fruit antioxidant capacity and in addition, provide useful information for breeding programs looking to enhance the antioxidant capacity in strawberry fruit.

Prolonging vase life of cut rose (Rosa hybrida L. cv. Red Pearl) through chemical preservatives

Prolonging vase life of cut rose (Rosa hybrida L. cv. Red Pearl) through chemical preservatives

Changes in physicochemical characteristics during fruit development in June-bearing strawberry cultivars

Changes in physicochemical characteristics were investigated during fruit development in ‘Maehyang’, ‘Seolhyang’, ‘Keumhyang’, ‘Akihime’, and ‘Red Pearl’ strawberries. Fresh weights and color parameters of strawberry fruits changed significantly during the fruit development in all cultivars. Fruit shapes of ‘Maehyang’ and ‘Akihime’ were conical, with an index of length to width being 1.5 and that of ‘Seolhyang’, ‘Keumhyang’, and ‘Red Pearl’ were cordate, the index being 1.3. Firmness decreased as the fruit developed in all cultivars. Contents of sugars, organic acids, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin increased as the fruits developed while the ellagic acid content decreased. Sugars, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin contents of ‘Maehyang’, ‘Seolhyang’, and ‘Keumhyang’ were higher than those of ‘Akihime’ and ‘Red Pearl’. Results indicate that newly-bred Korean strawberry cultivars containing high levels of bioactive compounds were superior to major Japanese cultivars that have been broadly cultivated in East Asian countries.

First Report of Fruit Rot on Schisandra chinensis Caused by Penicillium glabrum and P. adametzii in China.

Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill) is an important medicinal herb in China, which is mainly used for treatment of insomnia and memory decay. In September 2010, rot was observed on approximately 5% of the fruits during ripening of schisandra in several orchards at Linjiang City and Ji'an City, Jilin Province. Watery spots on infected fruits of schisandra appeared at the end of ripening, and then the fruits darkened in color, shrunk, and turned soft. The surface of the lesions became covered with masses of blue-green mycelium, conidiophores, and conidia under high humidity. To isolate the causal agent, conidia and conidiophores were suspended in sterile water and streaked onto the surface of potato dextrose agar (PDA). Single hyphal tips were then transferred to new PDA plates to be purified. The isolates were then cultured on CYA (Czapek yeast extract agar) and two kinds of strains (wwzqm1 and wwzqm2) were established based on differential growth rate, microscopic features, and colony color. Pathogenicity of each strain was tested on 25 healthy mature fruits of schisandra cv. Red Pearl by inoculating the fruit surface with a 15 μl conidial suspension (106 conidia/ml). Control fruits were treated with sterile water. Fruits were kept at 25°C and 90% relative humidity. After a 5-day incubation, symptoms described above were observed on all inoculated fruits, whereas all control fruits were symptomless. The causal agent was reisolated, confirming Koch's postulates. Strain wwzqm1 was identified as Penicillium glabrum (Wehmer) Westling on the basis of its morphology. Conidiophores arose from basal hyphae, with stipes smooth or finely roughened, 50.5 to 300.0 × 2.5 to 3.5 μm, penicillus monoverticillate, and bearing verticils of 8 to 12 phialides. Conidia were globose to subglobose, approximately 2.9 to 3.5 μm in diameter, with smooth or nearly smooth walls, and conidial chains in compact columns. Colonies grown for 7 days on CYA at 25°C attained a diameter of 32.4 to 39.1 mm, with the center of a deep bluish green, plane, velutinous, and heavily sporulated. Margin mycelium of the colony was white, with a yellowish brown under surface. Strain wwzqm2 was identified as P. adametzii K. M. Zalessky according to its morphological features with conidiophores born from funicolose hyphae, stipes smooth, 10.2 to 20.1 × 1.5 to 2.5 μm, penicillus monoverticillate, and bearing verticils of 4 to 6 phialides. Conidia were nearly globose to glubose, 2.0 to 2.7 μm in diameter, with smooth or finely roughened walls, and conidial chains loose and irregular. Colonies on CYA at 25°C for 7 days grew rather fast and reached a diameter of 50.3 to 60.2 mm, and were deep grayish green, near plane, floccose or funicolose, and heavily sporulated. Margin mycelium of the colony was white with a yellowish brown under surface (1). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was amplified for wwzqm1 and wwzqm2 using primers ITS4/ITS5 and sequenced. BLASTn analysis of the 595 bp wwzqm1 (GenBank Accession No. JN887323) amplicon had 99% sequence identity with P. glabrum (DQ681321) and the 568 bp wwzqm2 amplicon (JN887322) had 99% sequence identity with P. adametzii (AF033401). To our knowledge, this is the first report of fruit rot on S. chinensis caused by P. glabrum and P. adametzii in China. Reference: (1). H. Z. Kong. Penicillium et Teleomorphi Cognati. Flora Fungorum Sinicorum. Science Press, Beijing, 35:43, 2007.

수확후 자외선 조사가 딸기의 생물활성에 미치는 영향

Strawberries have various fruit phenolics which provide biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative potential against various cancer cells. Previous studies showed that such phenolics might be enriched by ultraviolet irradiation (UV) after harvesting fruits and vegetables. In the present study, we investigated the effect of post-harvest ultraviolet irradiation on the biological activities of strawberries. When 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, induction of quinone reductase activity, inhibitory effect on the proliferation of various human cancer cells, and inhibitory effect on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) of UV-irradiated strawberries using Maehyang, Akihime, and Red pearl, were evaluated, the biological activities were, in general, enhanced by ultraviolet irradiation after harvest.

Influence of short day treatment on autumn fruit production of June-bearing strawberry cultivars

Short-day (SD) strawberry cultivars were grown in 2008 and 2009 fall each year to evaluate effects of short-day (SD) treatment on flowering and fall fruit production in the high elevation of South Korea. In 2008, daughter plants of six cultivars ‘Maehyang’, ‘Seolhyang’, ‘Keumhyang’ (Korean short-day cultivars), ‘Akihime’, ‘Red pearl’, and ‘Sachinoka’ (Japanese short-day cultivars) were exposed to short-day (10-h photoperiods) conditions at the high elevation (HE, 800 m elevation) for 35 days beginning in late June. On 31 July, plants were removed from the SD environment and established in a substrate system at the highland. In 2009, the ‘Akihime’ and ‘Seolhyang’ were examined again. In 2008, flower bud initiation rate was above 90.0% for all cultivars except for ‘Akihime’ (83.3%). Fruit harvest commenced 1st of October 2008 and average fruit weight was consistently > 20g except for ‘Sachinoka’ (18 g). By mid-November, plants of ‘Seolhyang’ and ‘Akihime’ produced 222–260 more grams of fruit compared to other cultivars, with ‘Seolhyang’ having the earliest production. In 2009 experiment, flower bud initiation rates of ‘Akihime’ and ‘Seolhyang’ plants were 85.4% and 82.4%. Due to the earlier planting in 2009, fruit harvest commenced on 8 September (one month earlier than in 2008) and extended over 10 weeks. Yield and fruit numbers of ‘Akihime’ and ‘Seolhyang’ were 397.7 g, 22.7 and 331.7 g, 19.8, respectively. Results of this study indicate that exposure to SD photoperiods and relatively cool temperatures at HE can increase autumn fruit production in SD strawberry cultivars ‘Akihime’ and ‘Seolhyang’.

Effect of Medium pH on Axillary Shoot Proliferation of Selected Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. Cultivars

L. cv. Koralle and Red Pearl. Shoot prolifera-tion using in-vitro-derived single-node segments was markedly influenced by the cultivar and medium pH. Shootproliferation was significantly higher in cv. Koralle (6.92 shoots/explant) than in cv. Red Pearl (5.61shoots/explant) at different culture medium pH. The study confirmed the importance of properly adjusted initialculture medium pH for effective shoot proliferation. For cv. Koralle, medium pH 5.5 was the most favorable forshoot proliferation. For cv. Red Pearl, the number of shoots formed was highest at pH 4.

Efficacy of highland production of strawberry transplants

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of propagation environment (high and low elevation) on runner productivity and quality of ‘Maehyang’ and ‘Red Pearl’ strawberry cultivars. Two propagation methods (bare root plants and plug plants) were used for both environments. Regardless of cultivar or propagation method, runners produced at high-elevation had significantly greater crown diameter, and root and whole plant dry weights, and carbohydrate accumulation tended to be greater in runners from the highland. The high elevation site was more effective for producing high quality strawberry runners than the low-elevation site.

Micromorphology of epicuticular wax structures of the garden strawberry leaves by electron microscopy: Syntopism and polymorphism

Ultrastructural aspects of leaf epicuticular wax structures were investigated in the garden strawberry Fragaria×ananassa by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of two cultivars (Maehyang and Red Pearl) were collected and subjected to surface observations and ultrathin sections. The most prominent leaf epicuticular wax structures included membraneous platelets and angular rodlets. Most wax platelets were membraneous, and appeared to protrude from the surface at an acute angle. Angular rodlets were usually bent and had rather distinct facets in the abaxial surface of the two cultivars. Membraneous platelets were predominant on the adaxial surface of Maehyang, whereas the adaxial surface of Red Pearl was characterized by angular rodlets. However, both cultivars possessed angular rodlets on the abaxial surface, simultaneously. The combination of air-drying without vacuum and in-lens imaging of secondary electron signals with a field emission gun could impart the superb resolution at low electron dose with minimal specimen shrinkage. In vertical profiles of the leaf epidermis, epicuticular waxes were observed above the cuticle layer, and measured approximately as 50nm in thickness. The natural epicuticular waxes were seemingly mixtures of electron-dense microfibrils, and heterogeneous in shape on ultrathin sections. Distinct crystal-like strata could be hardly discernable in the wax structures. These results suggest that the garden strawberry has the nature of syntopism within one plant and polymorphism within the same species in the formation and occurrence of leaf epicuticular waxes.

Efficient in vitro regeneration systems for Vaccinium species

Efficient protocols for shoot regeneration from leaf explants suitable for micropropagation as well as for the development of transgenic plants were developed for blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) cultivars. Nodal segments were used to initiate in vitro shoot cultures of lingonberry cultivar ‘Red Pearl’ and southern highbush blueberry cultivar ‘Ozarkblue’. In order to develop an optimized regeneration procedure, different types and concentrations of plant growth regulators were tested to induce adventitious shoot regeneration on excised leaves from micropropagated shoots of both cultivars. The effect on percentage regeneration and number of shoots per explant was investigated. Results indicated that zeatin was superior to TDZ and meta-topolin in promoting adventitious shoot formation. A concentration of 20 μM zeatin was most effective in promoting shoot regeneration in both cultivars, in case of ‘Red Pearl’ along with 1 μM NAA. Shoots were either allowed to root in vitro on medium containing IBA or NAA or ex vitro in a fog tunnel. IBA was superior to NAA for induction of root development in vitro in both Vaccinium cultivars. Ex vitro rooting under high humidity was tested with cuttings from mature field-grown plants, from acclimatized tissue culture derived plants and with unrooted in vitro proliferated shoots planted directly. It was found that in vitro shoots rooted better under fog than cuttings from the other plant sources and rooting was equivalent to that achieved in vitro.

GROWTH, YIELD, AND FRUIT QUALITY OF 10 LINGONBERRY (VACCINIUM VITIS-IDAEA) CULTIVARS AND SELECTIONS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST, USA

Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis- idaea L.) has a long history of commercial harvest in Europe and parts of northern North America, but is considered a new crop in the Pacific Northwest region (PNW) of the United States. 'Koralle' and, to a lesser extent, 'Red Pearl' are the standard cultivars for the PNW industry. Three Swedish advanced selections (87102-3, 8723-10, 8724-49) from the now closed Balsgard Research Station, and seven cultivars ('Ida', 'Koralle', 'Linnea', 'Red Pearl', 'Sanna', 'Splendor', and 'Sussi') were compared in a replicated trial at the USDA-ARS in Corvallis, Ore. (USA). Genotypes were planted in a randomized complete block design in autumn 2000 on raised beds. Prior to planting, the soil pH was adjusted to 4.5 and sawdust was incorporated into the planting row. Vigorous genotypes filled their beds by late 2002. In 2002, vigor and full bloom date for the first cropping season were recorded. In 2003, most of the genotypes had two crops and some had a third fall bloom, therefore 1st bloom, full bloom, first fully colored (“ripe”) and 50% of fruit fully colored for each crop were recorded along with plant vigor. Fruit were harvested in both years and berry weight determined. Soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH and total anthocyanins were determined from frozen samples. While 'Linnea' and 'Sussi' had a single crop that ripened in late July-early August, the other genotypes had two crops the first ripened in mid-July and the second in late September-early October. 'Ida' had the largest fruit and the greatest yield even though it was in the middle of the group for vigor scores. 'Ida's fruit were over 40% heavier than the second largest genotype (8723-10), and nearly twice as heavy with almost twice the yield as 'Koralle'. 'Red Pearl', which is also grown commercially in the PNW, had a very poor yield and was similar to 'Koralle' in fruit size. Those cultivars that had a significant crop in mid-summer would be of value to small farms selling to local farmers markets but the poorer fruit quality under these conditions would mean this fruit would not be valuable for harvest for the processing market or the valuable American Thanksgiving holiday market. 'Sussi' and 'Linnea's single, August harvest is too early while the environmental conditions are still somewhat unfavorable. 'Ida', 8724-49, 'Koralle', 'Linnea', and 'Red Pearl' had 80-100% of their crop ripen in September. Of these, 'Ida' and 'Koralle', and perhaps 8723-10, appear to have the best overall horticultural characteristics and fruit characteristics.

Formation of Unfertilized Small Seeds with Hard Testa in Triploid Gape Hybrids (Vitis Complex) Derived from Crosses between Diploid 'Muscat Bailey A' and Tetraploid 'Red Pearl'

Formation of Unfertilized Small Seeds with Hard Testa in Triploid Gape Hybrids (Vitis Complex) Derived from Crosses between Diploid 'Muscat Bailey A' and Tetraploid 'Red Pearl'

Characteristics of Seedless Berries of Triploid Hybrid Grapes (Vitis complex) from Reciprocal Crosses between Diploid 'Muscat Bailey A' and Tetraploid 'Red Pearl'

Characteristics of Seedless Berries of Triploid Hybrid Grapes (Vitis complex) from Reciprocal Crosses between Diploid 'Muscat Bailey A' and Tetraploid 'Red Pearl'

Red Pearl: A new gourmet red potato variety

Red Pearl is a medium-late variety with round tubers of stable dark red skin and white flesh. It is an ideal gourmet and canning variety due to its high tuber set and high proportion of tubers less than 4.76 cm diameter (up to 71% of the total yield). Red Pearl has good boiling and baking qualities. Its specific gravity is slightly higher and the tuber dormancy is longer than Dark Red Norland. Red Pearl yields only 54% to 77% of Red Norland because of its small tuber size. Red Pearl is less susceptible to common scab (Streptomyces scabiae < than Dark Red Norland, significantly more resistant to corky ring spot (tobacco rattle virus) than Dark Red Norland and is resistant to bacterial wilt and brown rot (Ralstonia solanacearum). Red Pearl showed similar susceptibilities to several other diseases, including early blight, late blight, pink rot, and tuber soft rot, compared to Dark Red Norland. Red Pearl is more susceptible to shatter bruise and blackspot than Dark Red Norland when handled from storage at 7.2 C.