Red Hawk Research Articles

Improved disease tolerance, higher seed yield and shape in dark red kidney bean: Registration of ‘ND Redbarn’

Abstract‘ND Redbarn’ (PVP. no. 202300271; Reg. no. CV‐357, PI 703021) is a new dark red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar developed by the Dry Edible Bean Breeding Program at North Dakota State University and released in 2023 by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. Compared to other market classes, kidney beans usually command higher prices. However, kidney beans are less productive than other market classes. Minnesota is the largest dark red kidney bean producer in the United States, accounting for ∼90% of the total production in 2022. ND Redbarn was released based on its good adaptation to this region, higher seed yield, large seed size, and desirable seed shape characteristics. Between 2012 and 2021, ND Redbarn was tested across 16 environments in Minnesota, where seed yield was significantly higher than commercial checks ‘Montcalm’, ‘Red Hawk’, and ‘Talon’ (14%, 27%, and 9%, respectively) and comparable with ‘Dynasty’. ND Redbarn is resistant to Bean common mosaic virus and has intermediate resistance to common bacterial blight. ND Redbarn exhibits higher field tolerance to the root rot fungal complex infection compared to Montcalm, Red Hawk, and Talon, and is similar to Dynasty. ND Redbarn has shown higher levels of tolerance to white mold than Montcalm and Red Hawk. Under Minnesota environments, ND Redbarn shows an average plant height of 51 cm, has a 100‐seed weight of 50.4 g, and matures in approximately 99 days. The canning quality for Redbarn is within acceptable commercial ranges.

Three-Dimensional Examination of Humerus and Antebrachium Bones in the Red hawk (Buteo Rufinus) with Computed tomography (CT)

The red hawk (Buteo Rufinus) is a medium-sized bird of prey with wide wings, belonging to the order Falconiformes and a member of the Accipitridae family. The Red hawk is a wild bird species and is easily recognized by its black feathers and red color on its wing feathers. In poultry, the thoracic extremity is developed as a wing. Techniques such as radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance contribute significantly to the evaluation of biological data in endangered species and wildlife because they provide the best view of anatomical structures and organs, are non-invasive, and allow sensitive diagnoses. The aim of this study was to create 3D models of the humerus and antebrachium bones of the Red hawk, an important bird of prey, with multi-detector computer tomography and to examine the bones mentioned morphologically and morphometrically through the models obtained. Humerus and antebrachium bones of a total of 6 dead adult Red hawks, 3 females and 3 males, were used as materials. When the morphometric results were examined, the average humerus length, average ulna length and average radius length in Red hawks were expressed in mm for the left and right extremities, regardless of gender. Moreover morphometric measurements of the humerus, ulna and radius bones were compared statistically between the right and left wings, and it was concluded that there was a significant difference between some values with a value of p

An Evaluation of the Boeing Diamond Process Model's Effectiveness for T‐7A Red Hawk Development

AbstractThe Boeing‐Saab built T‐7A Red Hawk advanced trainer aircraft being built for the United States Air Force represents a systems engineering breakthrough because it was developed through a digital effort. This aircraft will replace the aging T‐38 Talon fleet, providing increased capability and safety for future pilot trainees. Its creation was indubitably the result of persistent systems engineering efforts and a dedication to digital development. This study analyzed how Boeing engineers created their own version of the systems engineering vee process model to advance the design process of the T‐7A physically and digitally. Their “Boeing Diamond” process methodology of top‐down system design utilized a digital engineering process and modern computer techniques. They emphasized the importance of maintainability to expand lifecycle utilization and lower system costs. Based on a literature review of the T‐7A Red Hawk and other aircraft, a comparison was drawn between the Boeing Diamond systems engineering design processes and the vee model to determine which could provide greater benefits. Through analysis, this study demonstrated that the T‐7A processes used encouraged engineers to adapt to the digital world. The study results indicated that the Boeing Diamond process for modeling and digital design supported an efficient approach to the development of the T‐7A Red Hawk and is applicable to other major weapon systems or capital equipment. This research recommends further study of the Boeing Diamond model and incorporation of its elements into traditional systems engineering models and other organizations.

Microphone location investigation for standard aircraft ground run-up noise measurements

The correct placement (height, orientation, and mounting techniques) for microphones used in standard data collection practices for aircraft environmental noise models is a topic of debate. Previous studies have demonstrated and quantified the dependence of spectral data recorded as a function of microphone placement variations and relative source origin. In this work, an in-depth investigation of microphone mounting effects is performed with an emphasis on (1) microphone height and (2) ground-mounting configuration for the purpose of quantifying ground run-up aircraft noise emissions for environmental noise model generation. Data for this investigation were collected on the T-7A Red Hawk in both standard (see ANSI S12.75-2012) and off-standard configurations for comparison.

Digital Fatiaue

Boeing is exploring new possibilities in fatigue and static test with its digitally developed T-7A Red Hawk trainer

Abiotic Treatment to Common Bean Plants Results in an Altered Endophytic Seed Microbiome.

ABSTRACTThere has been a growing interest in the seed microbiome due to its important role as an end and starting point of plant microbiome assembly that can have consequences for plant health. However, the effect of abiotic conditions on the seed microbial community remains unknown. We performed a pilot study in a controlled growth chamber to investigate how the endophytic seed microbiome of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. [var. Red Hawk]) was altered under abiotic treatments relevant for crop management with changing climate. Bean plants were subjected to one of three treatments: 66% water withholding to simulate mild drought, 50% Hoagland nutrient solution to simulate fertilization, or control with sufficient water and baseline nutrition. We performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) amplicon sequencing of the endophytic DNA to assess seed bacterial/archaeal and fungal community structure, respectively. We found that variability in the seed microbiome structure was high, while α-diversity was low, with tens of taxa present. Water withholding and nutrient addition significantly altered the seed microbiome structure for bacterial/archaeal communities compared to the control, and each treatment resulted in a distinct microbiome structure. Conversely, there were no statistically supported differences in the fungal microbiome across treatments. These promising results suggest that further investigation is needed to better understand abiotic or stress-induced changes in the seed microbiome, the mechanisms that drive those changes, and their implications for the health and stress responses of the next plant generation.IMPORTANCE Seed microbiome members initiate the assembly of plant-associated microbial communities, but the environmental drivers of endophytic seed microbiome composition are unclear. Here, we exposed plants to short-term drought and fertilizer treatments during early vegetative growth and quantified the microbiome composition of the seeds that were ultimately produced. We found that seeds produced by plants stressed by water limitation or receiving nutrient addition had statistically different endophytic bacterial/archaeal microbiome compositions from each other and from seeds produced by control plants. This work suggests that the abiotic experience of a parental plant can influence the composition of its seed microbiome, with unknown consequences for the next plant generation.

Microphone placement investigation for standard aircraft ground run-up noise measurements

The correct placement (height, orientation, and mounting techniques) for microphones used in standard data collection practices for aircraft environmental noise models is a topic of frequent debate. Previous studies have demonstrated and quantified the dependence of spectral data recorded as a function of microphone placement variations and relative source origin. In this work, an in-depth investigation of microphone mounting effects is performed with an emphasis on (1) microphone height and (2) ground-mounting configuration for the purpose of quantifying ground run-up aircraft noise emissions for environmental noise model generation. Data for this investigation were collected on the T-7A Red Hawk in both standard (see ANSI S12.75-2012) and off-standard configurations for comparison.

Far-field noise radiation characteristics of an afterburning military jet aircraft

Because of the potential noise impacts of tactical jet aircraft, detailed far-field measurements are valuable in developing and validating models. This paper describes far-field measurements taken of the T-7A Red Hawk trainer aircraft. Data were taken at five microphone arcs, over six engine runups from idle to afterburner. The arcs were of varying resolution, but generally spanned 30 to 160 deg (relative to the jet inlet) at distances from 19 to 230 m. The spectra, sound pressure level, and skewness of the time derivative of the pressure waveform are analyzed according to microphone position and engine condition. Measurement consistency over the different runups and across all conditions validates the dataset for future analysis. [Work supported by AFRL.]

Processing white or yellow dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) into a heat treated flour enhances the iron bioavailability of bean-based pastas

Processing techniques can disrupt the cotyledon cell walls of raw beans, allowing digestive enzymes greater access to intercellular stores of micronutrients such as iron during digestion. This study evaluated the iron bioavailability of seven bean varieties with different seed coat colors (white, yellow, cranberry, red, black) either boiled or processed into spaghetti pastas formulated from heat treated bean flour as the major ingredient (90% bean flour). Iron bioavailability was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in spaghetti made from white or yellow bean varieties Snowdon, Alpena, Samurai and Canario when compared to boiled beans. Although cotyledon cells were broken and the phytate to iron molar ratios were significantly lower, the iron bioavailability of the cranberry (Etna), red kidney (Red Hawk) and black (Zenith) bean varieties did not improve after processing into spaghetti. Iron bioavailability of bean-based pastas was associated with procyanidin and cinnamtannin compounds that have a negative impact on the absorption of iron.

There’s the Indian!

Patrick Xhuda drove his pickup toward the Ranch Wife Restaurant with his Osage clothes hanging in the back seat. Outside of Red Hawk, two cars waited at the drive-through for cigarettes at Strike Axe Trading Post. He had been eating breakfast at home in Hominy, scrolling through his phone, thinking of all the grading he had left to do before the end of school, when he read an ad from the Chamber of Commerce announcing that the Ranch Wife was taking over Red Hawk on July 4th. […]

Identification of QTL Associated with Drought Tolerance in Andean Common Bean

Drought stress is becoming one of the most important abiotic factors limiting productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) globally. The objective of this study was to conduct a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of drought tolerance in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping population genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The RIL population was developed by crossing Portillo × Red Hawk, two Andean bean genotypes contrasting in reaction to drought stress and evaluated at two locations in Uganda for two seasons under drought stress (DS) and non‐stress (NS) conditions. Eighteen significant QTL signals were identified for phenology, yield component and partitioning traits on chromosomes Pv01, Pv02, Pv03, Pv04, Pv06, and Pv11 under DS and NS conditions. Quantitative trait loci for seed yield per plant (SY) were detected on Pv01, Pv02, Pv03, Pv04, and Pv06 under DS conditions. Colocalized QTL signals for pod weight per plant and SY were identified under DS on Pv01 (45.15 Mb) and on Pv02 (0.12 Mb), for phenology and SY on Pv03 near marker ss715639424 (40.16 Mb), and for SY and harvest index on Pv06 (17.92 Mb). Two candidate genes related to flowering were identified within a 35‐kb region from the ss715639424 marker on Pv03. GenePhvul.003G189100(30.3 kb) encodes “AGAMOUS‐LIKE 65 (AGL65),” which is essential for pollen development, and genePhvul.003G189300(17.9 kb) encodes “CYCLING DOF FACTOR 3 (CDF3)” that regulates flowering time. The same SY QTL, SY3.3PRon Pv03, was previously detected in Mesoamerican germplasm and could be used through marker‐assisted breeding to improve SY of Andean beans grown under DS.

Response of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to inoculation with indigenous and commercial Rhizobium strains under organic farming systems in Minnesota

Organic farmers recognize the importance of using Rhizobium to meet crop N fertility needs and to reduce use of chemical fertilizers. Field experiments were conducted during the 2015 and 2016 seasons at different organic fields to assess the effect of indigenous Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli (OrgK9) and commercial R. tropici (CIAT899) strains on symbiotic performance and grain yield of bean varieties, Eclipse and Redhawk. Averaged for both varieties, nodule numbers on plants inoculated with CIAT899 (35.2 ± 3.7 and 26.3 ± 2.6 /plant) and OrgK9 (29.6 ± 2.5 and 26.8 ± 2.1 /plant) were significantly greater (P < 0.0001) than the control (18.9 ± 2.2 and 10.5 ± 3.1) in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Bean genotype Eclipse cultivated at Lamberton and inoculated with OrgK9 had (P < 0.0001) greater number of nodules compared with CIAT899-inoculated or non-inoculated plants. The N-content (3.3 ± 0.04%) of plants inoculated with CIAT899 was greater (P < 0.0001) compared with plants inoculated with OrgK9. Strain CIAT899 increased nodule occupancy by 29 and 62% and 4 and 26% on Red Hawk cultivated in the Lamberton and Farmington fields compared with the control in season 2015 and 2016, respectively. The majority of nodules formed on Red Hawk (76%) and Eclipse (64%) at Farmington were occupied by CIAT899 and OrgK9 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Eclipse inoculated with OrgK9 had a significantly greater seed yields (2683 ± 402 and 2546 ± 247 kg/ha) compared with control (2265 ± 996 and 2058 ± 51 kg/ha) in both years, respectively. These results clearly indicate that symbiotic performance and grain yield of dry bean can be significantly increased by using Rhizobium inoculation under organic farming systems.

First Report of Fusarium brasiliense Causing Root Rot of Dry Bean in the United States

Michigan is the second largest dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) producer in the United States and is ranked first in the production of black beans. Stand establishment and root rots are constant constraints in dry bean cultivation owing to susceptibility of germplasm. To determine which pathogens are responsible, surveys were conducted on Michigan State University research farms and in commercial dry bean fields in Michigan during 2014 to 2017. Fungi were isolated from symptomatic dry bean roots on water agar amended with metalaxyl (15 µg/ml) and streptomycin (300 µg/ml) at room temperature (22°C) under laboratory lighting conditions for 7 to 10 days. Single spore isolates were obtained from sporodochia, which developed on cultured root tissue. Fusarium isolates F-14-42, F-15-46, and F-15-174 were collected from Montcalm, Huron, and Gratiot Counties in Michigan, respectively. Colony morphology and color of isolates grown on full-strength potato dextrose agar at 25°C under dark conditions for 10 days displayed undulated margins, with variations in color of white, with tints of yellow, pink, or greyish-blue. On spezieller nahrstoffarmer agar or carnation leaf agar medium at 25°C under dark conditions for 10 days, sporodochia were a yellowish-white to pale yellow, and macroconidia were falcate, mostly four-septate, apex rounded or hooked ventrally, and base with a distinct foot cell (45.8 to 52.0 × 5.0 to 6.4 μm on average). DNA of each isolate was extracted using a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide method (Cubero et al. 1999), and the ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS) region and partial translation elongation factor (EF-1α) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction with primer pairs NL11/CNS1 (Aoki et al. 2003) and EF1/EF2 (O’Donnell et al. 1998), respectively. A BLAST search of IGS and EF-1α sequences from the three isolates showed they were 100 and 99% identical with Fusarium brasiliense NRRL 22678 (GenBank accession nos. FJ919501 and AY320158). Phylogenetic analysis of IGS sequences of Fusarium solani species complex clade 2 revealed that the sequences of three isolates and two strains of F. brasiliense (NRRL 22678 and NRRL 31757) were clustered together in a group, which was supported by a bootstrap value of 97%. Based on morphological and sequence analysis, the isolates were identified as F. brasiliense (Aoki et al. 2005). All sequences obtained in this study were deposited into GenBank (accession nos. MG967556 to MG967561). To determine pathogenicity of isolates to dry bean, a seedling pathogenicity screening was performed on dark red kidney (cv. Red Hawk) and black (cv. Zorro) seed types. Each isolate was grown on Nash–Snyder medium at room temperature under laboratory lighting conditions for 21 days and inoculated to sterilized sorghum grain and incubated for 4 weeks to generate inoculum. Twelve grams of infested inoculum mixed with 250 ml of vermiculite was poured into a pot, with an additional 70 ml of vermiculite placed over the inoculum mixture. Six bean seeds were sown in each pot and covered with 70 ml of vermiculite. After 14 days, roots were harvested and washed for disease severity rating and measurement of dried root mass. Roots infected by F. brasiliense exhibited a large lesion of rot on the tap root, 20 to 50% reduction of root mass, and a disease severity rating of 4 on a 1 to 7 scale. The experiment was conducted twice with five replicate pots (six seeds in each pot) per experiment. The fungus was reisolated from the diseased roots and confirmed to be F. brasiliense. Soybean sudden death syndrome caused by F. brasiliense has been reported in Brazil and Argentina (Aoki et al. 2005; O’Donnell et al. 2010) and South Africa (Tewoldemedhin et al. 2017). Significantly, this is the first record of F. brasiliense causing root rot of dry bean in the United States.

Genetic Analysis of Victorin Sensitivity and Identification of a Causal Nucleotide-Binding Site Leucine-Rich Repeat Gene in Phaseolus vulgaris.

Cochliobolus victoria, the causal agent of Victoria blight, is pathogenic due to its production of a toxin called victorin. Victorin sensitivity in oats, barley, Brachypodium spp., and Arabidopsis has been associated with nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes, a class of genes known for conferring disease resistance. In this work, we investigated the sensitivity of Phaseolus vulgaris to victorin. We found that victorin sensivity in Phaseolus vulgaris is a developmentally regulated, quantitative trait. A single quantitative trait locus (QTL) accounted for 34% of the phenotypic variability in victorin sensitivity among Stampede × Red Hawk (S×R) recombinant inbred lines. We cloned two NLR-encoding genes within this QTL and showed one, Phvul05G031200 (PvLOV), confers victorin-dependent cell death when overexpressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Protein sequences of PvLOV from victorin-sensitive and the victorin-resistant bean parents differ by two amino acids in the leucine-rich repeat region, but both proteins confer victorin-dependent cell death when overexpressed in N. benthamiana.

Pathogenicity and Virulence of Soilborne Oomycetes on Phaseolus vulgaris.

Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a globally important leguminous food crop. Yields can be reduced by high incidence of soilborne oomycetes that cause seedling disease. Breeders have attempted to develop Pythium root rot-resistant bean varieties; however, relationships between dry bean and most soilborne oomycete species remain uncharacterized. Oomycete species (n = 28), including Pythium spp. and Phytopythium spp., were tested in a growth chamber seedling assay at 20°C and an in vitro seed assay at 20°C and 26°C to evaluate their pathogenicity and virulence on 'Red Hawk' dark red kidney bean and 'Zorro' black bean. Root size or disease severity was significantly impacted by 14 oomycete species, though results varied by bean variety, temperature, and assay. Of these 14 pathogenic oomycete species, 11 species exhibited significant differences in DSI due to temperature on at least one bean variety. Pythium aphanidermatum, P. myriotylum, P. ultimum, P. ultimum var. sporangiiferium, and P. ultimum var. ultimum were the most virulent species in both assays, causing seed rot and pre-emergence damping-off of dry bean. Oomycete species were clustered into three groups based on symptom development: seed rot pathogens, root rot pathogens, or nonpathogens. Intraspecific variability in virulence was observed for eight of the 14 pathogenic oomycete species. Improved understanding of Pythium and Phytopythium interactions with dry bean may enable breeders and pathologists to more effectively evaluate strategies for oomycete seedling disease management.

Meta-QTL for resistance to white mold in common bean.

White mold, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, is a major disease that limits common bean production and quality worldwide. The host-pathogen interaction is complex, with partial resistance in the host inherited as a quantitative trait with low to moderate heritability. Our objective was to identify meta-QTL conditioning partial resistance to white mold from individual QTL identified across multiple populations and environments. The physical positions for 37 individual QTL were identified across 14 recombinant inbred bi-parental populations (six new, three re-genotyped, and five from the literature). A meta-QTL analysis of the 37 QTL was conducted using the genetic linkage map of Stampede x Red Hawk population as the reference. The 37 QTL condensed into 17 named loci (12 previously named and five new) of which nine were defined as meta-QTL WM1.1, WM2.2, WM3.1, WM5.4, WM6.2, WM7.1, WM7.4, WM7.5, and WM8.3. The nine meta-QTL had confidence intervals ranging from 0.65 to 9.41 Mb. Candidate genes shown to express under S. sclerotiorum infection in other studies, including cell wall receptor kinase, COI1, ethylene responsive transcription factor, peroxidase, and MYB transcription factor, were found within the confidence interval for five of the meta-QTL. The nine meta-QTL are recommended as potential targets for MAS for partial resistance to white mold in common bean.

Red Hawk Rocketry Boosted Dart

As part of the Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium competition, Red Hawk Rocketry built a rocket for the Collegiate Rocket Launch Competition’s non-engineering contest. The launch went well, albeit a little unstable, veering in the direction of the wind. This was unexpected since within our RockSim files, our rocket was considerably over stable, so it should have turned into the wind. Its apogee was around 1000 feet due to the fact that our rocket was rather massive compared to other teams. However, because of its low apogee, we were able to easily locate and retrieve the rocket upon landing, as intended. Finally, all three aspects of the challenge were completed successfully; the dart separated, we were able to access mid-flight rotation data from our gyroscope, and we obtained on board, down looking video during the flight.Â

Cerium Biomagnification in a Terrestrial Food Chain: Influence of Particle Size and Growth Stage.

Mass-flow modeling of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) indicates that a major fraction of released particles partition into soils and sediments. This has aggravated the risk of contaminating agricultural fields, potentially threatening associated food webs. To assess possible ENM trophic transfer, cerium accumulation from cerium oxide nanoparticles (nano-CeO2) and their bulk equivalent (bulk-CeO2) was investigated in producers and consumers from a terrestrial food chain. Kidney bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris var. red hawk) grown in soil contaminated with 1000-2000 mg/kg nano-CeO2 or 1000 mg/kg bulk-CeO2 were presented to Mexican bean beetles (Epilachna varivestis), which were then consumed by spined soldier bugs (Podisus maculiventris). Cerium accumulation in plant and insects was independent of particle size. After 36 days of exposure to 1000 mg/kg nano- and bulk-CeO2, roots accumulated 26 and 19 μg/g Ce, respectively, and translocated 1.02 and 1.3 μg/g Ce, respectively, to shoots. The beetle larvae feeding on nano-CeO2 exposed leaves accumulated low levels of Ce since ∼98% of Ce was excreted in contrast to bulk-CeO2. However, in nano-CeO2 exposed adults, Ce in tissues was higher than Ce excreted. Additionally, Ce content in tissues was biomagnified by a factor of 5.3 from the plants to adult beetles and further to bugs.

SNP Assay Development for Linkage Map Construction, Anchoring Whole-Genome Sequence, and Other Genetic and Genomic Applications in Common Bean.

A total of 992,682 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was identified as ideal for Illumina Infinium II BeadChip design after sequencing a diverse set of 17 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) varieties with the aid of next-generation sequencing technology. From these, two BeadChips each with >5000 SNPs were designed. The BARCBean6K_1 BeadChip was selected for the purpose of optimizing polymorphism among market classes and, when possible, SNPs were targeted to sequence scaffolds in the Phaseolus vulgaris 14× genome assembly with sequence lengths >10 kb. The BARCBean6K_2 BeadChip was designed with the objective of anchoring additional scaffolds and to facilitate orientation of large scaffolds. Analysis of 267 F2 plants from a cross of varieties Stampede × Red Hawk with the two BeadChips resulted in linkage maps with a total of 7040 markers including 7015 SNPs. With the linkage map, a total of 432.3 Mb of sequence from 2766 scaffolds was anchored to create the Phaseolus vulgaris v1.0 assembly, which accounted for approximately 89% of the 487 Mb of available sequence scaffolds of the Phaseolus vulgaris v0.9 assembly. A core set of 6000 SNPs (BARCBean6K_3 BeadChip) with high genotyping quality and polymorphism was selected based on the genotyping of 365 dry bean and 134 snap bean accessions with the BARCBean6K_1 and BARCBean6K_2 BeadChips. The BARCBean6K_3 BeadChip is a useful tool for genetics and genomics research and it is widely used by breeders and geneticists in the United States and abroad.

English

One of the new technique which is notable for dealing problems such as high frequency effect due to inductance and capacitance in physical layout level other than existing of techniques. For most designs for the use of 45nm processing technology the analysis using a static approach is no longer sufficient and it becomes mandatory to analyse the actual variation of the supply voltage with respect to time for detecting chip failure conditions. In this paper we deal with the IR drop analysis of the Diagonal power grid and orthogonal power grid, comparison between the diagonal and orthogonal power grid. Full chip Diagonal power grid static and dynamic IR drop analysis optimization of power in vlsi digital design using red hawk for nanometer era